2 курс / Нормальная физиология / Торшин 2014

Ⱦɥɹ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɗɄȽ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ 3 ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɯ ɛɢɩɨɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɨɬɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɫɬɟɣ (ɬɪɟɭɝɨɥɶɧɢɤ ɗɣɧɬɯɨɜɟɧɚ) (ɪɢɫ. 7.12). I ɨɬɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ – ɩɪɚɜɚɹ ɪɭɤɚ–ɥɟɜɚɹ ɪɭɤɚ; II ɨɬɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ – ɩɪɚɜɚɹ ɪɭɤɚ–ɥɟɜɚɹ ɧɨɝɚ; III ɨɬɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ – ɥɟɜɚɹ ɪɭɤɚ– ɥɟɜɚɹ ɧɨɝɚ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɭɸɬ 3 ɭɫɢɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɧɢɩɨɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɨɬɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ Ƚɨɥɶɞɛɟɪɝɭ: aVR – ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɨɣ ɪɭɤɟ, aVL – ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞ ɧɚ ɥɟɜɨɣ ɪɭɤɟ, aVF – ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞ ɧɚ ɥɟɜɨɣ ɧɨɝɟ ɢ 6 ɭɧɢɩɨɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɞɧɵɯ ɨɬɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ ɩɨ ȼɢɥɶɫɨɧɭ – V1 – V6.

ɉɪɢ ɛɢɩɨɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɨɬɜɟɞɟɧɢɹɯ, ɩɨ ɗɣɧɬɯɨɜɟɧɭ, ɬɨɱɤɢ, ɨɬ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɬɜɨɞɹɬ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɵ, ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɸɬ ɫ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɦɢ ɪɚɜɧɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟɝɨ ɬɪɟɭɝɨɥɶɧɢɤɚ, ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɨɫɢ ɨɬɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ. ɋ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɬɪɟɭɝɨɥɶɧɢɤɚ ɗɣɧɬɯɨɜɟɧɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɜɢɠɭɳɟɣ ɫɢɥɵ ɫɟɪɞɰɚ, ɚ ɡɧɚɱɢɬ, ɢ ɜɵɫɨɬɭ ɡɭɛɰɨɜ ɗɄȽ. ȼɵɫɨɬɚ ɡɭɛɰɚ R ɜɨ II ɨɬɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɜ ɧɨɪɦɨɝɪɚɦɦɟ (ɪɢɫ. 7.13, Ⱥ) ɪɚɜɧɚ ɫɭɦɦɟ ɡɭɛɰɚ R ɜ I ɢ III ɨɬɜɟɞɟɧɢɹɯ, ɬ.ɟ. R2 = R1 + R3. ȼɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɜɢɠɭɳɟɣ ɫɢɥɵ ɫɟɪɞɰɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɫɢ ɫɟɪɞɰɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɵ ɢɥɢ ɚɧɚɬɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɟɪɞɰɚ, ɢɥɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɨ-ɫɨɫɭɞɢɫɬɵɦɢ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɦɚɫɫɭ ɩɪɚɜɨɝɨ ɢ ɥɟɜɨɝɨ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɤɨɜ (ɩɪɚɜɨ- ɢ ɥɟɜɨɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɤɨɜɚɹ ɝɢɩɟɪɬɪɨɮɢɹ ɫɟɪɞɰɚ). ȿɫɥɢ ɨɫɶ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɸ ɫɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɜɥɟɜɨ (ɛɨɥɟɟ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨ), ɱɬɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɭ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɫ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɨɣ ɬɟɥɚ, ɬɨ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɥɟɜɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ (ɪɢɫ. 7.13, Ȼ). ɉɪɢ ɫɦɟɳɟɧɢɢ ɨɫɢ ɜɩɪɚɜɨ (ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨ) – ɭ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɢ ɯɭɞɵɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɚɜɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ (ɪɢɫ. 7.13, ȼ).

ɋɈɋɍȾɂɋɌȺə ɋɂɋɌȿɆȺ

Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɫɨɫɭɞɨɜ

ɉɨ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɦ ɫɨɫɭɞɵ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɢ ɦɚɥɨɝɨ ɤɪɭɝɨɜ ɤɪɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɥɹɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ.

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1.Ⱥɦɨɪɬɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɫɨɫɭɞɵ ɷɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ. Ʉ ɧɢɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɚɨɪɬɚ, ɥɟɝɨɱɧɚɹ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɹ, ɤɪɭɩɧɵɟ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɢ, ɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɝɥɚɠɢɜɚɧɢɢ (ɚɦɨɪɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ) ɪɟɡɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɴɟɦɚ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɢɫɬɨɥɵ. ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɫɨɫɭɞɢɫɬɵɟ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɠɟɫɬɤɢɦɢ, ɬɨ ɤɪɨɜɨɬɨɤ ɜ ɫɨɫɭɞɢɫɬɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɞɢɚɫɬɨɥɵ ɫɟɪɞɰɚ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɚɥɫɹ. Ɂɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɷɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɨɫɭɞɨɜ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɵɣ ɤɪɨɜɨɬɨɤ ɤɚɤ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɢɫɬɨɥɵ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɞɢɚɫɬɨɥɵ. ȼɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɢɫɬɨɥɵ ɨɞɧɚ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɤɢɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ, ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɫɟɪɞɰɟɦ, ɡɚɬɪɚɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɤɪɨɜɢ, ɞɪɭɝɚɹ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɸ ɪɚɫɬɹɧɭɬɵɯ ɫɨɫɭɞɨɜ ɚɨɪɬɵ ɢ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɣ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɷɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ «ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɢɨɧɧɭɸ ɤɚɦɟɪɭ». ȼɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɞɢɚɫɬɨɥɵ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɹɧɭɬɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɭɞɚ ɫɧɨɜɚ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɤɢɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɸ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɤɪɨɜɢ. Ȼɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɭ ɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɟ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɪɨɜɢ.

2.ɋɨɫɭɞɵ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ – ɫɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɢ ɦɟɥɤɢɟ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɢ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɯ, ɢɯ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɜ ɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɢ ɢɯ ɤɪɨɜɶɸ, ɨɬ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɤɪɨɜɨɬɨɤɚ.

3.Ɋɟɡɢɫɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɭɞɵ (ɫɨɫɭɞɵ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ). Ʉ ɧɢɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɢ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ 100 ɦɤɦ, ɚɪɬɟɪɢɨɥɵ, ɩɪɟɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɵ ɢ ɩɪɟɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɫɮɢɧɤɬɟɪɵ, ɨɧɢ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɦɢɤɪɨɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɢ. Ɂɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɹ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɨɣ ɝɥɚɞɤɨɦɵɲɟɱɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬ ɫɨɫɭɞɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɪɟɡɤɨ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɬɶɫɹ ɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɪɨɜɨɬɨɤɭ. ɗɬɢɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɨɥɵ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɞɥɢɧɭ ɩɪɢ ɦɚɥɨɦ ɪɚɞɢɭɫɟ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɩɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɫɭɞɚɯ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɨɥ, ɬ.ɟ. ɜ ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɚɯ.

4.Ɉɛɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɭɞɵ. ȼ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɨɛɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɪɨɜɶɸ ɢ ɬɤɚɧɟɜɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɚɯ, ɧɨ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɨɥɵ ɢ ɜɟɧɭɥɵ. Ɍɚɤ, ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɬɟɧɤɭ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɨɥ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɦɨɡɝɟ, ɞɢɮɮɭɧɞɢɪɭɟɬ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞ, ɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɜɟɧɭɥɵ – ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɛɟɥɤɚ.

5.ȿɦɤɨɫɬɧɵɟ (ɚɤɤɭɦɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ) ɫɨɫɭɞɵ – ɷɬɨ ɜɟɧɵ,

ɜɟɧɭɥɵ, ɦɟɥɤɢɟ ɜɟɧɵ, ɩɨɫɬɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɜɟɧɭɥɵ, ɜɟɧɨɡɧɵɟ

376

ɫɩɥɟɬɟɧɢɹ, ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɪɚɫɬɹɠɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɧɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵ ɜɦɟɳɚɬɶ 70–80% ɜɫɟɣ ɤɪɨɜɢ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɟɣɫɹ ɜ ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɨɫɨɫɭɞɢɫɬɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ. Ⱥɧɚɫɬɨɦɨɡɢɪɭɹ ɞɪɭɝ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ, ɜɟɧɭɥɵ ɢ ɜɟɧɵ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɜɟɧɨɡɧɵɟ ɫɩɥɟɬɟɧɢɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɢ. Ɉɬ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɜ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɭɞɚɯ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɵɣ ɜɵɛɪɨɫ. ȿɦɤɨɫɬɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɭɞɵ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɜ ɞɟɩɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢ ɤɪɨɜɢ (ɫɢɧɭɫɨɢɞɵ ɫɟɥɟɡɟɧɤɢ), ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɭɸ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɤɪɨɜɨɬɨɤɚ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɟ.

6. ɒɭɧɬɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɫɨɫɭɞɵ – ɷɬɨ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɨɥɨ-ɜɟɧɭɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɚɧɚɫɬɨɦɨɡɵ, ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɳɢɟ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɢ ɜɟɧɨɡɧɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɨɫɭɞɢɫɬɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɦɢɧɭɹ ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɭɸ ɫɟɬɶ. ȼ ɤɨɠɟ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɨɧɢ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ, ɲɭɧɬɵ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɜ ɬɟɩɥɨɨɬɞɚɱɟ. Ɍɚɤ, ɩɪɢ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɤɪɨɜɨɬɨɤ ɩɨ ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɚɦ ɤɨɠɢ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɤɪɨɜɶ ɫɛɪɚɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɲɭɧɬɵ, ɩɪɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ

Ƚɟɦɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ

Ⱦɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɩɨ ɤɪɨɜɟɧɨɫɧɵɦ ɫɨɫɭɞɚɦ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɚɦ ɝɟɦɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ, ɹɜɥɹɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɝɢɞɪɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ – ɧɚɭɤɢ ɨ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɨ ɬɪɭɛɤɚɦ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟɦ ɤɪɨɜɨɬɨɤɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɝɪɚɞɢɟɧɬ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɚɦɢ ɫɨɫɭɞɢɫɬɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.

Ⱦɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɫɨɫɭɞɚɯ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɣ ɫɟɪɞɰɚ. Ʉɪɨɜɶ ɬɟɱɟɬ ɢɡ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ ɧɢɡɤɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ. ɉɪɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɟɣ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɟɜɚɬɶ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɟɦɨɟ, ɜɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɬɪɟɧɢɟɦ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɞɪɭɝ ɨ ɞɪɭɝɚ, ɜɨɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ɬɪɟɧɢɟɦ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɨ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɫɨɫɭɞɨɜ. Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜɟɥɢɤɨ ɷɬɨ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɨɥɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɟɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɚɯ. ɋɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ (R) ɜ ɤɪɨɜɟɧɨɫɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɭɞɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ ɉɭɚɡɟɣɥɹ:

R = 8lƾ / ʌr4,

ɝɞɟ l – ɞɥɢɧɚ ɬɪɭɛɤɢ (ɫɨɫɭɞɚ); ƾ – ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɶ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ (ɤɪɨɜɢ); ʌ – ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɨɤɪɭɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɤ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɭ; r – ɪɚɞɢɭɫ ɬɪɭɛɤɢ (ɫɨɫɭɞɚ).

377

Ɂɧɚɱɢɬ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɞɥɢɧɵ ɫɨɫɭɞɚ, ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɢ ɤɪɨɜɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɜ 5 ɪɚɡ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɞɵ, ɢ ɪɚɞɢɭɫɚ ɫɨɫɭɞɚ. ȿɫɥɢ ɞɥɢɧɚ ɫɨɫɭɞɚ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɚ, ɬɨ ɪɚɞɢɭɫ ɢ ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɶ – ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ. Ɍɚɤ, ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɫɨɫɭɞɢɫɬɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɪɚɞɢɭɫɚ ɫɨɫɭɞɚ. ɑɟɦ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɪɚɞɢɭɫ, ɬɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɫɨɫɭɞɢɫɬɨɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ,

ɢɧɚɨɛɨɪɨɬ. ȼɹɡɤɨɫɬɶ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɮɨɪɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɷɪɢɬɪɨɰɢɬɨɜ

ɢɛɟɥɤɨɜ, ɬ.ɟ. ɝɟɦɚɬɨɤɪɢɬɨɦ. ɉɪɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɷɪɢɬɪɨɰɢɬɨɜ (ɩɪɢ ɚɧɟɦɢɢ) ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɶ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɧɢɡɤɚɹ, ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ. ɉɪɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɷɪɢɬ-

ɪɨɰɢɬɨɜ (ɩɨɥɢɰɢɬɟɦɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɷɪɢɬɪɨɰɢɬɨɡɟ) ɝɟɦɚɬɨɤɪɢɬ, ɚ ɡɧɚɱɢɬ ɢ ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɶ ɤɪɨɜɢ, ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ, ɫɨɫɭɞɢɫɬɨɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɵɲɟ.

Ɂɚɤɨɧ ɉɭɚɡɟɣɥɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɦ ɞɥɹ ɬɟɯ ɬɪɭɛɨɤ, ɩɨɬɨɤ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ, ɬ.ɟ. ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɟɧ ɞɥɹ ɥɚɦɢɧɚɪɧɨɝɨ, ɢɥɢ ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɝɨ, ɬɢɩɚ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɤɪɨɜɢ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɢɥɢɩɚɸɳɢɣ ɤ ɫɬɟɧɤɟ ɫɨɫɭɞɚ, ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɵɦ; ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɫɥɨɣ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɛɥɢɠɟ ɤ ɰɟɧɬɪɭ, ɞɜɢɠɟɬɫɹ, ɧɨ ɫ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ, ɢ ɱɟɦ ɛɥɢɠɟ ɤ ɰɟɧɬɪɭ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ, ɬɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɟɝɨ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ. ɂ, ɧɚɤɨɧɟɰ, ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɞɜɢɠɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɫɭɞɟ ɫ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ.

ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɫɭɞɢɫɬɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɫɟɬɶ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɭɸ ɢɡ ɬɪɭɛɨɤ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɚ ɢ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɵ, ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɜɟɬɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɫɨɫɭɞɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɝɨ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɚ ɧɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɦɟɥɤɢɟ ɤɪɨɜɨɬɨɤ ɬɟɪɹɟɬ ɫɜɨɸ ɥɚɦɢɧɚɪɧɨɫɬɶ, ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɞɜɢɠɭɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɯ: ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɦ, ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɦ, ɤɪɭɝɨɜɨɦ, ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɢɯɪɟɜɵɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ. Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɬɢɩ ɤɪɨɜɨɬɨɤɚ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɭɪɛɭɥɟɧɬɧɵɦ. Ɍɭɪɛɭɥɟɧɬɧɵɣ ɬɢɩ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɫɭɠɟɧɢɹɯ (ɫɬɟɧɨɡɚɯ) ɚɪɬɟɪɢɣ, ɚɧɟɜɪɢɡɦɚɯ (ɜɵɩɹɱɢɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɬɟɧɨɤ ɫɨɫɭɞɚ), ɚɧɟɦɢɹɯ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɚɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɤɪɨɜɨɬɨɤɚ ɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɶ ɤɪɨɜɢ. Ɍɭɪɛɭɥɟɧɬɧɵɣ ɤɪɨɜɨɬɨɤ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɫɨɫɭɞɟ «ɲɭɦɵ», ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɨɫɥɭɲɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɮɨɧɟɧɞɨɫɤɨɩɨɦ ɩɪɢ ɨɫɦɨɬɪɟ ɛɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ.

378

ɉɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɝɟɦɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ. ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ-

ɦɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ (ɤɪɨɜɢ), ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɳɟɣ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɟ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɫɭɞɚ ɡɚ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ

(ɦɥ/ɫ), ɢɥɢ ɨɛɴɟɦɧɚɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɤɪɨɜɨɬɨɤɚ (Q), ɩɪɹɦɨ ɩɪɨ-

ɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ (Ɋ1) ɫɨɫɭɞɢɫɬɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɬ.ɟ. ɜ ɚɨɪɬɟ, ɢ ɜ ɟɟ ɤɨɧɰɟ (Ɋ2), ɬ.ɟ. ɜ ɩɨɥɵɯ ɜɟɧɚɯ, ɢ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɸ (R) ɬɨɤɭ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ:

Q= (P1 – P2)/R.

ȼɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɨɫɬɶɸ ɤɪɨɜɟɧɨɫɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɛɴɟɦɧɚɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɤɪɨɜɨɬɨɤɚ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɟɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɚɯ (ɜɫɟɯ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɹɯ, ɜɫɟɯ ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɚɯ, ɜɫɟɯ ɜɟɧɚɯ) ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɚ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 4–6 ɥ/ɦɢɧ. ȿɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɡɦɟɪɢɬɶ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɨɤɤɥɸɡɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɩɥɟɬɢɡɦɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ ɢ ɪɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ, ɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ «ɉɪɚɤɬɢɤɭɦɟ ɩɨ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɢ». Ɂɧɚɹ ɨɛɴɟɦɧɭɸ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɤɪɨɜɨɬɨɤɚ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɭɸ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ, ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɦɨɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɟɣ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɡɚ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ:

V= Q/ʌr2.

ȼɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɨɛɴɟɦɧɨɣ, ɥɢɧɟɣɧɚɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɯɨɞɭ ɫɨɫɭɞɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɪɭɫɥɚ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɨɦɭ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɦɭ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɸ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɨɫɭɞɨɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɥɢɛɪɚ. ɋɚɦɨɟ ɭɡɤɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɜ ɫɨɫɭɞɢɫɬɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ – ɷɬɨ ɚɨɪɬɚ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɧɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɚɦɭɸ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɭɸ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɤɪɨɜɨɬɨɤɚ – 50–60 ɫɦ/c. ȼ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɹɯ ɨɧɚ ɪɚɜɧɚ 20–40 ɫɦ/ɫ, ɜ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɨɥɚɯ – 5 ɦɦ/c, ɜ ɜɟɧɚɯ – 7–20 ɫɦ/c. ɋɚɦɵɣ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɣ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬ, ɜ 500–600 ɪɚɡ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɸɳɢɣ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɚɨɪɬɵ, ɢɦɟɸɬ ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɵ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɚɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ – 0,5 ɦɦ/c (ɪɢɫ. 7.14).

ɉɨɦɢɦɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɧɨɣ ɢ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɤɪɨɜɨɬɨɤɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɟɳɟ ɨɞɢɧ ɝɟɦɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ – ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɪɭɝɨɨɛɨɪɨɬɚ ɤɪɨɜɢ – ɷɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɚ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɩɪɨɣɞɟɬ ɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɢ ɦɚɥɵɣ ɤɪɭɝ ɤɪɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ, ɨɧɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 20–25 ɫ.

379

Ɋɢɫ. 7.14. ɋɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɵɦ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɵɦ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɨɫɭɞɨɜ ɪɚɡɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɥɢɛɪɚ, ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ ɤɪɨɜɨɬɨɤɚ

ɢ ɨɛɴɟɦɧɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ

Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɝɟɦɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ (ȺȾ), ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɨ ɯɨɞɭ ɫɨɫɭɞɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɪɭɫɥɚ ɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɧɟɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨ (ɪɢɫ. 7.15) ɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɪɹɞɚ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ. ȺȾ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫɟɪɞɰɚ ɢ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɬ ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɚ, ɬ.ɟ. ɨɬ ɫɢɫɬɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ. Ɉɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɫɟɪɞɰɚ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɦɭ ɩɚɞɟɧɢɸ ȺȾ ɞɨ 0. ȼɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɢɫɬɨɥɵ ȺȾ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬɫɹ – ɷɬɨ ɫɢɫɬɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ, ɢɥɢ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ, ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ.

ɍ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɜ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ 20–40 ɥɟɬ ɜ ɩɥɟɱɟɜɨɣ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɢ ɨɧɨ ɪɚɜɧɨ 110–120 ɦɦ ɪɬ.ɫɬ. ȼɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɞɢɚɫɬɨɥɵ ȺȾ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ – ɷɬɨ ɞɢɚɫɬɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ, ɢɥɢ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ, ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɪɚɜɧɨɟ 70–80 ɦɦ ɪɬ.ɫɬ. Ɋɚɡɧɢɰɭ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɢɫɬɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɢ ɞɢɚɫɬɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɩɭɥɶɫɨɜɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ – 40 ɦɦ ɪɬ.ɫɬ. Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɟɳɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɢɥɢ ɪɚɜɧɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɭɸ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɢɫɬɨɥɵ ɢ

380

ɞɢɚɫɬɨɥɵ. Ɉɧɨ ɪɚɜɧɨ 80–100 ɦɦ ɪɬ.ɫɬ. ɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɣ (ɩɥɟɱɟɜɚɹ, ɛɟɞɪɟɧɧɚɹ) ɜɵɱɢɫɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ:

Ɋɫɪ. = Ɋɞɢɚɫɬ. + (Ɋɫɢɫɬ. – Ɋɞɢɚɫɬ.)/3.

Ɋɢɫ. 7.15. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɪɨɜɹɧɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɞɨɥɶ ɫɨɫɭɞɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɪɭɫɥɚ (ɩɨ Ɏɨɥɶɤɨɜɭ, 1967):

0-1 – ɫɟɪɞɰɟ-«ɧɚɫɨɫ»; 1-2 – ɚɨɪɬɚ ɢ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɟ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɢ; 2-3 – ɚɪɬɟɪɢɨɥɵ ɢ ɩɪɟɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɵ; 3-4 – ɩɪɟɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɫɮɢɧɤɬɟɪɵ; 4-5 – ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɵ; 5-6 – ɩɨɫɬɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɭɞɵ; 6-7 – ɜɟɧɭɥɵ ɢ ɜɟɧɵ

ɇɚ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɤɪɨɜɢ. ɉɪɢ ɤɪɨɜɨɩɨɬɟɪɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ. ȺȾ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɬ ɷɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɫɭɞɢɫɬɨɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɭ ɩɨ-

ɠɢɥɵɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ (ɩɨɫɥɟ 50 ɥɟɬ) ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɩɨɬɟɪɟɣ ɷɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɫɭɞɚ ȺȾ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨ 140/90 ɦɦ ɪɬ.ɫɬ. ɢ ɜɵɲɟ.

ɋɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɫɭɞɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɚ, ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ȺȾ. ɑɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɫɭɞɢɫɬɨɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ, ɬɟɦ ɜɵɲɟ ȺȾ. Ɍɚɤ, ɩɪɢɟɦ ɫɨɫɭɞɨɫɭɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɟɩɚɪɚɬɨɜ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɸ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɨɫɭɞɟ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɸ ȺȾ.

ɍɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɢ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ – ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬ.

381

ȼɨɡɪɚɫɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ ȺȾ. ɍ ɧɨɜɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɜɧɨ 60–65 ɦɦ ɪɬ.ɫɬ., ɭ ɪɟɛɟɧɤɚ ɤ ɤɨɧɰɭ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɝɨɞɚ ɠɢɡɧɢ – 80–120 ɦɦ ɪɬ.ɫɬ., ɭ ɩɨɞɪɨɫɬɤɚ – 110–120 ɦɦ ɪɬ.ɫɬ. ɍ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɨɝɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ 20–40 ɥɟɬ ȺȾ ɪɚɜɧɨ

110/70–120/80 ɦɦ ɪɬ.ɫɬ., ɩɨɫɥɟ 50 ɥɟɬ – 140–150/90 ɦɦ ɪɬ.ɫɬ.

Ɏɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɭɩɪɚɠɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɸɬ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɫɢɫɬɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ, ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɨ 180 ɦɦ ɪɬ.ɫɬ. ɢ ɜɵɲɟ. ȼɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɧɚ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɧɚ 15–20 ɦɦ ɪɬ.ɫɬ.

ɉɪɢɟɦ ɩɢɳɢ, ɷɦɨɰɢɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɸɬ ɫɢɫɬɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ. ɇɚ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ȺȾ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɥɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɫɨɫɭɞɢɫɬɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɥɟ ɫɢɥɵ ɬɹɠɟɫɬɢ. ȼ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɟɦɨɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɣ ɫɟɪɞɰɚ, ɫɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɝɢɞɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɫɨɫɭɞɚɯ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɢɠɟ ɫɟɪɞɰɚ, ɜɵɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɫɨɫɭɞɚɯ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɵɲɟ ɫɟɪɞɰɚ. ɉɪɢ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɷɬɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɧɢɜɟɥɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ. Ɍɚɤ, ɜ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɜ ɫɨɫɭɞɚɯ ɫɬɨɩɵ, ɬ.ɟ. ɧɚ 125 ɫɦ ɧɢɠɟ ɫɟɪɞɰɚ, ɝɢɞɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 90 ɦɦ ɪɬ.ɫɬ. ɋɥɨɠɢɜ ɟɝɨ ɫɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɦ ȺȾ, ɪɚɜɧɵɦ 100 ɦɦ ɪɬ.ɫɬ., ɩɨɥɭɱɢɦ 100 + 90 = 190 ɦɦ ɪɬ.ɫɬ. ȼ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɹɯ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ (ɧɚ 40 ɫɦ ɜɵɲɟ ɫɟɪɞɰɚ) ȺȾ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ 30 ɦɦ ɪɬ.ɫɬ., ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɹ 100 – 30 = 70 ɦɦ ɪɬ.ɫɬ.

ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɞɜɚ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ȺȾ. ɉɟɪɜɵɣ – ɤɪɨɜɚɜɵɣ, ɩɪɹɦɨɣ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɫɬɪɨɦ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɟ ɧɚ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɣ ɬɟɪɚɩɢɢ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɬɟɧɡɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɞɚɬɱɢɤɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɜ

ɚɪɬɟɪɢɸ ɤɚɬɟɬɟɪɚ ɢɥɢ ɢɝɥɵ. ȼɬɨɪɨɣ – ɛɟɫɤɪɨɜɧɵɣ, ɧɟɩɪɹɦɨɣ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɩɥɟɱɟɜɨɣ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɢ ɭ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ.

ɇɚ ɤɪɢɜɨɣ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ (ɪɢɫ. 7.16), ɡɚɩɢɫɚɧɧɨɣ ɧɚ ɫɨɧɧɨɣ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɨɝɨ, ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɜɨɥɧɵ 3 ɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜ: ɜɨɥɧɵ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ, ɢɥɢ ɩɭɥɶɫɨɜɵɟ, ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɟɪɞɰɚ; ɜɨɥɧɵ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ, ɢɥɢ ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ, ɜɞɨɯ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ ȺȾ, ɚ ɜɵɞɨɯ – ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟɦ. ɂɧɨɝɞɚ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɦ ɤɪɨɜɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɢ ɫɨɫɭɞɨɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ (ɩɨɫɥɟ ɤɪɨɜɨɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɹɞɚɦɢ) ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɜɨɥɧɵ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ

382

(Ɍɪɚɭɛɟ–Ƚɟɪɢɧɝɚ), ɤɚɠɞɚɹ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɤɚɤ ɩɭɥɶɫɨɜɵɟ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɨɥɧ 2-ɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ.

ȼ ɤɥɢɧɢɤɟ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥ ɛɟɫɤɪɨɜɧɵɣ, ɧɟɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ȺȾ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɫɮɢɝɦɨɦɚɧɨɦɟɬɪɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɛɵɜɚɟɬ ɞɜɭɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ: ɩɚɥɶɩɚɬɨɪɧɵɣ (ɦɟɬɨɞ Ⱦ. Ɋɢɜɚ-Ɋɨɱɱɢ) ɢ ɚɭɫɤɭɥɶɬɚɬɢɜɧɵɣ (ɦɟɬɨɞ ɇ.ɋ. Ʉɨɪɨɬɤɨɜɚ), ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɧɚ ɜɵɫɥɭɲɢɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɨɫɭɞɢɫɬɵɯ ɬɨɧɨɜ ɧɚ ɩɥɟɱɟɜɨɣ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɢ ɧɢɠɟ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɩɟɪɟɠɚɬɢɹ ɟɟ ɦɚɧɠɟɬɤɨɣ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɧɚɝɧɟɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɜɵɲɟ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ȺȾ ɢ ɞɨ ɢɫɱɟɡɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɩɭɥɶɫɚ ɧɚ ɥɭɱɟɜɨɣ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɢ. ɉɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɭɞɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɬɨɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɢɡ ɦɚɧɠɟɬɤɢ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɭɞɚɪɨɦ ɨ ɫɬɟɧɤɭ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɢ ɩɨɪɰɢɢ ɤɪɨɜɢ, ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɳɟɣ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɞɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɭɱɚɫɬɨɤ ɫɨɫɭɞɚ. Ɉɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɩɭɥɶɫ ɧɚ ɥɭɱɟɜɨɣ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɢ. ɗɬɨɬ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫɢɫɬɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ, ɢɥɢ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ, ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ.

Ɋɢɫ. 7.16. Ʉɪɢɜɚɹ ɤɪɨɜɹɧɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɡɚɩɢɫɚɧɧɚɹ

ɜɨɫɬɪɨɦ ɨɩɵɬɟ ɧɚ ɤɨɲɤɟ ɜ ɫɨɧɧɨɣ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɢ:

Ⱥ– ɜɨɥɧɵ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ – ɩɭɥɶɫɨɜɵɟ; Ȼ – ɜɨɥɧɵ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ – ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ; ȼ – ɜɨɥɧɵ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ (Ɍɪɚɭɛɟ – Ƚɟɪɢɧɝɚ);

I – ɤɪɢɜɚɹ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ; II – ɨɬɦɟɬɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ – 3 ɫ

383

ɉɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɦɚɧɠɟɬɤɟ ɡɜɭɤɨɜɵɟ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɡɚɜɢɯɪɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɜ ɟɳɟ ɩɟɪɟɠɚɬɨɣ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɢ, ɩɪɨɫɥɭɲɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ. Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɨɧɢ ɢɫɱɟɡɚɸɬ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɫɨɫɭɞ ɨɬɤɪɵɬ ɤɚɤ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɢɫɬɨɥɵ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɞɢɚɫɬɨɥɵ, ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɧɟɬ. Ɇɨɦɟɧɬ ɢɫɱɟɡɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɧɨɜ Ʉɨɪɨɬɤɨɜɚ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɞɢɚɫɬɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ, ɢɥɢ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ, ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɰɟɥɵɣ ɪɹɞ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ȺȾ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɦɟɬɨɞɟ ɇ.ɋ. Ʉɨɪɨɬɤɨɜɚ.

Ⱥɪɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɭɥɶɫ

Ⱥɪɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɭɥɶɫ – ɷɬɨ ɪɢɬɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɢ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɢɫɬɨɥɵ. Ⱦɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɟɪɞɰɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɞɜɚ ɜɢɞɚ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ: ɩɭɥɶɫɨɜɭɸ ɜɨɥɧɭ ɢ ɩɭɥɶɫɢɪɭɸɳɟɟ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɪɨɜɢ, ɢɥɢ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɭɸ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɤɪɨɜɨɬɨɤɚ (ɜ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɹɯ ɨɧɚ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ 50 ɫɦ/c).

ɉɭɥɶɫɨɜɚɹ ɜɨɥɧɚ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɜ ɚɨɪɬɟ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɮɚɡɵ ɢɡɝɧɚɧɢɹ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɨ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ 4–6 ɦ/c. ɉɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɣ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɥɭɱɟɜɨɣ) ɨɧɚ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬ ɫɨ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ 8–12 ɦ/c. ɋ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɨɦ ɷɥɚɫɬɢɱ-

ɧɨɫɬɶ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɣ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɭɥɶ-

ɫɨɜɨɣ ɜɨɥɧɵ (ɋɊɉȼ) ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ. Ɉɧɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɢ ȺȾ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɭɞɢɫɬɨɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɣ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɭɩɪɚɠɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɋɊɉȼ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ.

Ⱥɪɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɭɥɶɫ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɡɚɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɨɜ ɫɮɢɝɦɨɝɪɚɮɨɜ. Ʉɪɢɜɚɹ ɩɭɥɶɫɚ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ

ɫɮɢɝɦɨɝɪɚɦɦɨɣ.

Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɭɥɶɫ – ɩɭɥɶɫ ɧɚ ɚɨɪɬɟ ɢ ɩɪɢɥɟɝɚɸɳɢɯ ɤ ɧɟɣ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɹɯ (ɫɨɧɧɨɣ, ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɢɱɧɨɣ) ɢ ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ – ɩɭɥɶɫ ɧɚ ɥɭɱɟɜɨɣ, ɛɟɞɪɟɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɹɯ.

ɇɚ ɤɪɢɜɨɣ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɭɥɶɫɚ (ɪɢɫ. 7.17) ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɜɨɫɯɨɞɹɳɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ – ɚɧɚɤɪɨɬɭ (cd), ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɫɬɹɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɢ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɮɚɡɵ ɢɡɝɧɚɧɢɹ. ȼ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɢɡɝɧɚɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɢɟɦ ɩɨɥɭ-

384