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“demographic boom” of the second half of the 20th century, when after World

War II appropriate conditions formed for population growth and longer average life expectancy. Thirdly, the state provides more material support to migrants. With government benefits, they can easily live in small rented apartments, regularly producing new children.

Demographic problem leads to cross-cultural conflicts, immigration and migration, poverty, food shortages; urbanization and others.

How can be solved the demographic problem? Firstly, it needs to improve health maintenance. It is known that in poor countries, mothers often had to give birth to many children, not only because of tradition but also because of high infant mortality. Secondly, it is necessary to offer financial incentives to families with only two or three children, to tax them less. It is necessary to increase the birth rate. It is extremely important to improve the welfare of the population. Thirdly, many young families do not have child just because they are not sure in the future. It’s necessary to give young families subsidized housing , provide tax benefits, increase financial allowances to large families.

The demographic issue is one of the most important and problematic. First, there is no clear, legally and ethically acceptable world mechanism to decrease the population growth rate. Second, even from the financial point of view the problem is hard to solve due to the paradox of reverse proportionate dependence between the standard of living and birthrate in various countries.

References:

1.https://pikabu.ru/story/nekotoryie_interesnyie_faktyi_o_demografii _stranakh_i_ikh_naselenii_5392536 [13.10.2020]

2.http://planetaryproject.com/global_problems/demografy/ [08.10.2020]

3.https://tostpost.com/education/25425-global-problems- demographic-problem-ways-of-solving-demographic-proble.html [08.10.2020]

4.http://www.vokrugsveta.ru/article/298128/ [12.10.2020]

5.https://population.un.org/wpp/ [12.10.2020]

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E.V. Polovinkin, E.A. Aleshugina

(Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering)

CONSTRUCTION PECULIARITIES OF SHATURSKAYA POWER

PLANT

The construction of the Shaturskaya electric power plant – the first power plant in Russia - began before the approval of the GOELRO plan. The place for its construction was chosen in 1914 by R.E. Classon because of its proximity to rich deposits of peat which was the main fuel of the future station. In March 1917, the Moscow City Government instructed engineers P.P. Radchenko and A.V. Winter to begin preparations for the construction of a power plant on the Shatursky peat bogs. However, after the October Revolution, the work was suspended. In the spring of 1919 the Soviet government resumed work on the construction of the Shatursky power station. For this purpose the management of Shaturstroy was organized, headed by A.V. Winter [Fig.1].

Fig.1 Shaturskaya Power Plant in 1920-s

Initially, the so-called “Small Shatura” was built. It was a pilot plant of small capacity for testing the technology of burning peat. Along with its construction, work was underway to drain peat bogs, develop peat deposits, built storage facilities, utility workshops, and laid railway tracks. Also, a working village, a canteen, a school, a hospital and other household services for station workers were built. To supply the construction site, a power line was drawn from the Orekhovo-Zuevskaya power station.

In 1923, the construction of the main power station (“Big Shatura”) was started. Based on experiments on the burning of peat at an experimental power plant (Malaya Shature), it was decided to use furnaces with chain gratings by engineer T.F. Makarieva.

The first turbine of the station with a capacity of 16 MW was put into operation on September 23, 1925, the second on November 13, 1925. At a rally in December 1925 on the opening of the power plant, she was named after V.I.

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Lenin. Later, the third unit with a capacity of 16 MW was put into operation. In December 1925, the Shaturskaya TPP was included in the Moscow Association of State Power Plants (MOGES).

Work has begun on the construction of a new machine room for the installation of three turbo-generators with a capacity of 44 MW each of BrownBovery. After 6 years, the total capacity of the power plant amounted to 180 MW. During the Great Patriotic War, the Shaturskaya GRES became the main electrical center of the Moscow power system. Mosenergo in 1966, by decision of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, began work to increase the capacity of the state district power station by 600 MW. In 1982, a further modernization of the station was carried out: a cogeneration power unit was put into operation. Subsequently, the project “Reconstruction of State District Power Station No. 5 for Gas Combustion” was implemented [Fig.2].

Fig.2 The increase in the initial capacity in Shatura Power Plant

In 2005, in accordance with the decision of the Government of the Russian Federation, in the course of the reform of the metropolitan energy system, the Shaturskaya GRES-5 was removed from Mosenergo and included in the “Fourth Generating Company of the Wholesale Electricity Market” (OGK-4).

In 2006, the old machine buildings built in the 1920s were recently demolished, most recently used as boiler houses. On the liberated territory, the construction of a new block has begun. In 2010, the German concern E.ON and its subsidiary OGK-4 OJSC officially launched a new 400 MW combined cycle power unit. In the first quarter of 2019, the combined cycle plant was re-marked, as a result of which the power plant capacity reached 1,500 MW [Fig.3].

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Fig.3. Modern view of Shatura Power Plant

Modern Shatura power station has the following power units:

3 × 200 MW (condensing units on TP-108 boilers with K-200-130 LMZ turbines and TGV-200 generators); 2 × 210 MW (condensing units on ТМ-104А boilers with K-210-130 LMZ turbines and TGV-200 generators); 1 × 80 MW (heating unit on two BKZ-320-140GM boilers with a PT-80 / 100-130-13 LMZ turbine and a TVF-120-2 generator); 1 × 400 MW (combined-cycle gas unit based on a maneuverable gas turbine manufactured by General Electric). Flue gases are discharged through two reinforced concrete pipes (180 m high) and one metal pipe (100 m high). Electricity is given in 17 lines: 220 kV transmission line: 2 pcs. at the station Nezhino, 1 pc. at PS Noginsk, 1 pc. at Substation Shibanovo, 1 pc. at substation Krona, 1 pc. at PS Sands; 110 kV transmission line: 1 pc. at Substation Exciton, 1 pc. at PS Dulevo, 1 pc. at SS Crebchikha, 2pcs. at PS Sportivnaya, 2pcs. at PS Roshal, 1 pc. at the PS Krivandino, 1 pc. at PS Brusky; 35 kV transmission line: 1 pc. at Dolgusha Substation, 1 pc. at the Kobelevskaya substation. The installed capacity of the station is 1,499.6 MW and 350.5 Gcal / h (2019). Electricity generation 4 694 million kWh (2018). Heat supply from collectors 389 thousand Gcal (2018) [3]. The average headcount is 1,333 people (2007); in 2010, about 900 people worked at the station. Fuel balance for 2019: natural gas 1,247.7 million m³ (78%), peat 670.5 thousand tons (11.5%), fuel oil

93.5 thousand tons (6.7%), coal 126, 8 thousand tons (3.8%).

In conclusion, it is necessary to emphasize that Shatura Power plant is very interesting to study as an engineering object. Being the first power plant in Russia, it is still in operation increasing its power to generate electricity for Moscow region.

References:

1.http://www.mosenergomuseum.ru/History_of_Mosenergo/Historical_Review/19077/

2.http://www.unipro.energy/

3.http://vivovoco.ibmh.msk.su/VV/JOURNAL/VRAN/VINTER/VINTE

R.HTM

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D.V. Polozkova, T.A. Sarkisian

(Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering)

COMFORTABLE FUTURE FOR OUR CITIES

In our age of high technology, "concrete jungle" it is more important than ever to create a comfortable environment for human life. This is concerned with almost everything we see around us: parks, alleys, squares, embankments, crossings, etc. The fact is that the city doesn't consist of independent units, as many people mistakenly believe, because it is a complex system with many different parts which are continuously interacted with each other.

Urbanism is included in the design of urban space and communications. My paper is devoted to it. I`m sure, that this science influences our psychological state. Regarding the relevance of the research topic, it should be said that in our country rules for creating a comfortable environment are ignored. To my way of thinking, the reason for this problem is that the government of the country economizes money on high-quality materials and create a cheap, but not comfortable environment for people.

The problem of this process is that creating the comfortable environment for living and being on the street is not the priority in our country.

In my paper I would like to consider the following questions:

1.What is Urbanistics?

2.What do I mean by “comfortable environment”?

3.How to create the convenient environment?

The purpose of the research is to understand ways of developing the urban space. I have used the theoretical method in order to study this theme. The useful information has been found on the Internet in architectural books and videos. I will systematize received knowledge and make a conclusion about the ways of the development.

This direction in the science of cities appeared approximately in the 1960s in response to the rapid motorization and loss of humanity by cities. People noticed that the streets were changing, and places where children used to play, people talked and things were humming, an empty unpleasant space appeared. It made people leave this place, and this happened after the road was widened or public transport crossings were eliminated.

If we talk about criterions of comfortable environment, I want to give you some ideas.

Firstly, it is balance with nature. It means that by consuming any resources, a person must make sure that nature at the expense of natural cycles will restore what was lost. Secondly, I name balance with traditions. When people are creating, it is necessary to take into account the established traditions and cultural values, history. In simple words, you need to plan and build in terms of preserving

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cultural heritage and in accordance with the established foundations (architectural style).

The third is the human scale. The city should consist of objects that a person can easily perceive. This principle can be better seen in the small streets of old cities — the streets are small in width, the buildings are either low-rise or mediumrise.

Fourthly, it is balanced movement. All types of movements should be taken into account within the city. This includes sidewalks for walkers, bike paths, public transport, private transport, railway, transport hubs, etc.

I`m sure, that people can influence the developing of this direction. It is important to create and maintain the friendly urban environment. For many citizens, their space is limited with apartment doors, in rare cases, the entrance ones, but this is wrong. It is important because people can change the world together, that is why I think, Urbanistics is an important science, which can help you feel good on the street.

I want to give my favourite example illustrating this point. The NDSM complex in Amsterdam took the place of a former shipping yard, from where ships and giant tankers had been coming out for almost the entire twentieth century. Now there is “Kunststad” ("city of arts") — the largest art cluster in the Netherlands, a space where representatives of creative professions and businesses have an opportunity to communicate. The history of the NDSM shipyard (Nederlandse Droogdok EN Scheepsbouw Maatschappij) began at the end of the nineteenth century, when the Dutch started developing the Northern part of the city.

Entire blocks in North Amsterdam were built to house employees. By 1937 the shipyard was the largest in the world: it covered an area larger than 10 football fields (86,000 square meters). Gradually, all vacant buildings in the southwestern part of the NDSM were occupied by squats.

In the nineties, artists and musicians lived there illegally. They were the first to use the shipyard for cultural events — festivals and exhibitions. The administration of the Northern district of Amsterdam was able to assess the potential of a huge area near the city center and in October 1999 announced a competition for the best NDSM development plan. The main task set for the participants was to revitalize the industrial space and give it new functions. In 2002, the competition was won by Stichting Kinetisch Noord team.

According to their project, the feature of the future art cluster was to unite artists and managers.

There were to be workplaces, workshops, laboratories, places for presentations, as well as art galleries, concert and theater venues, recording studios.

Kinetisch Noord has designed the big city-constructor on the basis of modular buildings of container type.

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According to the project, the building itself was to be used as the building of the future art city.

The responsibility for designing and developing individual spaces and studios fell on the shoulders of the tenants themselves — artists and entrepreneurs. Soon, the former shipyard became a place where the creative and business environments were combined.

Constant interaction brought the desired results for both parties: art managers met artists, recording studios met musicians, and theater directors met actors.

Cities should not stop being what they were thousands of years ago – a place for people to communicate and live, must be accessible to everyone. For many years, the city had been becoming unfriendly to its own residents, which destroyed social ties that cannot be formed when people constantly spend time at home or in the car. That’s why this science is necessary for our life and our cities.

It helps us make a comfortable future for our cities.

References:

1. Колин Эллард. Среда обитания: Как архитектура влияет на наше поведение и самочувствие. – ООО «Альпина Паблишер», 2016. –288 с. Colin Ellard, "Habitat".

2. Как урбанистика улучшает жизнь горожан? https://journal.n1.ru/articles/kak-urbanistika-uluchshaet-zhizn-gorozhan/

M.A. Predtechenskaya, D.A. Loshkareva

(Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering)

CONCERT HALL: A COMBINATION OF FEELINGS AND LOGIC

The research work is entitled «Concert hall: a combination of feelings and logic». It deals with a concert hall project development stages. That work touches the problem of the building harmony and human feelings.

The Concert Hall is an important public space that fills people with emotions, helps them to forget and to delve into art. The sublime energy of this place should be emphasized both externally and internally.

The relevance of the article lies in the need for identifying ways to make the architecture of modern public places comfortable and more understandable to people.

Empirical and descriptive methods are fundamental to this research work, which include the observation and interpretation techniques.

A person does not want to seek for the exact building that he needs among the gray roofs that surround him. A person wants the space to lead him. The front

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lines of the concert hall open up to the main pedestrian connections, and the entrance is accented with a curved ribbon, which is formed by metal vertical narrow planes. These verticals carry in themselves the association of tree trunks, which part in front of the entering person and reveal the peaceful flow and expressive energy of nature behind them. The building itself visually begins from the second floor, because of that it raises above the rest of the building. The first floor is less noticeable; there are no accents on it, except for the entrance group. This emphasizes the grandeur of the structure.

The inner space is a reflection of the inner freedom of a person, the highness of emotions. The overflow of air and natural curves is solved by ramps instead of internal stairs. Since there is a height difference in the terrain, the ramps will be presented not only between the floors, but also between the marks of one floor. This decision was inspired by the interior of the Centrosoyuz building, designed by Le Corbusier, where the combination of columns and ramps created the lightness and airiness of the space. The combination of the “flowing” space in

Zaryadye and the free movement of air by Le Corbusier provides the feeling of flow and meandering of the environment. Wood and glass in contrast with light interiors give the concert hall a solemnity, and at the same time a simultaneous connection with the external space and secrecy from it. There is the reflection of the sky and surrounding space in the glazing. It will be supported by the warm shade of the wooden pylons. The interior uses elongated vertical lamps and long wave-shaped balconies illumination. These contrasts visually convey the vibrations of the music. The walls of the hall are lined with small scales, which create a connection with the facade. The glare from the illumination of the balconies' enclosures gives the space a "breathe" feeling.

Actually, an important aspect of the design of this significant place is the landscape design of the site adjacent to the building. The panoramic glazing and repetition of lines on the facade of the relief of the site will help to provide the flow of natural landscape into the interior space. The design site is located near the edge of the ravine and in the vicinity of the Rowing Canal. A person becomes happier being in the middle of nature. The foyer overlooking the Rowing Canal should have panoramic glazing in order to feel like on the bank of the river, to feel primitive pleasure, to forget about the city noise. Nothing is disturbing, only a person and a surface of water. From the second floor there should be an exit to the site – a balcony, which, as it were, flows down the means of external ramps to the ground. The connection between glazing and natural relief has been used in many projects, but the Zaryadye Concert Hall served as the inspiration for this solution. As in Zaryadye, the interior of the hall uses acoustic panels with elements of mahogany wood – the best material for reverberation and sound reflection.

The facade is designed with undulating wooden pylons, through which the internal movement in the building can be seen through the glazing. It is as if these pylons were shaped like rocks by the wind. The creation of static movement was

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used by Antonio Citterio in the Barvikha Luxury Village concert hall project. This technique helps a person to get the movement of the wind over the river. Also, this design of the facade is associated with a sound wave that vibrates. The play of light through the glass inserts on the facade gives the feeling of the sun shining through the trees, the feeling that everything around is alive and not monumental. The location of the public areas: foyer, buffets next to the glazed exterior walls helps to create a romantic mood. The overall composition of the building is sculpture, public art. Translucency for foyer interiors creates a vertical rhythm along the elongated horizontals of the interior.

At last, it is very important to use modern design solutions. The casing for covering the hall helps to present the conceived image technically and compositionally. The safety of people is ensured by compliance with fire safety requirements. The main hall should be spacious. Ticket offices are separated.

In conclusion it is necessary to say that a concert hall is always made up of an emotional image and technical requirements. Russian and foreign architects have created many projects to inspire young architects. Communication and logistics play a key role in the concert hall space.

References

1.Архитектурное проектирование общественных зданий и сооружений. Гельфонд А.Л. 2006

2.Савченко, М.Р. Зал и зрелище. Условия видимости: Кинозалы, театральные, концертные спортивные залы и арены. Функциональная форма. Критерий комфортности. М. : Издательство ЛКИ, 2007. – 200 с.

3.Цайдлер, Э. Многофункциональная архитектура. – М., Стройиздат,

1988.

4.Боков, А.В. Многофункциональные комплексы и сооружения (обзор). – М., ЦНТИ по гражд. стр-ву и архитектуре, 1973.

5.Тайль, Г. Современные залы (сокр. пер. с нем.). - М., Стройиздат,

1965.

K.A. Razuvaeva, E.B. Mikhailova

(Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering)

RESEARCH OF MELT WATER BY BIOTESTING METHOD

Currently there is a rapid increase in anthropogenic impact on the environment, so it is very difficult to maintain ecological balance. This problem is especially acute in large cities: factories and automobiles emit pollutants into the atmosphere that accumulate in the environment.

In the middle latitudes of Russia the land is covered with snow for almost 5 months a year. During winter, snow absorbs and retains pollutants from the air, as a result, the snow cover contains practically all substances entering the

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atmosphere. Substances emitted by industrial enterprises, car exhaust, etc., accumulate in the snow and enter the soil with melt water, and then affect the germination of plants in cities. The biotesting method can be used to assess the level of contamination of melted snow.

The goal of this work is to assess the effect of melted snow on the germination of oat and pea seeds as bioindicators of the environment in urban conditions.

To achieve this goal, a number of tasks were set:

−to study the list of pollutants contained in melted snow within the city;

−to get acquainted with the methods of biotesting of natural waters on higher aquatic plants;

−to conduct an experiment, during which to determine the germination capacity

of oat and pea seeds under the influence of clean and dirty snow. Substances contained in snow within the city

Due to its high sorption capacity, various pollutants can accumulate in the snow cover, which, with melt water, enter open and underground water bodies, soil, polluting them.

Particularly heavily contaminated is the snow that falls in industrial areas, near motorways, near boiler houses. Heavy metals and oil products usually accumulate in snowdrifts and on the roadside. It is in such snow that there will be an increased content of various oils, greases, particles of soot and rubber from wheels [1].

With the onset of a warm period, the air temperature rises, water from a solid state turns into liquid. Impurities that do not interact with water settle on the surface of the soil or penetrate into it.

In addition, salt, used as a reagent, along with melted snow gets into the soil, which threatens living organisms with death from salting and loss of fertility.

Biomonitoring of the environment

Biological methods are the most important component of environmental monitoring of the natural environment. They help to diagnose negative changes in the natural environment at low concentrations of pollutants.

Biotesting is a procedure for establishing the toxicity of an environment using test objects that signal a danger, regardless of which substances and in what combination cause changes in the vital functions of the test objects [2].

Biotesting is carried out experimentally in a laboratory or in vivo. To determine the toxicity of technogenically contaminated soils, measurements of seed germination and the length of roots of seedlings of higher plants are widely used.

Seed germination (in percent) is determined by germinating them under optimal conditions. Simultaneously with germination, the germination energy is determined. Germination energy is the percentage of seeds germinated within a given period. In the presence of harmful substances, the percentage of seed germination decreases and the growth rate of embryonic roots decreases [3].

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