2 курс / Нормальная физиология / Торшин 2014

ȼ 1939 ɝ. Ƚ.Ɏ. Ʌɚɧɝ ɫɨɡɞɚɥ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɤɪɨɜɢ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɨɧ ɜɤɥɸɱɢɥ ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɤɪɨɜɶ, ɰɢɪɤɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɭɸ ɩɨ ɫɨɫɭɞɚɦ; ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɤɪɨɜɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ, ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɤɪɨɜɟɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɧɟɣɪɨɝɭɦɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬ.

Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɤɪɨɜɢ

Ʉɪɨɜɶ, ɰɢɪɤɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɚɹ ɜ ɫɨɫɭɞɚɯ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ.

Ɍɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɚɹ – ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɠɢɡɧɟɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɢ ɬɤɚɧɟɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɨɛɦɟɧɚ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ: ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ, ɭɝɥɟɤɢɫɥɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ, ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɝɨɪɦɨɧɨɜ, ɦɟɞɢɚɬɨɪɨɜ, ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɨɜ, ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɞɪ.

ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɬɨɝɨ, ɤɚɤɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɢɬ ɤɪɨɜɶ, ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɟɳɟ ɪɹɞ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ.

Ⱦɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ – ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɨɬ ɥɟɝɤɢɯ ɤ ɬɤɚɧɹɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ, ɭɝɥɟɤɢɫɥɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ ɨɬ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɤ ɥɟɝɤɢɦ.

Ɍɪɨɮɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ, ɢɥɢ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ – ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɨɬ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɬɤɚɧɹɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ.

ɗɤɫɤɪɟɬɨɪɧɚɹ, ɢɥɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ – ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ ɤɨ-

ɧɟɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɨɛɦɟɧɚ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ (ɦɨɱɟɜɢɧɵ, ɦɨɱɟɜɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɢ ɞɪ.), ɢɡɛɵɬɤɚ ɜɨɞɵ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɤ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦ ɢɯ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ (ɩɨɱɤɢ, ɩɨɬɨɜɵɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɥɟɝɤɢɟ, ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤ).

Ɍɟɪɦɨɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɧɚɹ – ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɩɥɚ ɩɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɭ.

Ɋɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɧɚɹ, ɢɥɢ ɝɭɦɨɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ – ɞɨɫɬɚɜɤɚ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɨɜ,

ɩɟɩɬɢɞɨɜ, ɢɨɧɨɜ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɨɬ ɦɟɫɬ ɢɯ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɚ ɤ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɰɢɸ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ.

Ƚɨɦɟɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ – ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɫɬɜɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ (ɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɨ-ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ, ɜɨɞɧɨ-ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɚ ɢ ɞɪ.).

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Ɂɚɳɢɬɧɚɹ – ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɦɦɭɧɢɬɟɬɚ.

Ʉ ɡɚɳɢɬɧɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɜ ɠɢɞɤɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ; ɫɜɟɪɬɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɤɪɨɜɨɬɟɱɟɧɢɹ (ɝɟɦɨɫɬɚɡ) ɩɪɢ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɢ ɰɟɥɨɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɫɭɞɨɜ.

Ɉɛɴɟɦ ɢ ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɤɪɨɜɢ

Ɉɛɴɟɦ ɤɪɨɜɢ – ɨɛɳɟɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɟ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɨɝɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ 6–8% ɨɬ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɬɟɥɚ, ɬ.ɟ. ɨɤɨɥɨ 5–6 ɥ. ɂɡ ɧɢɯ 3,5–4 ɥ ɜ ɨɛɵɱɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɢɪɭɟɬ ɜ ɫɨɫɭɞɢɫɬɨɦ ɪɭɫɥɟ ɢ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɹɯ ɫɟɪɞɰɚ – ɷɬɨ ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɤɪɨɜɢ (ɈɐɄ), ɚ 1,5–2 ɥ ɞɟɩɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ ɜ ɫɨɫɭɞɚɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɛɪɸɲɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ, ɥɟɝɤɢɯ, ɩɨɞɤɨɠɧɨɣ ɤɥɟɬɱɚɬɤɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɬɤɚɧɟɣ. ɇɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɧɨɫɢɬ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɨɪɦɨɜɨɥɟɦɢɢ, ɩɨɜɵ-

ɲɟɧɢɟ ɈɐɄ – ɝɢɩɟɪɜɨɥɟɦɢɢ, ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ – ɝɢɩɨɜɨɥɟɦɢɢ.

Ɉɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɰɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɪɨɜɢ – 1,050– 1,060, ɩɥɚɡɦɵ – 1,025–1,034. Ɂɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɨɬ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɷɪɢɬɪɨɰɢɬɨɜ ɢ ɛɟɥɤɨɜ ɩɥɚɡɦɵ ɤɪɨɜɢ. ɍ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ ɜɵɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɭ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɪɚɡɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɷɪɢɬɪɨɰɢɬɨɜ.

ȼɹɡɤɨɫɬɶ ɰɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɪɨɜɢ – 5 ɭɫɥ. ɟɞ., ɩɥɚɡɦɵ – 1,7– 2,2 ɭɫɥ. ɟɞ. ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɶɸ ɜɨɞɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɩɪɢɧɹɥɢ ɡɚ 1. Ɉɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɚ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɦ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɷɪɢɬɪɨɰɢɬɨɜ ɢ ɜ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɛɟɥɤɨɜ ɩɥɚɡɦɵ.

Ɉɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɪɨɜɢ. Ɉɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟ-

ɧɢɟ – ɫɢɥɚ, ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɶ (ɜɨɞɚ ɞɥɹ ɤɪɨɜɢ) ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɨɥɭɧɟɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɭɸ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɭ ɢɡ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ. Ɉɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 7,6 ɚɬɦ., ɱɬɨ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɨɪɦɨɨɫɦɢɟɣ. ɉɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɨɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɨɫɢɬ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɝɢɩɟɪɨɫɦɢɢ, ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ – ɝɢɩɨɨɫɦɢɢ. Ɉɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɨɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ, ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɧɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɚɦɢ, ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɛɟɥɤɚɦɢ. Ɉɤɨɥɨ 60% ɨɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɥɹɦɢ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ (NaCl).

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Ɉɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɹɸɬ ɤɪɢɨɫɤɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɚɦɟɪɡɚɧɢɹ ɤɪɨɜɢ (ɞɟɩɪɟɫɫɢɢ), ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɞɥɹ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɪɚɜɧɚ 0,54°–0, °ɋ.

Ɉɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɠɟɫɬɤɢɯ ɝɨɦɟɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬ. Ɉɧɨ ɢɝɪɚɟɬ ɜɚɠɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɦɢ ɢ ɜɧɟɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨɦ. Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɥɢɲɶ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ. ȿɫɥɢ ɷɪɢɬɪɨɰɢɬɵ ɩɨɦɟɫɬɢɬɶ ɜ ɫɨɥɟɜɨɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɣ ɨɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɨɟ ɫ ɤɪɨɜɶɸ, ɨɧɢ ɧɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɫɜɨɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ. Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɢɡɨɬɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ, ɢɥɢ ɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ. ɗɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ 0,85% ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɯɥɨɪɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ. ȼ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ, ɨɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɜɵɲɟ ɨɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɪɨɜɢ, ɢɥɢ ɝɢɩɟɪɬɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ, ɷɪɢɬɪɨɰɢɬɵ ɫɦɨɪɳɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɜɨɞɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɢɬ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ. ȼ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɫ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɢɡɤɢɦ ɨɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ, ɱɟɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɪɨɜɢ, ɢɥɢ ɝɢɩɨɬɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ, ɷɪɢɬɪɨɰɢɬɵ ɧɚɛɭɯɚɸɬ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɢɡ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɜ ɤɥɟɬɤɭ.

Ɉɧɤɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɪɨɜɢ – ɱɚɫɬɶ ɨɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɛɟɥɤɚɦɢ ɩɥɚɡɦɵ ɜ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɨɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɟɝɨ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɨ-ɨɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ. Ɉɧɨ ɪɚɜɧɨ 0,03–0,04 ɚɬɦ. ɢɥɢ 25–30 ɦɦ ɪɬ.ɫɬ. Ɉɧɤɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɚɥɶɛɭɦɢɧɚɦɢ. ȼɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ ɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɝɢɞɪɨɮɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɧɢ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɪɢɬɹɝɢɜɚɬɶ ɤ ɫɟɛɟ ɜɨɞɭ. ɍɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɨɧɤɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɥɚɡɦɨɣ ɢ ɬɤɚɧɹɦɢ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɫɬɟɧɤɚ ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɨɜ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɧɟɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɚ ɞɥɹ ɛɟɥɤɨɜ. ȼ ɬɤɚɧɟɜɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɯ ɛɟɥɤɨɜ ɦɚɥɨ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɝɪɚɞɢɟɧɬ ɢɯ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɫ ɤɪɨɜɶɸ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɨɧɤɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɭɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɫɨɫɭɞɢɫɬɨɦ ɪɭɫɥɟ. ɉɪɢ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɨɧɤɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜɵɯɨɞ ɜɨɞɵ ɢɡ ɫɨɫɭɞɨɜ ɜ ɢɧɬɟɪɫɬɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɨɬɟɤɭ ɬɤɚɧɟɣ.

Ʉɢɫɥɨɬɧɨ-ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ (ɄɈɋ) – ɨɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɜɚɠ-

ɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɝɨɦɟɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɨɪɝɚ-

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ɧɢɡɦɚ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɟɟɫɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɫɬɜɨɦ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɨɧɨɜ. ɗɬɨ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɭɸ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɸ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɢ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɤɪɨɜɢ. ɄɈɋ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɪɚɫɳɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɚ ɛɟɥɤɨɜ, ɠɢɪɨɜ, ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɜ, ɧɭɤɥɟɢɧɨɜɵɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ, ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɢɬɚɦɢɧɨɜ ɢ ɦɢɤɪɨɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɛɢɨɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɢ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ (ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧ ɢ ɜɨɡɛɭɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ, ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɨɜ) ɢ ɞɪ. ȼ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɄɈɋ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɡɦɚ, ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ, ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɞɵɯɚɧɢɹ, ɝɚɡɨɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɤɪɨɜɢ, ɜɨɞɧɨ-ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɦɟɧɚ. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɪɇ – ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɢɨɧɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɱɧɵɦ ɥɨɝɚɪɢɮɦɨɦ ɦɨɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ. ȼ ɧɨɪɦɟ ɪɇ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɪɨɜɢ – 7,4; ɜɟɧɨɡɧɨɣ – 7,35 (ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɫɥɚɛɨɨɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ). ɉɪɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹɯ ɪɇ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɨɬ 7,35 ɞɨ 7,45. ɋɞɜɢɝ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɜ ɤɢɫɥɭɸ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ (ɧɢɠɟ 7,35) ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɚɰɢɞɨɡɨɦ, ɫɞɜɢɝ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɜ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɭɸ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ (ɜɵɲɟ 7,45) – ɚɥɤɚɥɨɡɨɦ. Ⱥɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɠɟɫɬɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɨɣ. Ʉɪɚɣɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ ɪɇ ɤɪɨɜɢ, ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɢɦɵɟ ɫ ɠɢɡɧɶɸ, ɪɚɜɧɵ 7,0–7,7.

ȼ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɞɜɢɝɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɜ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ ɚɰɢɞɨɡɚ ɢɥɢ ɚɥɤɚɥɨɡɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɸ ɪɇ ɤɪɨɜɢ. ȼ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɯ ɬɤɚɧɟɣ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɤɢɫɥɵɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ. ɇɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɸ ɤɢɫɥɵɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɛɟɥɤɨɜɨɣ ɩɢɳɢ. ɇɚɩɪɨɬɢɜ, ɩɪɢ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɢɳɢ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɶ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɉɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɫɬɜɚ ɪɇ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɚɠɧɨɣ ɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɟɣ ɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ: ɛɭɮɟɪɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɤɪɨɜɢ, ɝɚɡɨɨɛɦɟɧɚ ɜ ɥɟɝɤɢɯ, ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ. ȼɨɩɪɨɫɵ, ɤɚɫɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɥɟɝɤɢɯ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɢ ɄɈɋ, ɢɡɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɚɯ ɭɱɟɛɧɢɤɚ. ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɵ ɛɭɮɟɪɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɤɪɨɜɢ.

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ȼ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɛɭɮɟɪɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ: ɝɟɦɨɝɥɨɛɢɧɨɜɚɹ, ɛɢɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɧɚɹ, ɛɟɥɤɨɜɚɹ ɢ ɮɨɫɮɚɬɧɚɹ. Ȼɭɮɟɪɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɭɸɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɶ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ ɢ ɳɟɥɨɱɟɣ, ɬɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɹ ɫɞɜɢɝɭ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɤɪɨɜɢ. ȼ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɟ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɡɦɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɤɢɫɥɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɡɚɩɚɫɵ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɸɬ ɡɚɩɚɫɵ ɤɢɫɥɵɯ. ɂɯ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬ ɤɚɤ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɨɣ ɪɟɡɟɪɜ ɤɪɨɜɢ.

Ƚɟɦɨɝɥɨɛɢɧɨɜɚɹ ɛɭɮɟɪɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɧɚ 75% ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚ-

ɟɬ ɛɭɮɟɪɧɭɸ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶ ɤɪɨɜɢ. Ɉɤɫɢɝɟɦɨɝɥɨɛɢɧ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ, ɱɟɦ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɝɟɦɨɝɥɨɛɢɧ. Ɉɤɫɢɝɟɦɨɝɥɨɛɢɧ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɛɵɜɚɟɬ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɤɚɥɢɟɜɨɣ ɫɨɥɢ. ȼ ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɚɯ ɬɤɚɧɟɣ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɶ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɤɢɫɥɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚ. Ɉɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɬɤɚɧɟɜɵɯ ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɚɯ ɩɪɢ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɨɤɫɢɝɟɦɨɝɥɨɛɢɧɚ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɨɬɞɚɱɚ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɨɪɟɚɝɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɨɥɟɣ ɝɟɦɨɝɥɨɛɢɧɚ. ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɫ ɤɢɫɥɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚɦɢ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɭɝɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɛɢɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɵ ɢ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɝɟɦɨɝɥɨɛɢɧ. ȼ ɥɟɝɨɱɧɵɯ ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɚɯ ɝɟɦɨɝɥɨɛɢɧ, ɨɬɞɚɜɚɹ ɢɨɧɵ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ, ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɟɬ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞ ɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɢɨɧɵ ɤɚɥɢɹ. ɂɨɧɵ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɭɝɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɜ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɢɡ ɥɟɝɤɢɯ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɇ2Ɉ ɢ ɋɈ2.

Ȼɢɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɧɚɹ ɛɭɮɟɪɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɜɬɨɪɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ. Ɉɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɭɝɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ (ɇ2ɋɈ3) ɢ ɛɢɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɨɦ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɤɚɥɢɹ (NaɇɋɈ3, ɄɇɋɈ3) ɜ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɢ 1:20. Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɛɭɮɟɪɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɟɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ – ɋɈ2 ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɥɟɝɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɢɢ (ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɚɹ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ). ȿɫɥɢ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɶ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɢɥɶɧɚɹ, ɱɟɦ ɭɝɨɥɶɧɚɹ, ɬɨ ɜ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɸ ɜɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɛɢɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ. Ɉɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɨɥɶ ɢ ɫɥɚɛɨɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɭɝɨɥɶɧɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ. ɍɝɨɥɶɧɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɤɚɪɛɨɚɧɝɢɞɪɚɡɵ ɷɪɢɬɪɨɰɢɬɨɜ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɇ2Ɉ ɢ ɋɈ2, ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɣ ɥɟɝɤɢɦɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɭɸ

289

ɫɪɟɞɭ. ȿɫɥɢ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɶ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɬɨ ɜ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɸ ɜɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɭɝɨɥɶɧɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ ɢ ɜɨɞɭ. ɂɡɛɵɬɨɤ ɛɢɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɚ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ ɭɞɚɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɨɱɤɢ. Ȼɢɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɧɵɣ ɛɭɮɟɪ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɰɢɢ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɨ-ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ.

Ȼɟɥɤɨɜɵɣ ɛɭɮɟɪ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬ ɪɨɥɶ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ ɢ ɳɟɥɨɱɟɣ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɚɦɮɨɬɟɪɧɵɦ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦ: ɜ ɤɢɫɥɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɛɟɥɤɢ ɩɥɚɡɦɵ ɜɟɞɭɬ ɫɟɛɹ ɤɚɤ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ – ɤɚɤ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ.

Ɏɨɫɮɚɬɧɚɹ ɛɭɮɟɪɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ ɞɢ-

ɝɢɞɪɨɮɨɫɮɚɬɚ (Naɇ2ɊɈ4) ɢ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ ɝɢɞɪɨɮɨɫɮɚɬɚ (Na2ɇɊɈ4) ɜ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɢ 1:4. ɉɟɪɜɨɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɫɥɚɛɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɢɜɲɢɦɢ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɶ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚɦɢ. ȼɬɨɪɨɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɫɥɚɛɨɣ ɳɟɥɨɱɢ ɢ ɜɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɸ ɫ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɢɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚɦɢ. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɧɢɡɤɢɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɮɨɫɮɚɬɨɜ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɧɟɜɟɥɢɤɚ.

ɇɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɨ-ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɡɚɬɪɚɝɢɜɚɸɬ ɜɫɟ ɬɤɚɧɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ. ɍɱɢɬɵɜɚɹ ɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɪɨɜɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɡɹɬɢɹ ɟɟ ɞɥɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ, ɤɪɨɜɶ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɨɦ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɨ-ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ.

Ⱦɥɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɄɈɋ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɪɹɞ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 6.1.

Ɍ ɚ ɛ ɥ ɢ ɰ ɚ 6.1

ɇɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɨ-ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ ɜ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɪɨɜɢ

ɉɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɪɇ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɫɜɨɛɨɞ-

ɧɵɯ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɇ+. ɊɋɈ2 – ɩɚɪɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɭɝɥɟɤɢɫɥɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ

ɧɚɞ ɤɪɨɜɶɸ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɢ ɫ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɦ ɋɈ2 ɜ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɩɪɢ 38qɋ. ɂɡ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɪɇ ɢ ɊɋɈ2 ɪɚɫ-

ɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɛɭɮɟɪɧɵɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ (ȼȼ – buffer base) ɢ ɢɯ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɟ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɟɳɟ ɢɡɦɟɪɢɬɶ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɝɟɦɨɝɥɨɛɢɧɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɛɟ ɤɪɨɜɢ. Ʉɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɧɨɦɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ (ɪɢɫ. 6.1). Ȼɭɮɟɪɧɵɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ (ȼȼ) – ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɚɧɢɨɧɨɜ ɤɪɨɜɢ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɢɨɧɵ ɇ+. Ɉɧɢ ɫɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɢɡ [ɇɋɈ3-] ɩɥɚɡɦɵ ɢ ɷɪɢɬɪɨɰɢɬɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɛɭɮɟɪɧɵɯ ɚɧɢɨɧɨɜ ɛɟɥɤɨɜ ɩɥɚɡɦɵ ɢ ɝɟɦɨɝɥɨɛɢɧɚ. Ɉɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɛɭɮɟɪɧɵɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɨɬ ɧɨɪɦɵ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɤ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ – ȼȿ (base excess). ɗɬɨɬ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬ ɪɚɡɧɢɰɭ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɛɭɮɟɪɧɵɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɤɪɨɜɢ, ɧɚɣɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɭ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɦ ȼȼ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɜ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ. ȼȿ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɢɥɢ (ɩɪɢ ɟɝɨ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ) ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɞɨ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɇ ɩɪɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɊɋɈ2. ɇɚ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹɲɧɢɣ ɞɟɧɶ ɜ ɤɥɢɧɢɤɟ ȼȿ – ɫɚɦɵɣ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪ ɞɥɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɧɟɪɟɫɩɢɪɚɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɨ-ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɚ ɤɪɨɜɢ.

ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɩɟɪɜɨɩɪɢɱɢɧɵ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɪɟɫɩɢɪɚ-

ɬɨɪɧɵɟ ɚɰɢɞɨɡɵ ɢ ɚɥɤɚɥɨɡɵ ɢ ɧɟɪɟɫɩɢɪɚɬɨɪɧɵɟ. ȿɫɥɢ ɨɬ-

ɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɇ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɊɋɈ2, ɬɨ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɫɩɢɪɚɬɨɪɧɨɟ; ɟɫɥɢ ɧɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɇ+ ɢɥɢ Ɉɇ– – ɧɟɪɟɫɩɢɪɚɬɨɪɧɨɟ. ɇɟɪɟɫɩɢɪɚɬɨɪɧɵɟ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɡɦɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ. Ⱥɰɢɞɨɡ ɢ ɚɥɤɚɥɨɡ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɪɭɸɬ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɪɨɜɢ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɊɋɈ2.

291

Ɋɢɫ. 6.1. ɇɨɦɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɋɢɝɝɚɪɞɚ – Ⱥɧɞɟɪɫɟɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɨ-ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ

(Ⱥ. Ʉɚɦɤɢɧ, Ⱥ. Ʉɚɦɟɧɫɤɢɣ, 2004)

ɇɢɠɧɹɹ ɤɪɢɜɚɹ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ȼȿ. ȼɟɪɯɧɹɹ ɤɪɢɜɚɹ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɛɭɮɟɪɧɵɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɲɤɚɥɭ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɝɟɦɨɝɥɨɛɢɧɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɛɭɮɟɪɧɵɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɤɪɨɜɢ.

Ⱦɨɩɭɫɬɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɩɪɨɛɟ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɵ ɊɋɈ2 = 8,2 ɤɉɚ, ɪɇ = 7,11 (ɬɨɱɤɚ Ⱥ) ɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɇb=160 ɝ/ɥ.

Ɍɟɤɭɳɚɹ [ɇɋɈ3-] ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɱɤɟ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɡɨɛɢɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɧɨɣ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɩɨɞ ɭɝɥɨɦ 45q, ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɳɟɣ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɬɨɱɤɭ Ⱥ, ɫ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɸ ɊɋɈ2 = 5,3 ɤɉɚ ɢ ɪɚɜɧɚ 19 ɦɦɨɥɶ/ɥ (ɬɨɱɤɚ ȼ). Ⱦɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ȼȿ ɢ ɛɭɮɟɪɧɵɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɩɨ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɤɪɢɜɨɣ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɬɨɣ ɠɟ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɇb ɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɚɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɛɭɮɟɪɧɵɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɛɵ ɤɪɨɜɢ (ɡɞɟɫɶ 48 ɦɦɨɥɶ/ɥ – ɬɨɱɤɚ D). Ɏɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɧɚɹ ɥɢɧɢɹ ɋɈ2 ɩɪɨɛɵ ɤɪɨɜɢ – ɩɪɹɦɚɹ, ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɳɚɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ Ⱥ, ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɪɚɡɧɢɰɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɬɟɤɭɳɟɣ ɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɦɢ ɛɭɮɟɪɧɵɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ (ȿ – D) ɪɚɜɧɚ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɸ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ (F – ɋ; ȼȿ = -12 ɦɦɨɥɶ/ɥ). Ɍɨɱɤɚ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɋɈ2 (ɥɢɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɣ ȼȿ) ɫ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɸ ɊɋɈ2 = 5,3 ɤɉɚ ɞɚɟɬ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ [ɇɋɈ3-] (ɬɨɱɤɚ G); ɡɞɟɫɶ ɨɧɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 15,0 ɦɦɨɥɶ/ɥ.

Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ ɪɟɱɶ ɢɞɟɬ ɨ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɢ ɪɟɫɩɢɪɚɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ (ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɨ ɊɋɈ2) ɢ ɧɟɪɟɫɩɢɪɚɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɚɰɢɞɨɡɚ (ȼȿ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɟɧ; ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ [ɇɋɈ3-] ɫɧɢɠɟɧɚ).

292

ɉɪɢ ɪɟɫɩɢɪɚɬɨɪɧɨɦ ɚɰɢɞɨɡɟ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɨ ɊɋɈ2,

ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɛɭɮɟɪɧɵɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ (ȼȼ) ɢ ȼȿ ɧɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ. ɍ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɵɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɪɟɫɩɢɪɚɬɨɪɧɵɣ ɚɰɢɞɨɡ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɭɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɪɟɛɵɜɚɧɢɢ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɫ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɭɝɥɟɤɢɫɥɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ (ɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɨɟ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɥɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ, ɲɚɯɬɵ, ɩɨɞɜɨɞɧɵɟ ɥɨɞɤɢ). Ɋɟɫɩɢɪɚɬɨɪɧɵɟ ɚɰɢɞɨɡɵ ɛɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹɯ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɡɚɞɟɪɠɤɨɣ ɋɈ2 ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɟ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɢ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɭɬɟɣ, ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɦɟɧɚ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.

ɉɪɢ ɪɟɫɩɢɪɚɬɨɪɧɨɦ ɚɥɤɚɥɨɡɟ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɨ ɊɋɈ2

ɚɪɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɪɨɜɢ, ȼȼ ɢ ȼȿ ɧɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ. ɉɪɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɪɟɫɩɢɪɚɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɚɥɤɚɥɨɡɨɜ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɹɦɨɟ ɢɥɢ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɬɨɪɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɜ, ɜɟɞɭɳɟɟ ɤ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɸ ɞɵɯɚɧɢɹ. ɍ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɵɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɷɬɨ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɚɪɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɋɈ2, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɢ ɩɪɟɛɵɜɚɧɢɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨ ɜ ɝɨɪɚɯ, ɩɨɥɟɬɚɯ ɜ ɧɟɝɟɪɦɟɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɥɟɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚɯ. ȼ ɩɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɪɟɫɩɢɪɚɬɨɪɧɵɣ ɚɥɤɚɥɨɡ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɪɚɠɟɧɢɢ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ.

ɉɪɢ ɧɟɪɟɫɩɢɪɚɬɨɪɧɨɦ ɚɰɢɞɨɡɟ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɇ+ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɢ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɟ. Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɛɭɮɟɪɧɵɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɨ, ȼȿ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɟɧ. Ⱥɪɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɊɋɈ2 ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨ ɧɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɨ. ɇɟɪɟɫɩɢɪɚɬɨɪɧɵɣ ɚɰɢɞɨɡ

ɭ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɵɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɛɵɜɚɟɬ ɩɪɢ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɣ ɩɢɳɢ, ɬɹɠɟɥɨɣ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ (ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɨɥɨɱɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ), ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɭ ɧɟɬɪɟɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ. ȼ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɩɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɧɟɪɟɫɩɢɪɚɬɨɪɧɵɣ ɚɰɢɞɨɡ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɚɫɬɵɦ ɢ ɝɪɨɡɧɵɦ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɨ-ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ. Ɉɧ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɤɚɤ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɤɪɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɥɨɞɚɧɢɹ ɬɤɚɧɟɣ, ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɷɪɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɝɥɢɤɨɥɢɡɚ ɢ ɤɚɬɚɛɨɥɢɡɦɚ ɠɢɪɨɜ ɢ ɛɟɥɤɨɜ. ɇɟɪɟɫɩɢɪɚɬɨɪɧɵɣ, ɢɥɢ ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ, ɚɰɢɞɨɡ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɫɚɯɚɪɧɨɦ ɞɢɚɛɟɬɟ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ E-ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɦɚɫɥɹɧɨɣ ɢ ɚɰɟɬɨɭɤɫɭɫɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ. ɇɨ ɧɟ ɜɫɟ ɧɟɪɟɫɩɢɪɚɬɨɪɧɵɟ ɚɰɢɞɨɡɵ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ. Ɉɧɢ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɩɨɱɟɤ (ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ

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ɢɨɧɨɜ ɇ+), ɩɪɢ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨ-ɤɢɲɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɤɬɚ (ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɩɨɬɟɪɹ ɛɢɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɞɢɚɪɟɟ) ɢ ɞɪ.

ɉɪɢ ɧɟɪɟɫɩɢɪɚɬɨɪɧɨɦ ɚɥɤɚɥɨɡɟ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɢɨɧɨɜ Ɉɇ- ɜ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɢ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɟ, ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɇ+ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɚ. Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɛɭɮɟɪɧɵɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ (ȼȼ) ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɨ, ȼȿ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɟɧ. ɉɪɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɧɟɪɟɫɩɢɪɚɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɚɥɤɚɥɨɡɚ ɭ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɵɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɟɦ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɨɣ ɩɢɳɢ ɢɥɢ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ (ɛɢɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɨɜ). ɇɟɪɟɫɩɢɪɚɬɨɪɧɵɣ ɚɥɤɚɥɨɡ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɬɟɪɟ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɇ+, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɩɪɢ ɪɜɨɬɟ (ɩɨɬɟɪɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɝɨ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɤɚ), ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɨɱɤɢ.

Ʉɚɤ ɪɟɫɩɢɪɚɬɨɪɧɵɟ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɧɟɪɟɫɩɢɪɚɬɨɪɧɵɟ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɄɈɋ ɪɟɞɤɨ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɬ ɢɡɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨ ɞɪɭɝ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɚ, ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɱɬɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɟɬ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɚɬɨɪɧɵɦɢ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɦɢ, ɰɟɥɶɸ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɪɇ ɤ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɸ. ɋɞɜɢɝɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɨ-ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɭ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɵɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ, ɬ.ɟ. ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɚɰɢɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɜɲɟɝɨɫɹ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɚ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɫɞɜɢɝɚ ɪɇ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ (ɪɇ = 7,35 – 7,45). ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɞɜɢɝɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɛɢɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɨɜ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɜɵɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɭɝɥɟɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɢ ɧɚɨɛɨɪɨɬ. ȼ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɩɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɚɰɢɞɨɡɵ ɢ ɚɥɤɚɥɨɡɵ ɱɚɳɟ ɛɵɜɚɸɬ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ (ɫɭɛɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ) ɢɥɢ ɧɟɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ, ɱɬɨ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɰɢɢ. ɑɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɞɜɢɝɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɪɇ < 7,35 ɢɥɢ > 7,45; ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɤ ɢɥɢ ɞɟɮɢɰɢɬ ɛɭɮɟɪɧɵɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ. ɉɪɢ ɧɟɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɚɰɢɞɨɡɚɯ ɢɥɢ ɚɥɤɚɥɨɡɚɯ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɞɜɢɝ ɪɇ < 7,29 ɢɥɢ > 7,56.

Ȼɭɮɟɪɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɜ ɬɤɚɧɹɯ, ɱɬɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɸ ɪɇ ɬɤɚɧɟɣ ɧɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ. Ƚɥɚɜɧɵɦɢ ɛɭɮɟɪɚɦɢ ɬɤɚɧɟɣ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɛɟɥɤɢ ɢ ɮɨɫɮɚɬɵ.

ɋɭɫɩɟɧɡɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɤɪɨɜɢ (ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɨɫɟɞɚ-

ɧɢɹ ɷɪɢɬɪɨɰɢɬɨɜ – ɋɈɗ). ɋ ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɤɪɨɜɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɫɭɫɩɟɧɡɢɸ ɢɥɢ ɜɡɜɟɫɶ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɮɨɪɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɤɪɨɜɢ, ɨɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɷɪɢɬɪɨɰɢɬɚɦɢ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɥɚɡɦɟ ɜɨ ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɨɦ

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