Английский язык. Методические указания к выполнению контрольных работ для студентов заочной формы обучения с применением дистанционных технологий напр

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9. Unchanging standards of measurement have been adopted only in modern time.

a)now

b)ancient

10.The ________ system is commonly referred to as SI.

a)international

b)state

c) city

Unit 3

I. INFORMATION FOR STUDY

Прочтите следующую информацию и запишите на полях основные термины, связанные с тематикой текста.

II. VOCABULARY:

supplementary unit - дополнительная единица to obtain - получать; достигать

to multiply - умножать to mean - значить

conversion - превращение shift - изменение, сдвиг

decimal point - десятичная точка pole - полюс

scratch - черта accurate - точный piece - кусок

platinum alloy – сплав платиновой группы century - век, столетие

solar day - солнечный день rotation - вращение

earth - земля

as a result - в результате frequency - частота cesium - цезий

to absorb - поглощать triple - тройной

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solid - твердый

centigrade scale - стоградусная шкала

gauge – мера, масштаб, размер, калибр, эталон, шаблон, ширина колеи

hectare – гектар (=10 000 м²)

inch – дюйм (2,54 см); небольшое расстояние nut – гайка, муфта

obsolete – вышедший из употребления, старомодный, исчезающий

ounce – унция (=28,35 грамма)

pint – пинта (пива, эля): в Англии =0,57л; В США = 0,47л

TEXT 3A

MEASUREMENTS (Units of measurement)

At the Eleventh General Conference on Weights and Measures, held in Paris in 1960 standards were defined for six base units and two supplementary units:

Length.

In the metric system the main unit of distance is the meter. Other units of distance are always obtained by multiplying by 10 or a multiply of 10. Thanks to our system of writing numbers this means that conversions of one unit to another within the metric system can be carried out by shifts of a decimal point.

There are several standard units of length in use to-day such as meter, inch, foot, mile and centimeter. The meter was originally defined in terms of a distance from the north pole to the equator, this distance being close to 10,000 kilometers or 107 meters. By international agreement, the standard meter of the world is the distance between two scratches on a bar of platinumiridium alloy being kept at the International Bureau of Weights and Measures in France.. However there is a unit of length in Nature much more accurate than the distance between two scratches on a piece of metal. This is the wavelength of light from any sharp spectral line.

Mass.

In the metric system the unit of mass was originally defined as the amount of mass contained in 1cc (cubic centimeter) of water (at a specified temperature and pressure), this amount of mass being called the gram. Thus the density of water is conveniently one gram per cubic centimeter. In the English system the unit of mass is the pound. We shall use the abbreviations gm for gram, kg for kilogram, and lb for pound.

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Time.

For centuries, time has been universally measured in terms of rotation of the earth. The basic unit of time used in both the English and the metric systems is the second, was defined as 1/86,400 of a mean solar day or one complete rotation of the earth on its axis in relation to the sun. Scientists discovered, however, that the rotation of the earth was not constant enough to serve as the basis of the time standard. As a result, the second was redefined in 1967 in terms of the resonant frequency of the cesium atom, that is, the frequency at which this atom absorbs energy: 9,192,631,770 Hz (hertz, or cycles per second).

Temperature.

The temperature scale is based on a fixed temperature, that of the triple point of water at which it’s solid ,liquid and gaseous. The freezing point of the water was designated as 273.15 K, equaling exactly 0 on the Celsius temperature scale. The Celsius scale, which is identical to the centigrade scale, is named after the 18th-century Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius, who first proposed the use of a scale in which the interval between the freezing and boiling points of water is divided into 100 degrees. By international agreement, the term Celsius has officially replaced centigrade.

EXERCISES:

1.Письменно переведите текст на русский язык, используя словарь.

2.Найдите в тексте ответы на следующие вопросы и запишите их:

1.What is the standard meter of the world?

2.Where is the standard meter of the world kept?

3.How was the unit of mass defined in the metric system?

4.How has time been universally measured?

5.What is the basic unit of time?

6.What is the temperature scale based on?

7.Whom is the Celsius scale named after?

8.How has the term Celsius officially replaced by international agreement?

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3. Образуйте существительное от следующих глаголов:

to discover, to act, to solve, to express, to observe, to measure, to define, to suppose, to explain, to equip, to conserve, to equal.

4. Образуйте глаголы от следующих существительных:

movement, difference, production, development, resistance, observation, measurement, reference, abbreviation, reducer, conductor.

5. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод слова «time»;

time – раз, период, время for the first time – впервые at times – по временам times – умножено на

1.Check the time of the experiment.

2.The production of the plant has increased by more then twenty times since 1945.

3.The Venus at times rather close to the Earth.

4.The value is equal to N times R.

5.They usually check the results many times.

TEXT 3B

CURRENT USE OF IMPERIAL UNITS IN THE UK

British law now defines each imperial unit in terms of the metric equivalent. The metric system is in official use within the United Kingdom for some applications; however, use of Imperial unit is widespread in many cases.

The Units of Measurement Regulations 1995 require that all measuring devices used in trade or retail be capable of measuring and displaying metric quantities. This has now been proven in court against the socalled "Metric Martyrs", a small group of market traders who insisted on trading in imperial units only. Contrary to the impression given by some press reports, these regulations do not currently place any obstacle in the

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way of using imperial units alongside metric units. Almost all traders in the UK will accept requests from customers specified in imperial units, and scales which display in both unit systems are common place in the retail trade. Metric price signs may be accompanied by imperial price signs (known as supplementary indicators) provided that the imperial signs are no larger and no more prominent than the official metric ones.

The United Kingdom completed its legal partial transition to the metric system (sometimes referred to as "SI") in 1995, with many imperial units still legally mandated for some application; draught beer must be sold in pints, road-sign distances must be in yards and miles, length and width (but not weight) restrictions must be in feet and inches on road signs (although an equivalent in metres may be shown as well), and road speed limits must be in miles per hour, therefore instruments in vehicles sold in the UK must be capable of displaying miles per hour. Foreign vehicles, such as all post-2005 Irish vehicles, may legally have instruments displayed only in kilometres per hour. Even though the troy pound was outlawed in the UK in the Weights and Measures Act of 1878, the troy ounce still may be used for the weight of precious stones and metals. The railways are also a big user of imperial units, with distances officially measured in miles and yards or miles and chains, and also feet and inches, and speeds are in miles per hour, although many modern metro and tram systems are entirely metric, and London Underground uses both metric (for distances) and imperial (for speeds).

The use of SI units is required by law for the retail sale of some foods and other commodities, whilst imperial units are required for others. Many British people still use imperial units in everyday life for distance (yards, feet and inches), weight (especially stones and pounds) and volume (gallons & pints). Milk is available in both litre and pint based containers. Most people still measure their weight in stone and pounds, and height in feet and inches (but these must be converted to metric if recorded officially, for example in medical records). Petrol is often quoted as being so much per gallon, despite having been sold exclusively in litres for two decades. Likewise, fuel consumption for cars is still almost always in miles per gallon, though official figures always include litres per 100 km equivalents. Fahrenheit equivalents are occasionally given after Celsius in weather forecasts, though this is becoming rare. Threads on non-metric nuts and bolts etc. are sometimes referred to as Imperial, especially in the UK. Areas of land associated with farming or forestry are bought and sold measured in acres, but for official government areas the unit is always hectares.

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EXERCISES:

1.Найдите в тексте ответы на следующие вопросы и запишите их:

1)Where are both systems’ units used in the UK?

2)Why do you think the country is mot going to give up it imperial system?

3)Think of your own arguments for and against applying:

2.Письменно выразите главную идею текста:

1.As I understood from the text...

2.According to the text...

3.According to the author...

4.As it is described in the text...

5.As it is said in the text...

6.As the author puts it...

7.According to the figures (data, information, opinions) from the text...

3.Найдите в каждом ряду прилагательные в сравнительной степени и переведите их:

teacher, taller, thermometer, thinker worker, weather, worse, writer bomber, brother, brighter, barometer darker, driver, denser, dancer bigger, best, builder, better father, farther, foreigner, faster earlier, easier, eater, engineer compressor, computer, colder, closer meter, mover, more, motor

III. CONTROL TASK

Прочтите текст C, переведите его, изложите краткое содержание текста на английском языке в письменной форме.

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TEXT 3C

“LENGIPROMEZ” ENGINEERING POLICY

The general direction of the “Lengipromez” developm ent is the raising of the competitive capacity of the design products and services. For these purposes the management of the Company has defined the following aims in the engineering activity:

Provision of the Customers/Clients with high-quality design documents which guarantee, upon implementation of the project, manufacturing of the competitive products due to the following:

Updating of the productive potential, improvement of the production structure and technology;

Orientation for development of the new and updating of the available technological processes and machinery ensuring the minimal possible investments and energy intensity;

Increase in output of the progressive, economically efficient metal products along with decrease of steel-intensity;

Taking measures on improvement of the rational use of the fuel and power resources, material resources, introduction of the resourcesaving techniques and technologies;

Provision of the air pollution control and reduction of effluents coming into the water basins on the basis of the technical reequipment and reconstruction of enterprises at the expense of introduction of the latest progressive technologies and use of the improved machinery;

Increase of the labor productivity.

Enhancement of the responsibility for incorporation into the design documents at all designing stages measures for satisfaction of the requirements of the legislative authorities, government agencies and inspection bodies to guarantee the industrial safety, labor protection, prevention of accidents and localization of their consequences.

Concentration of efforts on preparation of the first-priority

projects.

Enhancement of the level of the corporative solidarity, systematic participation in the work of the branch associations, meetings and sessions, international congresses, etc., transfer of the acquired valuable experience in launching and further development of the business activity.

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IV.TEST

Выберите правильный вариант ответа:

1.At the Eleventh General Conference on Weights and Measures, held in Paris in 1960 _________were defined for six base units and two supplementary units.

a)standards

b)rules

c)features

2.In the metric system the main unit of distance is the _______.

a)kilometer

b)meter

c)foot

3.There are _______ standard units of length in use to-day such as meter, inch, foot, mile and centimeter.

a)several

b)various

c)different

4.The meter was ________ defined in terms of a distance from the North Pole to the equator.

a)widely

b)exactly

c)originally

5.There is a unit of length in Nature much more ________than the distance between two scratches on a piece of metal.

a)digital

b)accurate

c)basic

6.We shall _________ the abbreviations gm for gram, kg for kilogram, and lb for pound.

a)discuss

b)draw

c)use

7.For centuries, time has been universally measured in terms of rotation of the ________.

a)head

b)earth

c)wheel

8.The temperature scale is based on a ________temperature.

a)known

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b)limited

c)fixed

9.The freezing point of the________ was designated as 273.15 K, equaling exactly 0 on the Celsius temperature scale.

a)water

b)ice

c)snow

10.By international agreement, the term Celsius has ________ replaced centigrade.

a)relatively

b)closely

c)officially

Unit 4

I. INFORMATION FOR STUDY

Прочтите следующую информацию и запишите на полях основные термины, связанные с тематикой текста.

II. VOCABULARY:

insulation - изоляция restrain - ограничить

thermal flow - тепловой поток opaque wall - непрозрачная стена

fenestration – распределение окон в здании margin - край

performance-выполнение (работа) approach - подход

rely on – положиться на consumption - потребление reduced – уменьшенный

comply – подчиняться (правилам); исполнять (приказ) value - ценность

arbitrary – произвольный, случайный assess – оценивать, давать оценку auspices - протекция, покровительство cell – ячейка, камера, клетка

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commonality - общность

derive – получать, извлекать, устанавливать происхождение designate – предназначать, называть

encompass - выполнять, осуществлять

encounter - столкнуться, натолкнуться на трудности hierarchy – иерархия

inferior - подчинённый, второстепенный in order to - для того чтобы

pendulum - маятник precursor - предшественник

promulgate – опубликовать, обнародовать, пропагандировать pursue – следовать намеченным курсом, преследовать reconcile – примирить, урегулировать

refine – повышать качество resemble – походить, иметь сходство saturate – пропитывать, насыщать

TEXT 4A

A NEW CONCEPT OF THERMAL PERFORMANCE STANDAR-

DIZATION OF BUILDING

Standards for thermal insulation of building now in force in Russia restrain thermal flow through each of the major parts of the exterior envelope (opaque wall sections, fenestration, etc.). The standards set limits on heat flow at design temperatures of indoor and outdoor air in steadystate heat transfer conditions.

A new concept of thermal performance standardization of a building is based on considering the building as a complete energy system. This approach relies on developing an energy consumption rating for the whole building. However, since there is a risk of attaining the energy consumption rating at the expense of reduced thermal comfort, a special comfort level requirement is introduced into the concept of the standard.

Keeping in mind these two requirements, for overall building energy use limits and for providing adequate thermal comfort, the thermal performance level of a building should be established from both:

- the system approach to a building. In this approach, the whole building is thought of a single energy system consuming the assigned rated quantity of energy. The method for calculating the energy rating should depend on the energy supplies of the country or its particular regions. Thus,