Сбор, диагностика и обработка палеонтологических материалов при проведении учебных геологических практик. Учебное пособие на модульной основе

6. Test tasks

c)breathing pattern;

d)method of reproduction.

187.The sizes of shells of molluscs of the Gastropods class vary within:

a) from 1 m to 2 m; b) 0.1 mm to 30 cm; c) 0.01 mm to 0.1 mm; d) 0.1 mm to 0.2 mm.

188.Can gastropod shell size change under changing conditions?

a) yes; b) no;

c) sometimes; d) always.

189.What is the purpose of the radula of gastropods:

a)for reproduction;

b)for movement;

c)for grinding and rubbing food;

d)for smelling.

190.The radula of molluscs has the appearance of: a) convex grater;

b) proboscis;

c) corneous plate; d) rhizopod.

191.The teeth of the radula are large, with numerous channels filled with poison, dangerous even for humans. What mollusc of the gastropod class are we talking about?

a) Viviparus M; b) Rapana Sch; c) Conus L;

d) Helix.

192.How do predators of the gastropod class (Rapana Schumaher) destroy the shell of their prey?

a) by drilling;

b) by sulfuric acid;

c) open it with muscles;

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d)break it on the substrate.

193.What were the shells of Monetaria accusys (Cowrie) gastropods used for in North America before 1786?

a) as money;

b) as a building material; c) as a medicine;

d) as an ornamental material.

6.6.11.Bivalves class. Classis Bivalvia

194.What rocks make up bivalves?

a)limestones;

b)gaizes;

c)chalk;

d)tripolith.

195.According to the way of feeding, mollusks of Bivalvia class are:

a) filterers; b) predators; c) scavengers; d) herbivores.

196.In bivalve mollusks, the radula is:

a) present;

b)present in some species;

c)missing;

d)reduced.

197.Systematics of bivalves is based on: a) shell structure;

b) the structure of the dental apparatus; c) shell shape;

d) muscle structure.

198.Dental apparatus of bivalve mollusks is used for: a) drilling and digging;

b) grinding and rubbing food;

c) tight articulation of the valves; d) movement.

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199.The starting order for all bivalves were: a) taxodonts;

b) pachyodonts; c) schizodonts; d) toothless.

200.Time of existence of representatives of the Bivalvia

class:

a) the Cambrian – the Silurian; b) the Ordovician – the Neogene; c) the Cambrian – now;

d) the Triassic – now.

6.6.12.Cephalopods. Classis Cephalopoda

201.What sharply distinguishes cephalopods from others? a) dimensions;

b) developed nervous system; c) method of reproduction; d) way of feeding.

202.Skeleton of cephalopods:

a)internal;

b)external;

c)missing;

d)scattered.

203.Most modern cephalopods have shells: a) internal;

b) external; c) missing; d) scattered.

204.Modern cephalopods with an external shell are represented by the genus:

a) Nipponites;

b) Macrocephalites; c) Nautilus;

d) Orthoceras.

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205.According to the way of feeding, cephalopods are: a) predators;

b) filterers; c) scavengers;

d) herbivorous.

206.The soft body of a cephalopod with an external shell is

located:

a) completely in the sink;

b) occupies ½ of the last whorl; c) occupies ½ of all whorls;

d) occupies ½ of the first whorl.

207.How many hearts do cephalopods have?

a)one;

b)three;

c)five;

d)two.

208.The skeleton of modern cephalopods – octopuses: a) external;

b) internal; c) missing;

d) fragmented.

209.The most fractional divisions of the stratigraphic scale – eons were distinguished by order:

a) ammonoids; b) bactritoids; c) chitoceratids; d) gonyatids.

210.Scientific name for “devil’s fingers”:

a)trilobites;

b)rhincholiths;

c)stalagmites;

d)belemnites.

211. What is the main significance of cephalopods in geology?

a)rock-forming role;

b)paleogeographical significance;

c)stratigraphic significance;

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d) relief-forming role.

212.Time of existence of cephalopods: a) the Cambrian – now;

b) the Cambrian – the Neogene; c) the Ordovician – now;

d) the Silurian – the Paleogene.

6.6.13.Bryozoans type. Phylum Bryozoa

213.Colonies of bryozoans consist of zooids, which are: a) individuals performing different functions;

b) elements of their skeleton; c) skeletal forms;

d) individuals performing only the function of nutrition.

214.Time of existence of bryozoans:

a)the Triassic – the Jurassic;

b)the Ordovician – now;

c)the Cambrian – now;

d)the Cambrian – the Jurassic.

215.Bryozoans of the class ectoproctans are not preserved in the fossil state due to the fact that they:

a) are small;

b) live at great depths;

c) do not have a mineral skeleton; d) are single forms.

216.What rocks form bryozoans?

a)clay;

b)marl;

c)travertine;

d)limestone.

6.6.14.Brachiopods type. Phylum Brachiopoda

217. A distinctive feature of brachiopods is:

a) the presence of an axis of symmetry passing through the tops of the valves;

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b)large sizes;

c)shell shape;

d)way of breathing.

218.Why did many researchers combine bryozoans and brachiopods into one type?

a) similar dimensions;

b) the presence of a lophophore; c) according to the way of feeding;

d) according to the composition of the skeleton.

219.Spiral folded arms with cilia in brachiopods perform the function of:

a) protection; b) attack;

c) nutrition; d) movement.

220.According to the way of feeding brachiopods are:

a)predators;

b)scavengers;

c)filterers;

d)herbivores.

221.According to the shape and structure of the skeleton, brachiopods are the closest:

a) to bryozoans; b) to bivalves;

c) to cephalopods; d) to gastropods.

222.The basis for the division of brachiopods into classes is: a) shell size and shape;

b) habitat depth;

c) the structure of the hinge and the brachidium; d) shell composition and sculpture.

223.The shell of brachiopods most often has the following composition:

a) phosphate; b) calcareous;

c) chitinous-phosphate;

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d) chitinous.

224.Gigantoproductus is: a) bivalve mollusk;

b) cephalopod; c) brachiopod; d) gastropod.

225.Time of existence of brachiopods: a) the Cambrian – now;

b) the Cambrian -the Ordovician; c) the Silurian – now;

d) the Permian – the Paleogene.

226.What rocks are formed by skeletal forms of brachiopods? a) granites;

b) limestones; c) dolomites; d) tripolith.

227.The ratio of extinct and modern species of brachiopods indicates that they are now:

a) flowering;

b) experience decline;

c) their number has not changed; d) extinct.

6.6.15.Echinoderms type. Phylum Echinodermata.

228.A distinctive feature of animals of the echinoderms

type is:

a) skeletal composition; b) ambulacral system; c) five-beam symmetry; d) way of feeding.

229.Skeleton of modern echinoderms:

a)external;

b)internal;

c)missing;

d)various.

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230.The composition of the skeleton of echinoderms: a) calcareous;

b) siliceous; c) chitinous; d) phosphate.

231.Ambulacral system of echinoderms is:

a)sculpture of a skeleton;

b)tubular system;

c)the digestive organ;

d)reproductive organ.

232.Why are echinoderms numerous only in the northern seas of Russia (in the Black they are relics, in the Baltic there only one species, in the Caspian – none)?

a) became extinct; b) are stenohaline; c) are stenobathic;

d) are stenothermous.

233.Why are starfish not preserved as fossils?

a)their skeleton has a specific mineral composition;

b)their skeleton is not intact;

c)they do not have a skeleton;

d)they have a limited distribution area.

234.Representatives of what class of echinoderms still exist? a) Cystoidea (cystoids);

b) Blastoidea (blastoids); c) Crinoidea (crinoids); d) Thecoidea (thecoids).

235.Which representatives of echinoderms show a change in the type of symmetry from five-beam to two-sided?

a) sea lilies; b) sea urchins; c) starfish;

d) blastoids.

236.The division of sea urchins into true and false is based

on:

a) the position of the mouth and anus;

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b)skeletal composition;

c)dimensions;

d)way of feeding.

237.Time of existence of sea urchins: a) O – now;

b) O – R; c) P – T; d) O – T.

238.Animals that existed in the time interval are considered ancient sea urchins:

a) O – T; b) O – R; c) P – T; d) O – S.

239.Sea urchins are of great importance as:

a)rock formers;

b)reef builders;

c)environmental indicators;

d)guiding fauna of the Cretaceous sediments. 240. What is the “Aristotle’s lantern”?

a)limb of crustaceans;

b)trilobite eye;

c)jaw apparatus of sea urchins;

d)the shape of the fossils.

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7. THEMATIC DICTIONARY

Archistratigraphic group of fossils – organisms characterized by the rapidity of evolution, wide geographical distribution and burial in rocks of various material composition.

Biocoenosis is a community of living organisms.

Involute shell – the last whorl of a spirally curled shell overlaps the penultimate one.

Ichnofossils are traces of the vital activity of fossil organisms. Coprofossils are the waste products of fossil organisms.

Correlation is a comparison of rock sections in order to determine the age and identify the stratotype.

Lobed line is a septal line, according to the structure and configuration of which the cephalopods of ectocochlians are divided into orders.

Guide fossil method – determination of the age of sediments from identical guide fossils.

Ontogeny is the individual development of an individual. Oryctocoenosis is a community of fossil organisms.

Paleogeographic reconstructions are the restoration of the environments of past geological epochs.

Radula is an organism’s adaptation for grinding and rubbing food – a kind of convex grater located in the oral cavity and pharynx.

Fossil guide forms are organisms that have a wide geographic distribution and a small vertical distribution.

Rostrum – the main part of the internal skeleton of endocochlian cephalopods – massive, conical or cylindrical.

Stenohaline organisms – living in a strictly defined environment in terms of salinity.

Thanatocenosis is a community of dead organisms. Taphocenosis is a community of buried organisms.

Phylogeny is the historical development of a group of organisms.

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