Английский язык. Методические указания к выполнению контрольных работ для студентов заочной формы обучения с применением дистанционных технологий напр

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3.Составить из следующих слов и выражений предложения:

1.SES, of, levels, offers, certification, two.

2.The personal Data form, the second step, is, submitting, and, completing.

3.Is, five, the certification, valid for, years.

4.Подберите к существительным прилагательные по смыслу:

5. Дополните следующие предложения, используя информацию из текста:

1.The first step to certification is…

2.The second step is…

3.The third step is…

4.The fourth step is…

TEXT 5B

DIFFERENT VALUES IN DIFFERENT PLACES

The spread of metrication around the world in the last two centuries has been met with both support and opposition. All countries except Burma (Myanmar), Liberia, and the United States of America have officially adopted the metric system, although actual usage may be more complex. Only the United States continues to see significant popular opposition to metrication, the main objections being based in localism, tradition, cultural aesthetics, economic impact, or distaste for measures viewed as "foreign". Japan had significant popular opposition at one time for similar reasons. Popular opposition in the United Kingdom exists to a lesser degree and can

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be associated with anti-European Union sentiment. France, where the measures were largely invented, saw popular opposition during the early 19th century, though not for long. Thus, with the exception of the United States, metrication is now fully or substantially accepted in nearly all countries.

One argument used by opponents of the metric system is that traditional systems of measurement were developed organically from actual use. Early measures revolution. With the advances in the sciences, the comparison of experiment to theory required a rational system of units, and something more closely resembling modern metrology began to come into being. The discovery of atom, electricity, thermodynamics, and other fundamental scientific principles could be applied to standards of measurement, and many inventions made it easier to quantitatively or qualitatively assess physical properties, using the defined units of measurement established by science.

Metrology was thus one of the precursors to the Industrial Revolution, and was necessary for the implementation of mass production, equipment commonality, and assembly lines.

Modern metrology has its roots in the French Revolution, with the political motivation to harmonize units all over France and the concept of establishing units of measurement based on constants of nature, and thus making measurement units available "for all people, for all time". In this case deriving a unit of length from the dimensions of the Earth, and a unit of mass from a cube of water. The result was platinum standards for the meter and the kilogram established as the basis of the metric system on June 22, 1799. This further led to the creation of the Système International d'Unités, or the International System of Units. This system has gained unprecedented worldwide acceptance as definitions and standards of modern measurement units. Though not the official system of units of all nations, the definitions and specifications of SI are globally accepted and recognized. The SI is maintained under the auspices of the Metre Convention and its institutions, the General Conference on Weights and Measures, or CGPM, its executive branch the International Committee for Weights and Measures, or CIPM, and its technical institution the International Bureau of Weights and Measures, or BIPM.

As the authorities on SI, these organizations establish and promulgate the SI, with the ambition to be able to service all. This includes introducing new units, such as the relatively new unit, the mole, to encompass metrology in chemistry. These units are then established and maintained through various agencies in each country, and establish a hierarchy of mea-

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surement standards that can be traced back to the established standard unit, a concept known as metrological traceability.

The development of standards also does involve individual and small group achievements. In 1893, Edward Weston (chemist) and his company perfected his Saturated Standard Cell design, which allowed the volt to be reproduced to 1 part in ten to the fourth power directly. This advance made a huge practical difference at a critical moment in the development of modern electrical devices. Groupings of saturated cells, called banks, can still be found in some metrology and calibration laboratories today. Edward Weston did not pursue patents for his cell design. By doing this, his superior design quickly replaced similar but inferior patented devices worldwide without much discussion.

EXERCISES:

1.Докажите правильность утверждений следующих выражений:

a)true b) false c) there is no information in the text

1)The European Union is responsible for compulsory metrication.

2)In the US there is also government compulsion with weight and measures.

3)There are still a great number of countries that oppose metrification.

4)According to the British Weights and Measures Society some metric units are too small for measurement in everyday life.

5)A lot of traditional units are mentioned in colloquial English expressions.

2.Выберите правильный ответ на поставленный ниже вопрос и запишите его:

How were traditional measures developed?

a)artificially

b)on the basis of rationality and commensurability

c)by holding a contest

d)by means of a science

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3. Назовите слова, от которых образованы производные:

development, conveniently, communication, production, continuous, beginning, transmitter, action, recorder, electronic, simultaneously, different, usable, central, calculator, possibility, disconnect.

4. Найдите синонимы и антонимы:

tiny - small; to dissappear - to appear; a lot of - many; different - various; next - following; short - long; to watch - to see; program - show; commonly - usually; less - more; possible - impossible; true - untrue; small - large; nowadays - at present, now; large - tremendous; advance -progress; to start - to begin; major - main; to report - to announce; to occurto take place; convenient - suitable.

5. Расположите в алфавитном порядке следующие слова:

true, picture, telephone, communication; world, research, assembly, invention; own, beginning, telegraph, central; satellite, first, artificial, convenient; turn, videotape, transmit, size.

III. CONTROL TASK

Прочтите текст C, переведите его, изложите краткое содержание текста на английском языке в письменной форме.

TEXT 5C

GENERAL SYSTEMS COMPANY, INC.

“The Global Leader In Management and Quality” – Pro viding Senior Management Consultation and Implementing Proprietary Management Operating Systems that Accelerate the Competitive business Strengths of Leading Manufacturing and Services Companies Worldwide.

General Systems Company (GSC) has been helping major businesses worldwide for over 30 years to attain leadership in growth, profitability, and customer satisfaction. Now GSC is defining the new rulebook for innovation in 21st century management and quality. The Power of Management Capital TM is driving productivity and profitability growth in

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today’s marketplace. Meanwhile, Total Quality leadership is introducing systemic programs to achieve quality excellence. This newest management/quality partnership is a groundbreaking concept for top management involvement and corporate governance that has been demonstrated by the pacesetter companies that are locked in the struggle for winning the fiercely competitive markets of the new millennium.

GSC offers expertise, experience, and cutting edge technology that has spanned across 24 major product and service industries. GSC’s proprietary management operating systems selectively employ state of the art management and quality techniques, such as six sigma, lean management, supply chain management, just-in-time, customer value, process capability management, and the basic statistical quality control disciplines where they are most needed. This structured approach to total quality management has characterized GSC’s success in helping leading manufacturing and services companies worldwide to accelerate their competitive business strengths in closing the gap and attainment of world class results.

IV. TEST

Выберите правильный вариант ответа:

1. The Standards Engineering ______ (SES) has established a certification program to recognize persons who have demonstrated a high degree of professional competence in different areas of standards.

a)Organization

b)Society c)Union

2.SES offers two levels of ________.

a)standards

b)marking

c)certification

3."AStd" is an entry level that demonstrates a ______ knowledge of standards and application.

a)upper-intermediate

b)intermediate

c)fundamental

4.The "CStd" ______ offers four specific interest categories.

a)level

b)stage

c)part

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5."CStd" is a standards professional certification that demonstrates a thorough, more sophistication ______ of the principles, techniques and effects of standardization.

a)habit

b)knowledge

c)power

6.A person may be certified in ______ one of these categories and is entitled to use the AStd or CStd designation.

a)either

b)all

c)neither

7.SES certification benefits include a means to increase and enhance acceptance of the standards ______.

a)specialty

b)study

c)profession

8.The first step to certification is the application form that identifies

______ you are and which of the two levels you wish to become certified.

a)why

b)who

c)what

9.The second ______ is completing and submitting the Personal Data Form.

a)step

b)level

c)point

10.The certification is valid for ______ years.

a)there

b)four

c)five

Unit 6

I. INFORMATION FOR STUDY

Прочтите следующую информацию и запишите на полях основные термины, связанные с тематикой текста.

II. VOCABULARY:

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to adopt – принимать

patented technology – патентованная технология banner – знамя

entity – юридическое лицо

investment – капиталовложение;инвестиция solid – твердый

crucial – критический resources – ресурсы implementation - выполнение to encourage – поощрять

to share – разделять versus – против

to regard – расценивать to seek – искать

ultimately – в конечном счете discourse – беседа; рассуждение

to facilitate – содействовать; облегчать to assist – помогать

TEXT 6A

USE OF INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS

The world’s leading international standards organizations have adopted a harmonized approach to address the inclusion of patented technology in standards. IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission), ISO (International Organization for Standardization) and ITU (International Telecommunication Union), under the banner of the World Standards Cooperation (WSC), have aligned their policies which allow for commercial entities to contribute the fruits of their research and development (R&D) activity safe in the knowledge that their intellectual property rights are respected.

In today’s commercial world, especially in information and communication technologies (ICT), there is significant investment in R&D activity. A solid patent policy provides crucial investment protection while also opening-up intellectual property resources for broad implementation across the industry.

ITU’s standards work is closely linked with innovation and new research. Today, it is difficult to develop technical standards without implicating patents. On the other hand, it is necessary to take into account the interests of end-users. Therefore a balance must be found. This policy will

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encourage industry to share its intellectual property with implementers of standards on a reasonable basis knowing that their interests will be protected.

The fine-tuning of ISO’s policy is to achieve exactly the right balance – ownership versus sharing of intellectual pro perty – is no small achievement. International Standards are used to successfully disseminate innovation, with a clear set of guidelines regarding the disclosure of and commitment to license the use of patented technologies. It is an excellent example of the co-operation between the three WSC partners.

International standards developed by ISO, ITU and IEC provide a practical solution to many of the challenges faced by business in today’s increasingly global markets. Industry has been seeking a common approach to patents from the world’s leading standards developers. The increased collaboration between the World Standards Cooperation partners has led to the development of this common policy which will ultimately benefit endusers and industry.

The policy adopted by the three organizations strongly encourages the disclosure of patented technology which is necessary for the implementation of a standard before the standardization process has been completed. It allows for companies’ innovative technologies to be included in standards as long as such intellectual property is made available under reasonable and non-discriminatory terms and conditions. In addition, IEC, ISO and ITU have jointly adopted Guidelines for the Implementation of the Common Patent Policy and a Patent Statement and License Declaration Form.

Each of the three WSC organizations also has an online patent database to facilitate the work of the standards developers and to assist companies wishing to implement international standards/recommendations that include patented technologies.

EXERCISES:

1.Письменно переведите текст на русский язык, используя словарь.

2.Найдите в тексте ответы на следующие вопросы и запишите

их:

1. What have the leading international standards certification adopted?

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2.In what kind of activity can significant investment be found?

3.What is ITU’s standards work closely linked with?

4.What do ISO, ITU and IEC standards provide?

5.What can you say about patent police in the standardization process?

3.Дайте расшифровку абривиатуры:

ITS, ITU, ISO, RLD, IES.

4. Переведите следующие выражения на русский язык:

international standards; commercial world; global markets; intellectual resources; broad implementation; harmonized approach; patented technologies; standardization process; innovative technology.

5. Подберите антонимы к следующим словам:

clear, difficult, excellent, today, right, bread, to protect, close.

TEXT 6B

MERIDIONAL DEFINIYION

The meter (or metre), symbol m, is the base unit of length in the International System of Units (SI). Originally intended to be one tenmillionth of the distance from the Earth's equator to the North Pole (at sea level), its definition has been periodically refined to reflect growing knowledge of metrology. Since 1983, it is defined as the length of the path travelled by light in vacuum in a second.

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The first recorded proposal for a decimal-based unit of length was the universal measure unit proposed by the English philosopher John Wilkins in 1668. In 1675 the Italian scientist Tito Livio Burattini, in his work Misura Universale, used the words (lit. "catholic [i.e. universal] metre"), which was derived from the Greek (métron katholikón), "a universal measure". This word gave rise to the French mètre which in 1797 was introduced into the English language.

In 1668 Wilkins proposed using Christopher Wren's suggestion of a pendulum with a half-period of one second to measure a standard length that Christiaan Huygens had observed to be 38 Rhineland or 39¼ English inches (997 mm) in length.

In the 18th century, there were two favoured approaches to the definition of the standard unit of length. One approach followed Wilkins in defining the metre as the length of a pendulum with a half-period of one second, a 'seconds pendulum'. The other approach suggested defining the metre as one ten-millionth of the length of the Earth's meridian along a quadrant, that is the distance from the equator to the North Pole. In 1791, the French Academy of Sciences selected the meridional definition over the pendular definition because the force of gravity varies slightly over the surface of the Earth, which affects the period of a pendulum.

In order to establish a universally accepted foundation for the definition of the metre, measurements of this meridian more accurate than those available at that time were imperative. The French Academy of Sciences commissioned an expedition led by Jean Baptiste Joseph Delambre and Pierre Méchain, lasting from 1792 to 1799, which measured the distance between the Dunkerque belfry and Montjuïc castle, Barcelona to estimate the length of the meridian arc through Dunkerque (assumed to be the same length as the Paris meridian). This portion of the meridian was to serve as the basis for the length of the half meridian, connecting the North Pole with the equator. The exact shape of the Earth is not a simple mathematical shape (sphere or ellipse) at the level of precision required for defining a standard of length. The irregular and particular shape of the Earth (smoothed to sea level) is called a Geoid, which means "Earth-shaped".

However, in 1793, France adopted as its official unit of length a metre based on provisional results from the expedition. Although it was later determined that the first prototype metre bar was short by a fifth of a millimeter because of miscalculation of the flattening of the Earth, this length became the standard. The circumference of the Earth through the poles is therefore slightly more than forty million meters.