Английский язык. Методические указания к выполнению контрольных работ для студентов заочной формы обучения с применением дистанционных технологий напр
.pdf51
EXERCISES:
1. Найдите в тексте ответы на следующие вопросы и запишите их:
1.What is a meter?
2.Who suggested the idea of the length unit?
3.What is the origin of the word meter?
4.How was the length unit worked out?
5.What was the measurement error?
2.Письменно обсудите следующие утверждения. Используйте приведенные ниже фразы для выражения своего:
1.It seems to me (that)...
2.I would like to say that...
3.As I see it...
4.I think that...
5.I guess...
6.I suppose...
7.I (strongly) believe that...
8.I am (absolutely) sure that...
Statement A: The first recorded proposal for a decimal-based unit of length was the universal measure unit proposed by the English philosopher John Wilkins in 1668. In 1675 the Italian scientist Tito Livio Burattini, in his work Misura Universale, used the words (lit. "catholic [i.e. universal] metre"), which was derived from the Greek (métron katholikón), "a universal measure".
Statement B: The circumference of the Earth through the poles is therefore slightly more than forty million meters.
3. Назовите первое по алфавиту слово в следующих парах слов:
concept/concert; complete/compare; invention/invasion; available/availability; commonly/commonless; commune/commit; compulsory/compunction.
4. Напишите исходную форму, по которой нужно искать данное слово в словаре:
52
boxes, matches, beginning, tinier, owned, boundaries, possibly, replacing, less.
5. Определите, являются ли выделенные слова существительным или глаголом. Назовите подтверждающие признаки:
1.this means that; this means; it means; new means; this means is. 2.this increase is; this increases; it increases; nothing increases; its increase. 3. these results; this results in; both results; this result; both result in; it results from.
III. CONTROL TASK
Прочтите текст C, переведите его, изложите краткое содержание текста на английском языке в письменной форме.
TEXT 6C
STANDARDIZATION
Standardization methodologies are set forth in the ISO 9000 series and Van Aken, among others. Standardization implies conformance to an established norm or procedure. When we standardize a work process, the purpose is to reduce variation in the output or product of that process.
The standardization mindset, or mental model, is oriented toward establishing regularity and sameness. The desired result is to “make life simpler”, by establishing specifications and proced ures that can de applied consistently over time to reduce waste and increase reliability/usability.
An example of standardization can most likely be found in your wallet or purse. The format of credit cards and phone cards has been developed from an ISO International Standard. This standard prescribes features such as card thickness and means that these cards can be used worldwide.
Another example of standardization is the screws and bolts that hold together everything from chairs to aircraft. The diversity of screw threads used to pose significant challenges, particularly with respect to maintenance, since lost or damaged nuts and bolts could not de replaced easily. The solution to this dilemma was created by the IOS standards for metric screw threads.
53
IV. TEST
Выберите правильный вариант ответа:
1.In today’s commercial world, especially in infor mation and communication ________ (ICT), there is significant investment in R&D activity.
a)teaching
b)training
c)technologies
2.A solid patent ________ provides crucial investment protection while also opening-up intellectual property resources for broad implementation across the industry.
a)policy
b)world
c)economics
3.ITU’s standards work is closely linked with innovation and ________
research.
a)advanced
b)new
c)old
4.Today, it is difficult to develop technical standards without implicating
________.
a)patents
b)application
c)certificate
5.It is necessary to take into account the ________ of end-users.
a)wish
b)interests
c)habit
6.International Standards are used to ________ disseminate innovation.
a)fortunately
b)unfortunately
c)successfully
7.International standards developed by ISO, ITU and IEC provide a practical solution to many of the challenges faced by business in today’s increasingly global ________.
a)markets
b)society
c)shops
54
8.The increased collaboration ________ the World Standards Cooperation partners has led to the development of the common policy which will ultimately benefit end-users and industry.
a)among
b)along
c)between
9.The policy adopted by the three organizations strongly encourages the disclosure of ________ technology which is necessary for the implementation of a standard before the standardization process has been completed.
a)adopted
b)known
c)patented
10.IEC, ISO and ITU have ________ adopted Guidelines for the Implementation of the Common Patent Policy and a Patent Statement and License Declaration Form.
a)widely
b)jointly
c)precisely
Unit 7
I. INFORMATION FOR STUDY
Прочтите следующую информацию и запишите на полях основные термины, связанные с тематикой текста.
II. VOCABULARY:
issue – проблема; выпуск local - местный
to promote - продвигать to assign - назначать
to improve - улучшить exhibitions - выставки
in particular - в особенности wireless – радио; беспроволочный aeronautical - аэронавигационный maritime - морской
satellite - спутник phase - стадия
55
matter – дело; вопрос
to render – воздавать; воспроизводить evolution - развитие
on occasion – по случаю as a whole - в целом activity - деятельность
approach – подход, приближение assess – оценивать, давать оценку authority – власть, органы власти, отдел commonality - общность
constant - постоянная, константа
derive – получать, извлекать, устанавливать происхождение designate – предназначать, называть
encompass - выполнять, осуществлять inferior - подчинённый, второстепенный in order to - для того чтобы
maintain – поддерживать, обслуживать, содержать в исправности
precursor - предшественник
promulgate – опубликовать, обнародовать, пропагандировать pursue – следовать намеченным курсом, преследовать reconcile – примирить, урегулировать
resemble – походить, иметь сходство
responsible - ответственный, подотчётный, надёжный superior – лучший, более совершенный, исключительный
TEXT 7A
ITU, IEC, ISO
About International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
ITU is the leading United Nations agency for information and communication technology issues, and the global focal point for governments and the private sector in developing networks and services. For more than 140 years, ITU has coordinated the shared global use of the radio spectrum, promoted international cooperation in assigning satellite orbits, worked to improve telecommunication infrastructure in the developing world, and established the worldwide standards that foster seamless interconnection of a vast range of communications systems.
56
ITU also organizes worldwide and regional exhibitions and forums bringing together the most influential representatives of government and the telecommunications industry to exchange ideas, knowledge and technology for the benefit of the global community, and in particular the developing world.
From broadband internet to latest-generation wireless technologies, from aeronautical and maritime navigation to radio astronomy and satellite-based meteorology, from phone and fax services to TV broadcasting and next-generation networks, ITU continues to play a central role in helping the world communicate.
About International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)
The IEC, headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, is the world’s leading organization that prepares and publishes International Standards for all electrical, electronic and related technologies – collectively known as “electrotechnology”. IEC standards cover a vast ran ge of technologies from power generation, transmission and distribution to home appliances and office equipment, semiconductors, fiber optics, batteries, flat panel displays and solar energy, to mention just a few. Wherever you find electricity and electronics, you find the IEC supporting safety and performance, the environment, electrical energy efficiency and renewable energies.
About International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
ISO is a global network of national standards institutes from 156 countries. It has a current portfolio of some 16 500 standards for business, government and society. ISO's standards make up a complete offering for all three dimensions of sustainable development – e conomic, environmental and social. ISO standards provide solutions and achieve benefits for almost all sectors of activity, including agriculture, construction, mechanical engineering, manufacturing, distribution, transport, medical devices, information and communication technologies, the environment, energy, quality management, conformity assessment and services.
EXERCISES:
1.Письменно переведите текст на русский язык, используя словарь.
2.Найдите в тексте ответы на следующие вопросы и запишите
их:
1. What has ITU done for more than 140 years?
57
2.What are the functions of ITU nowadays?
3.What is IEC?
4.Where is IEC situated?
5.What role does IEC play in the world?
6.What is ISO?
7.What do ISO standards provide?
3.Подберите пары синонимов:
influence, problems, broad, vast, a few, village, progress, impact, to equip, device, instrument, a little, country, advance, to fit, issue.
4. Подберите пары антонимов:
dependant, independent, to share, the latest, high, to link, broad, new, low, the earliest, narrow, old.
5. Составьте предложения из данных слов:
1. Agency, is, United, ITU, nations, leading, the.
2.Worldwide, forums, and, exhibitions, regional, ITU, organizes, also, and.
3. IEC, in, headquarter, Geneva, is.
4.A, global, ISO, is, of, network, national, institution, standards. 5. Standards, solutions, ISO, provide, and, benefits, achieve
TEXT 7B
METROLOGICAL MUSEUM
The Metrological Museum of the D.I. Mendeleyev Institute for Metrology is one of the oldest scientific museums in Russia. Its exhibits are displayed in two buildings of the Institute.
The memorial study room of D.I. Mendeleyev and the gallery of portraits of outstanding scientists who made a brilliant contribution to metrology are located in the Main Building of VNIIM constructed by architect F.F. Beckman in 1879, and the sections: “D.I. Mende leyev is the Founder of Scientific Metrology”, “Russian System of Measur es” and "Home Chemical Laboratory of Mendeleyev" are in the so-called “Red Building” constructed by A.I. Von-Gogen, 1897.
58
The first museum collection was formed in the thirties of the XIXth century at the time when the Russian scientists worked on the establishment of a system of measures. Mr. E.F. Kankrin, Russian Minister of Finance, gathered a “Collection of Reference Measur es of Main Foreign States” in order to compare them with the Russian m easurement standards. It included measures from 27 countries and cities of the world: WestEuropean pounds and feet, Chinese lyans, Egyptian rotles, a Norwegian monetary set of weights, a Turkish arshin called endase, a Swedish quarter, a Cassel semi-cubit, a French toise, American pints, gallons, etc.
The museum dispose of especially valuable collection of the first Russian standards and reference measures of mass, length and volume: a Kupfer iron sazhen, pounds of 1833 and 1834, T. Gigerson and G. Krause pails and cups, R. Gainam arshins furnishing visual demonstration of how the national measurement system legalized in 1835 and applied in Russia before the transition to the metric system looked like. A significant number of the museum exhibits relate to the metrological activities of the worldfamous Russian scientist D.I. Mendeleyev, who headed the first research metrological establishment in Russia, which was the Main Chamber of Weights and Measures (called today "D.I. Mendeleyev Institute for Metrology") from 1892 to the end of his life. One can see here measurement standards that were used in the early 20th century, equipment of the scientific divisions set up by D.I. Mendeleyev, namely: Weighing Division, Comparator Division, Thermometry Division, Manometry Division, Astronomy Division, Electrical Division, Photometry Division, etc.
At the end of the 19-th century on the initiative of D.I.Mendeleyev the museum acquired old weights and measures from the Mint: reference balance manufactured at the Sestroretsk Munitions Factory in 1747, sets of weights produced in 1753 and 1771, including measures in the range from one zolotnik to two pounds, and some other unique articles.
In the Museum you will also see a large collection of balances intended for different purposes, standard and commercial balances manufactured by well-known Russian masters (P. Raashe, I. Goryachev, I. Mantsevich) at the Factories “Gosmetr” and “Etalon”, as w ell as those produced by leading world companies such as “Ertling”, “Rupr echt”, “Nemetz”, “Veber, Dene @ Co”. The museum exhibits sculptures and portraits of D.I. Mendeleyev by well-known Russian artists I.Ya. Gintsburg, M.B. Manizer, L.V. Sherwood, Olga and Nikolai Bruni.
A high level of metrology culture of Russia draws attention to its metrological exhibits not only of metrologists and historians of science, but also a much broader circle of people from all over the world.
59
The Metrological Museum:
provides an educational base for pupils of secondary schools and students of higher educational establishments and faculties for training future specialists, whose educational program includes the fundamentals of metrology, standardization and certification;
provides consulting on the history of the Russian system of measures, the history of the activities of outstanding metrologists and the history of the State Service of Weights and Measures;
maintains contacts with the oldest scientists of the Institute and with relatives and descendants of the leading metrologists who render a significant assistance in replenishment, systematization and research of the scientists' personal files;
organizes exhibitions dedicated to memorable events in the history of metrology and anniversaries of outstanding metrologists;
prepares publications relating the history of metrology.
EXERCISES:
1.Найдите в тексте ответы на следующие вопросы и запишите их:
1.Where is the Metrological Museum of the D.I. Mendeleyev Institute for Metrology located?
2.When was the museum founded?
3.What are the most valuable exhibits?
4.What is the activity of the Metrological Museum?
5.Who constructed the Metrological Museum of the D.I. Mendeleyev Institute for Metrology?
2.Письменно выразите главную идею текста:
The paper is devoted to (is concerned with) ….
The paper deals with ….
The purpose of the paper is to show ….
Special attention is paid (given) to ….
Some factors are taken into consideration (account) ….
3. Переведите выделенные словосочетания, обращая внимание на различные значения слова carry :
1. During the course of study students carry out practical work in well-equipped laboratories. 2. People are carried by airplanes,
60
ships, trains and cars equipped with electronic devices. 3. Intensive work and research are being carried out on new robots in many countries. 4. A modern - computer carries out a few hundred thousand calculations in a few seconds. 5.Peter, help me carry this heavy box, please.
4. Найдите русские эквиваленты для следующих словосочетаний:
to be in general usage; electronically controlled; in other words; of a few square millimetres; commonly; the more..., the more; operation by operation; according to; advantage over; a thousand times faster.
согласно; размером в несколько мм; с электронным управлением; чем больше..., тем больше; являться общеупотребительным; операция за операцией; обычно; в 1000 раз быстрее; другими словами; преиму¬ щество по сравнению.
5. Дайте недостающие формы глаголов, запомните их:
won, rung, driven, run, fed, laid, hung, read
III. CONTROL TASK
Прочтите текст C, переведите его, изложите краткое содержание текста на английском языке в письменной форме.
TEXT 7C
ISO STANDARDS AND WORLD ENVIROMENT DAY
ISO has published standards that are highly relevant to the theme of this year's World Environment Day on 5 June, which is promoted by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).
ISO 14064 and ISO 14065 are among the latest in the ISO 14000 family of standards for environmental management of which the bestknown standard, ISO 14001, celebrated its 10th anniversary in 2006. In just a decade, ISO 14001 has become the international benchmark for environmental management systems. It is implemented in 138 countries and thoroughly integrated with the global economy.