Сбор, диагностика и обработка палеонтологических материалов при проведении учебных геологических практик. Учебное пособие на модульной основе

6.TEST TASKS

6.1.Types of preservation of fossil organisms, chemical composition and rock-forming role

1.What does paleontology study?

a)organisms of past geological epochs;

b)minerals;

c)only dinosaurs;

d)rocks.

2.What are fossils? a) type of rocks;

b) fossilized remains of plants and animals; c) stones;

d) there is no such term.

3.The process of biomineralization – fossilization is: a) the process of converting dead organisms into fossils; b) the process of burial of fossil organisms;

c) the process of destruction of fossil organisms; d) the process of transfer of fossil organisms.

4.Subfossils are:

a)fossils with preserved soft tissues;

b)fossils with whole skeletons;

c)traces of the vital activity of fossil organisms;

d)waste products of fossil organisms.

5.Mammoths preserved in permafrost belong to: a) subfossils;

b) ichnofossils; c) eufossils;

d) coprofossils.

6.Eufossils are:

a)waste products of fossil organisms;

b)fossils with preserved soft tissues;

c)traces of the vital activity of fossil organisms;

d)fossils with whole skeletons.

7. Limestone shell rock refers to:

a)eufossils;

b)subfossils;

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c)coprofossils;

d)ichnofossils.

8. Ichnofossils are:

a)traces of the vital activity of fossil organisms;

b)waste products of fossil organisms;

c)fossils with whole skeletons;

d)fossils with preserved soft tissues.

9.Traces of crawling and burying worms belong to: a) coprofossils;

b) eufossils; c) ichnofossils; d) subfossils.

10.Coprofossils are:

a)fossils with whole skeletons;

b)waste products of fossil organisms;

c)fossils with preserved soft tissues;

d)traces of the vital activity of fossil organisms. 11. Bioglyphs belong to:

a)ichnofossils;

b)subfossils;

c)coprofossils;

d)eufossils.

12. Which fossils are called the main rock-forming?

a)make up 30–40 % of the total volume of sediments;

b)make up 90 % of the total volume of sediments;

c)make up 50 % of the total volume of sediments;

d)make up 10 % of the total volume of sediments. 13. What is a prerequisite for rock formation?

a)crowded nature of the habitat;

b)predatory lifestyle;

c)the composition of the skeleton;

d)mass extinction.

14. Which skeletons of fossil organisms are most common?

a)carbonate;

b)celestine;

c)manganese;

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d) silicon.

15.Organogenic limestone has the following composition: a) carbonate;

b) phosphate; c) manganese; d) celestine.

16.Which sediments were formed due to the vital activity of bacteria:

a) ferruginous quartzites (Krivoy Rog); b) cupriferous sandstones (Dzhezkazgan); c) barites (Belorechenskoye);

d) amber (Kaliningrad).

17.The most significant role of organic rock formation falls on the share of:

a) higher plants (kaustobiolites); b) mollusks (limestones);

c) radiolarians (siliceous earth); d) echinoderms (limestones).

18.The relief-forming role of fossil organisms is reflec-

ted in:

a) the creation of reef structures; b) the creation of dividing ridges c) the creation of karst craters;

d) the creation of deflationary basins.

6.2.History of paleontology and some patterns of evolution

19.The author of the classical postulate that rock layers containing the same fossils are of the same age was:

a) W. Smith (1799); b) A. Bronnard (1870);

c) J. B. Lamarck (1800); d) H. Fogg (1745).

20.In what kind of rocks are fossil organisms not preserved? a) sedimentary;

b) intrusive magmatic;

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c)metamorphic high steps;

d)effusive magmatic.

21.The creation of the first evolutionary theory of the development of the organic world belongs to:

a) J.B. Lamarck; b) C. Darwin;

c) A. Brognard; d) W. Smith.

22.The development of the organic world from the standpoint of the theory of catastrophes was proposed by:

a) J. Cuvier;

b) A. Bronniard; c) V. Smith;

d) J. B. Lamarck.

23.The theory of the inorganic origin of life was invented

by:

a) Oparin; b) Darwin;

c) Vernadsky; d) Lamarck.

24.Guiding forms that allow determining the age of rocks are organisms:

a) distributed over large areas, but in a short period of time; b) distributed over small areas, but over a long period of time; c) which are often found in a certain area;

d) which are rock-forming.

25.The process of transition of a living organism to a fossil state: biocoenosis – thanatocenosis – taphocenosis – oryctocoenosis is studying the section of paleontology:

a) taphonomy;

b) biostratigraphy; c) micropaleontology; d) ichnology.

26.Biocoenosis is:

a)community of living organisms;

b)community of dead organisms;

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c)community of buried organisms;

d)community of fossil organisms. 27. Thanatocenosis is:

a)community of buried organisms;

b)community of fossil organisms;

c)community of living organisms;

d)community of dead organisms. 28. Taphocenosis is:

a)community of dead organisms;

b)community of living organisms;

c)community of fossil organisms;

d)community of buried organisms. 29. Oryctocoenosis is:

a)community of fossil organisms;

b)community of buried organisms

c)community of living organisms;

d)community of dead organisms.

6.3.Habitat and way of life of organisms

30.In relation to living conditions, eurybiont organisms are: a) adaptable to different conditions;

b) living in conditions narrowly limited by various factors; c) living in strictly defined conditions;

d) endangered due to changes in habitat conditions.

31.In relation to living conditions, stenobiont organisms

are:

a) living in strictly defined conditions;

b) endangering due to changes in habitat conditions; c) adaptable to different conditions;

d) living in conditions narrowly limited by various factors.

32.Stenobathic organisms are:

a)living at a certain depth;

b)living at different depths;

c)adaptable to temperature conditions;

d)living under a certain temperature regime.

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33. Eurythermic organisms:

a) adaptable to different temperature regimes of habitat; b) living in salinity restricted regimes;

c) adaptable to changes in salinity;

d) adaptable to changes in habitat depth. 34. Stenohaline organisms are:

a)living in narrowly limited salinity conditions;

b)adapted to the gas composition of the habitat;

c)living at certain depths.

d)endangered due to changes in habitat conditions; 35. Planktonic organisms are:

a)suspended in the water column;

b)independently moving;

c)living at the bottom of basins;

d)burrowing into the ground at the bottom of basins. 36. Nekton organisms are:

a)living at the bottom of sea basins;

b)attached to various substrates;

c)independently moving in the water column;

d)organisms without organs for independent movement. 37. Benthos are organisms:

a)attached to the substrate;

b)moving in the bottom layer of water;

c)living at the bottom;

d) independently moving.

38.Can the same organisms lead both benthic and planktonic lifestyles?

a) yes; b) no;

c) sometimes;

d) depending on conditions.

39.Choose examples of nekton organisms from modern organisms known to you:

a) squid; b) crabs; c) shrimps;

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d) oysters.

40.Among the bionomic zones of the seas and oceans – the supralittoral is:

a) land-sea boundary zone; b) high tide – low tide zone;

c) the first permanent water regime zone;

d) area of the continental slope with depths up to 3000 m.

41.The littoral zone is:

a)high tide – low tide zone;

b)the first zone of the water regime not subject to drainage;

c)continental slope area down to depths of 3000 m;

d)land-sea boundary zone.

43. The bathyal zone is:

a)high tide – low tide zone;

b)continental slope area down to depths of 3000 m;

c)the first zone of the water regime not subject to drainage;

d)land-sea boundary zone.

44.With the correlation of bionomic and morphostructural zones of the seas and oceans, the suprolittoral, littoral and sublittoral are confined to:

a) to the shelf;

b) to the ocean floor;

c) to the mid-ocean ridge; d) to a deep sea trench.

45.The abyssal bionomic zone is confined to:

a)to the continental foot (6000–6500 m);

b)to a deep-sea trench (10000–11034 m);

c)to the mid-ocean ridge;

d)to the shelf.

46. The lower border of the sublittoral is carried out according

to:

a)the disappearance of algae;

b)the appearance of predators;

c)the appearance of scavengers;

d)the disappearance of animals.

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47.The densal bionomic zone is confined to: a) the rift zones;

b) the deep sea trench; c) the shelf;

d) the guyots.

48.The characteristic features of the extremely biodiverse densal zone are:

a) the presence of chemosynthetic bacteria;

b) symbiosis of bacteria with all kinds of animals; c) absence of plants;

d) lack of animals.

49.Densal oases are located at the depths of:

a)11034 m;

b)6000 m;

c)200 m;

d)10 m.

50. The life support of organisms – an autotroph occurs due

to:

a)synthesis of substances of non-biogenic origin;

b)synthesis of substances of biogenic origin;

c)synthesis of substances of mixed origin;

d)synthesis of substances of a strictly defined origin.

51.The life sustaining of heterothrophic organisms occurs

due to:

a) synthesis of substances of a strictly defined origin; b) synthesis of substances of biogenic origin;

c) synthesis of substances of mixed origin;

d) synthesis of substances of non-biogenic origin.

52.In the evolution of the organic world, the most ancient

are:

a) bacteria; b) plants; c) fungi; d) animals.

53.Mutualism is:

a) mutation;

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b)processes in the cells of organisms;

c)the form of gametophytic plants;

d)type of symbiosis.

54.The cohabitation of annelids and colonial corals, chemosynthetic bacteria, with all kinds of organisms within a densal is an example of:

a) mutualism;

b) commensalism; c) parasitism;

d) individualism.

55.Cohabitation of brachiopods and Auloporida corrals is an example of:

a) parasitism;

b) individualism; c) mutualism;

d) commensalism.

56.The more environments there are, the more diverse the evolution. Process name:

a) radiation; b) divergence; c) parallelism; d) convergence.

57.Winged invertebrates (insects) and vertebrates (birds) are a classic example of:

a) divergences; b) radiation; c) parallelism;

d) convergence.

58.The law of irreversibility of evolution of L. Dollo (1839) can be proved by the example:

a) conversion of mollusk shells;

b) transformation of lobed lines of ammonoids; c) ammonoid shell transformations;

d) changes in the dentition of bivalves.

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6.Test tasks

6.4. Major biotic events in the history of the organic world

59. Life on Earth arose:

a)at the turn of 3.7–3.5 billion years;

b)4–4.5 billion years;

c)1.5–0.5 billion years;

d)0.25–0.6 billion years.

60.The first mass appearance of mineral skeletons of organisms in the animal kingdom occurred:

a) 600–570 million years; b) 1.5–0.5 billion years; c) 300–250 million years; d) 65–10 million years.

61.The mass appearance of terrestrial vegetation occurred: a) S2–D1;

b) Є3–O1; c) O2–O3; d) P1–P2.

62.The mass appearance of the first terrestrial vertebrates occurred:

a) D; b) C; c) P; d) S;

63.The appearance of human occurred:

a)N2;

b)Q;

c)P;

d)N1.

64.The most severe extinction was: a) K;

b) T; c) P; d) Q.

65.In what period did animals inhabit the land? a) P;

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