Английский язык. Методические указания к выполнению контрольных работ для студентов заочной формы обучения с применением дистанционных технологий напр

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for example, if a building consumers one unit of heat and producing the heat in that region requires two equivalent units of natural gas, then the regional fuel input of two equivalent units should be the basis of the calculation;

- the component approach, in which different elements of the envelope are considered separately in terms of their contribution to providing the required comfort for one’s normal living both in the working space of premises and on their margins.

In the design of building that comply with these standards, the component approach satisfies the minimum thermal performance requirements of individual envelope components required for thermal comfort, while the system approach dictates that a designer should choose higher thermal performance values than these minima for some or all of the envelope components in order to meet energy consumption requirements.

ISO and some Western standards take account of human physiology and present optimum standard values of the average resultant temperature and the radiant temperature asymmetry for living quarters.

Standard values are likely to undergo changes in future years. The dynamics of their variation with time will be affected by the introduction of new technology for energy efficiency improvements in construction, and for construction practices in general.

EXERCISES:

1.Письменно переведите текст на русский язык, используя словарь.

2.Найдите в тексте ответы на следующие вопросы и запишите

их:

1.What do standards for thermal insulation of building restrain in Russia now?

2.What limits do the standards set on?

3.What is a new concept of thermal performance standardization of a building based on?

4.What are the requirements for thermal performance levels of a building?

5.Does the component approach satisfy the minimum thermal performance requirements?

6.What does the system approach dictate?

7.What can you say about standard values in future years?

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3. Образуйте существительные от следующих глаголов, с помощью суффиксов:

-er, -fnce, -ation, -ion, -ade, -ment

to build, to design, to perform, to vary, to, to construct, to use, to develop, to consider, to dictate.

4. Подберите антонимы к следующим словам:

minimum, future, introduction, new, now, heat, major, indoor

5.Выберите из приведенных ниже слов лишнее:

-hard, low, regional, opaque, likely.

-for, in, behind, after, the, on, under.

-building, performance, quantity, practice, square.

TEXT 4B

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT

Metrology has existed in some form or another since antiquity. The earliest forms of metrology were simply arbitrary standards set up by regional or local authorities, often based on practical measures such as the length of an arm. The earliest examples of these standardized measures are length, time, and weight. These standards were established in order to facilitate commerce and record human activity.

Little progress was made with regard to proto-metrology until various scientists, chemists, and physicists started making headway during the scientificrevolution.With the advances in the sciences, the comparison of texperiment to theory required a rational system of units, and something more closely resembling modern metrology began to come into being. The discovery of atom, electricity, thermodynamics, and many inventions made it easier to quantitatively or qualitatively assess physical properties, using the defined units of measurement established by the science.

Metrology was thus one of the precursors to the Industrial Revolution, and was necessary for the implementation of mass production, equipment commonality, and assembly lines.

Modern metrology has its roots in the French Revolution, with the political motivation to harmonize units all over France and the concept of establishing units of measurement based on constants of nature, and thus

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making measurement units available "for all people, for all time". In this case deriving a unit of length from the dimensions of the Earth, and a unit of mass from a cube of water. The result was platinum standards for the meter and the kilogram established as the basis of the metric system on June 22, 1799. This further led to the creation of the Système International d'Unités, or the International System of Units. This system has gained unprecedented worldwide acceptance as definitions and standards of modern measurement units. Though not the official system of units of all nations, the definitions and specifications of SI are globally accepted and recognized. The SI is maintained under the auspices of the Metre Convention and its institutions, the General Conference on Weights and Measures, or CGPM, its executive branch the International Committee for Weights and Measures, or CIPM, and its technical institution the International Bureau of Weights and Measures, or BIPM.

As the authorities on SI, these organizations establish and promulgate the SI, with the ambition to be able to service all. This includes introducing new units, such as the relatively new unit, the mole, to encompass metrology in chemistry. These units are then established and maintained through various agencies in each country, and establish a hierarchy of measurement standards that can be traced back to the established standard unit, a concept known as metrological traceability.

The development of standards also does involve individual and small group achievements. In 1893, Edward Weston (chemist) and his company perfected his Saturated Standard Cell design, which allowed the volt to be reproduced to 1 part in ten to the fourth power directly. This advance made a huge practical difference at a critical moment in the development of modern electrical devices. Groupings of saturated cells, called banks, can still be found in some metrology and calibration laboratories today. Edward Weston did not pursue patents for his cell design. By doing this, his superior design quickly replaced similar but inferior patented devices worldwide without much discussion.

EXERCISES:

1.Докажите правильность утверждений следующих выражений:

a)true b) false c) there is no information in the text

1)In the past man used various kinds of measuring equipment.

2)The development of metrology was followed by the development of sciences.

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3)The International System of Units is adopted worldwide.

4)The French Academy of Sciences worked out new units of length and mass.

5)Ancient metrology used to be the practice of applying feasible measures.

2.Выберите правильный ответ на поставленный ниже вопрос и запишите его:

What made modern metrology necessary?

a)the necessity to develop sciences

b)the necessity to create new units

c)the necessity to reconcile units in one country

d)the necessity to facilitate human activity

3.Обратите внимание на перевод предлога by в следующих предложениях:

1.By 3 o'clock I shall be free and go with you tothe library.

2.By the end of the second year we shall have finished studying the main engineering subjects.

3.By the beginning of the lecture the laboratory assistant had brought all the necessary diagrams.

4.By the year 2000 cable television will have been used more widely.

5.By the spring of 1945 World War II was over.

4.Найдите русские эквиваленты для следующих словосочетаний:

it is true; compared to; to be of importance; a lot of; to be interested in; like; a step forward; the number of lines; at the right time; direct to; regular service; to put into memory.

интересоваться; иметь значение; по сравнению с; ввести в память; шаг вперед; подобно; верно (правильно); регулярные передачи; в нужное время; много; число (количество)строк; непосредственно на.

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5. Поставьте глаголы в скобках в правильную форму согласно правилу согласования времен:

1.The engineer was told that he (may) test the device in the afternoon.

2.Itwas known that the head of our laboratory (to be) a graduate of Moscow University.

3.They thought that she(to graduate)from a technical institute.

4.Our professor informed us that he (to give) the following lecture on quantum mechanics on Monday.

5.At the meeting it was said that our lecturer (to work) at a new program of laboratory work.

6.The teacher told us that the term "engineering" (to have) many Russian equivalents. |

7.The chief engineer believed that we (to work) at that problem for a month the following summer.

III. CONTROL TASK

Прочтите текст C, переведите его, изложите краткое содержание текста на английском языке в письменной форме.

TEXT 4C

“MANAGEMENT ISN’T AN ART [WITH GENERAL SYSTEMS], IT’S A SCIENCE”

Based in Pittsfield, Massachusetts, General Systems was founded in 1968 by Dr. Armand V. Feigenbaum, the father of Total Quality Management, and his brother Dr. Donald S. Feigenbaum, an acknowledged leader in systems management and systems engineering.

Three key policies define the character of General Systems’ management solutions:

1. Close Partnership with its customers to make them unquestioned business profitability leaders in their industries through the relentless continuous acceleration of value for their customers, their investors, and their employees.

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2.Emphasis on execution for major customer results from the implementation of advanced General Systems solutions stressing not only the management of quality, but also, “the quality of ma nagement.”

3.Serving global markets to bring together best practices from throughout the world.

Extensive application experience and 12 major systems technologies have established General Systems as a global leader in implementing management and quality solutions that provide our customers with:

∙Customer Value Leadership

∙Operating Cost Leadership

∙Management Innovation and Total Resource Utilization and,

∙Empowering a Company Culture of Superior Performance Each General Systems Program is custom-tailored following a

thorough analysis of the customer company’s operations and business requirements. Direct Senior Management consultation with the World authorities on Quality at GSC provides direction and defines objectives, while GSC’s highly experienced systems engineers work on-site with customer personnel at all levels to replace failure-driving activities with preventiondriven work processes throughout the customer’s entire business operations. This is done with maximum utilization of powerful quality improvement tools to meet specifically targeted goals such as “Baldrige criteria” of “ISO 9000/14000 certification” and to assure maximu m short and log tern business results.

IV. TEST

Выберите правильный вариант ответа:

1.Standards for thermal insulation of building now in force in Russia restrain thermal flow through each of the _______ parts of the exterior envelope.

a)minor

b)main

c)major

2.The standards set limits on heat flow at design _______ of indoor and outdoor air in steady-state heat transfer conditions.

a)temperatures

b)mass

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c)time

3.A new concept of thermal performance standardization of a building is based on considering the building as a complete _______ system.

a)electric

b)economic

c)water

4.This approach relies on developing an energy consumption rating for the whole _______.

a)house

b)accommodation

c)energy

5.A _______ comfort level requirement is introduced into the concept of the standard.

a)special

b)interesting

c)cosy

6.The whole building is thought of a single energy system consuming the assigned rated _______ of energy.

a)quality

b)quantity

c)volume

7.The method for _______ the energy rating should depend on the energy supplies of the country or its particular regions.

a)reading

b)writing

c)calculating

8.In the design of _______ that comply with these standards; the component approach satisfies the minimum thermal performance requirements of individual envelope components.

a)room

b)building

c)house

9.ISO and some Western standards take account of human _______.

a)physiology

b)body

c)appearance

10.Standard _______ are likely to undergo changes in future years.

a)features

b)values

c)characteristics

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Unit 5

I. INFORMATION FOR STUDY

Прочтите следующую информацию и запишите на полях основные термины, связанные с тематикой текста.

II. VOCABULARY:

to enhance – увеличивать society – общество competence – компетентность thorough – полный experience – опыт

application – заявление; применение appropriate – соответствующий peer – ровня; пэр

to employ – нанимать (на работу); применять to attain – достигать

advancement – продвижение

to identify – определять; выделять achievement – достижение

to determine – определять

to be valid – иметь силу; быть действительным to abide – соблюдать; придерживаться evidence – свидетельство (очевидность) credential – рекомендация; мандат

criterion – критерий

incentive – стимул; побудительный means – средства

aesthetics – эстетика

acre – акр (= 4 047 м²);владение, поместье, земли approximate – примерный; приблизительно равняться commensurable – делимый без остатка, соизмеримый, пропорциональный

compulsion – принуждение, насилие

customary – основанный на обычном праве, привычный distaste – питать отвращение, неприязнь

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downsize – уменьшать габариты и массу, сокращать

gauge – мера, масштаб, размер, калибр, эталон, шаблон, ширина колеи

hectare – гектар (=10 000 м²)

inch – дюйм (2,54 см); небольшое расстояние nut – гайка, муфта

obsolete – вышедший из употребления, старомодный, исчезающий

ounce – унция (=28,35 грамма)

pint – пинта (пива, эля): в Англии =0,57л; В США = 0,47л profiteering – спекуляция, нажива

retail - розничный scales - весы

specimen – образец, образчик, экземпляр support – поддержка, опора

thread – резьба, нарезка vehicle – транспортное средство

TEXT 5A

CERTIFICATION

As part of its mission to enhance knowledge of standards and standardization, the Standards Engineering Society (SES) has established a certification program to recognize persons who have demonstrated a high degree of professional competence in different areas of standards.

SES offers two levels of certification:

(1)"AStd" is an entry level that demonstrates a fundamental knowledge of standards and application, and

(2)"CStd" is a standards professional certification that demonstrates a thorough, more sophistication knowledge of the principles, techniques and effects of standardization and recognizes a persons experience, expertise and contributions in the area of standards. The "CStd" level offers four specific interest categories: standards development, standards application, standards management, and standards information.

A person may be certified in either one of these categories and is entitled to use the AStd or CStd designation as appropriate in personnel records, resumes, letterheads, business cards, etc. to signify peer recognition of professional competence in the field of standards and standardization.

SES certification benefits include:

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∙Evidence to employers that the individual has attained competence in the standards. Profession;

∙A credential for use in seeking position or advancement;

∙A criterion for employers to use for selection and advancement in standardization;

∙Incentive for professional self development$

∙A means to increase and enhance acceptance of the standards

profession.

The first step to certification is the application form that identifies who you are and which of the two levels you wish to become certified. You also must agree to abide by the SES Code of Ethics.

The second step is completing and submitting the Personal Data Form. This form documents your education, achievements, and experience in the standards business. There are minimum points required and the form lets you determine where your strengths and weaknesses are and provides a measure of your readiness for taking the certification exam.

The third step is successful completion of the certification exami-

nation.

A fourth step, exclusive to the CStd certification, is a paper on standards or standardization.

Once you have successfully completed all of the requirements, the certification is valid for five years.

EXERCISES:

1.Письменно переведите текст на русский язык, используя словарь.

2.Найдите в тексте ответы на следующие вопросы и запишите

их:

1.What is SES?

2.What has SES established?

3.How many levels does SES offer?

4.How may the person be certified?

5.What do SES certification benefits include?

6.How many steps ate there to certification?

7.What time is the certification valid for?