книги из ГПНТБ / Словарь антонимов современного английского языка
..pdf21 В В Е Д Е Н И Е
другого корня, то первое теоретически может воспри ниматься как менее резкое противопоставление данно му слову. Дж. Фернальд, сопоставляя английские существительные untruth неправда и Не ложь, заме чает, что, хотя untruth тоже означает отсутствие прав дивости, это слово «более мягкое и достойное, чем
ложь» **.
Следующие фактй дают основания полагать, что в английском языке это различие играет подчиненную роль:
а) количество случаев параллельной противопостав ленности слова с отрицательным префиксом и слова иного корня весьма незначительно. В большинстве случаев слово не имеет иного антонима, кроме образо ванного при помощи отрицательного префикса: agree m ent— disagreement, to like — to dislike, honest — dishonest, fortunately — unfortunately, etc.
б) часто противопоставление проходит по различным смысловым линиям. Например, слову natural естест венный противостоит как слово artificial искусствен ный, так и слово unnatural неестественный. При этом каждое из них противопоставлено по иной смысловой линии, выражая, в первом случае, признак искусствен ности, а во втором — необычности, противоестествен ности:
Не made the most dismal sounds I have ever heard produced by any means, natural or artificial (Ch. Dick
ens, |
David |
Copper field). |
us |
on unnatural |
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I |
mean that |
all |
this business puts |
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terms with |
which |
natural relations |
are |
incompatible |
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(Ch. |
Dickens, |
Bleak House). |
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в) хотя слово с отрицательным префиксом и может иногда восприниматься как менее резкое противопо ставление, оно обладает тем преимуществом, что его противопоставленность выражена предельно ясно, так как оно содержит противоположное слово, если можно
* * |
James С. Fernald, English Synonyms and Anto |
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nyms. |
With Notes |
on the Correct Use of Prepositions, |
N. Y. |
— L., 1914, |
p. 181. |
В В Е Д Е Н И Е |
— 22 |
так выразиться, в себе самом. Другими словами, до полнительная антонимичная характеристика значения слова выражается в морфологически отдельной части слова — его аффиксе — благодаря чему эта характе ристика осознается легче и отчетливей.
Поэтому английские авторы нередко прибегают к словотворчеству, создавая новое слово-антоним при помощи отрицательного аффикса даже в тех случаях,
когда имеется антоним иного корня: |
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Не had seen pictures of her — as a fat baby, |
as a less |
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fat little girl, as an |
extremely unfat big girl (J. Jones, |
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Some Came Running). |
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— вместо обычного |
противопоставления: fat—thin. |
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Еще более часто |
этот прием используется |
в случае |
отсутствия пары корневых антонимов.
It needn’t have been bloody. You planned it to be un bloody (J. Aldridge, Heroes of the Empty View).
...he compared the insignificant whitewashed streak with the far-reaching continent of unwhitewashed fence...
(M. Twain, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer).
При объяснении значения слова составители слова рей охотно прибегают к использованию синонимов, являющихся словами с отрицательными префиксами. Противопоставление, содержащееся в самой структу ре такого слова, дает возможность полнее уяснить значение разбираемого слова:
academically, adv theoretically, unpractically*
г) для английского языка не характерно подчерки вание неравноценности префиксального и корневого антонимов, как это имеет место в отношении отрица тельной частицы not и как нередко бывает в русском
* The Concise Oxford Dictionary o f Current English.
Ed. by H. W. Fowler and F. Q. Fowler, Oxford, 1956.
— 23 - |
В В Е Д Е Н И Е |
языке**. Этот факт свидетельствует о том, что в англий ском языке неполнота противопоставления антонима, образованного при помощи отрицательного префикса, не осознается достаточно четко. Это позволяет утверж дать, что оба типа противопоставления в английском языке имеют примерно одинаковую семасиологическую ценность.
3.Префиксальные антонимы широко употребляются
впротивопоставлении совместно с разнокорневыми ан тонимами. При этом не обнаруживается никакой раз ницы в степени противопоставленности:
Little audible links, they are chaining together great inaudible feelings and purposes (Th. Dreiser, Sister Carrie).
On th6se walls, wherever the eye roved, were prints coloured and uncoloured, old and new, depicting the sports of racing and prize-fighting (J. Galsworthy, The
White Monkey). |
come of such evil, a happier |
end |
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Good |
could never |
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was not |
in the-nature of so unhappy a beginning |
(Ch. |
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Dickens, |
A Tale of |
Two Cities). |
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4. Важным фактором, свидетельствующим о суще ствовании в современном английском языке категории аффиксальных слов-антонимов, является их регуляр ное противопоставление друг другу в речи во всех типовых контекстах, характерных для корневых анто нимов. Например, аффиксальные антонимы-прила гательные регулярно противопоставляются во всех пяти типах контекста, описанных выше (см. К о р н е
в ы е |
а н т о н и м ы , |
стр. |
8—9). |
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Типовой |
контекст 1 |
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The A.F. of L. top leaders, as loyal |
servitors of capital |
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ism, |
unquestionably |
support |
all wars, just or unjust.... |
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(W. Foster, Outline |
Political |
History |
of the Americas). |
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It strikes to the |
heart of all life, animate and inani |
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mate |
(Th. Dreiser, |
Sister |
Carrie). |
* * |
См. стр. 17 данной |
работы. |
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В В Е Д Е Н И Е |
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24 |
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Типовой контекст 2 |
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His mind |
is a |
mature, not |
an |
immature |
one. (Th. |
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Dreiser, An American Tragedy). |
kill’ |
and close |
your eyes |
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If you say ‘ Thou shalt not |
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to the‘why’, then |
you, too, are not |
moral but immoral |
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(A. Maltz, |
The Cross and the Arrow). |
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Типовой контекст 3 |
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We are unlucky or lucky enough |
to |
remain (R. Alding |
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ton, Death of a Hero). |
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The story that it had originated in Robinson, credible
or incredible, had been shameful for |
me |
to hear... (Ch. |
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P. Snow, Homecoming). |
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Типовой |
контекст |
4 |
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This man Steuer fancied |
that he |
was |
dishonest, and |
that he, Mollenhauer, was honest (Th. Dreiser, The Fin ancier).
You’re |
unhappy. |
But I’m happy |
(J. |
Jones, |
From |
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Here to Eternity). |
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Типовой |
контекст |
5 |
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...they |
were only |
books, |
fairy stories |
of a fairer |
and |
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impossible world. But now he had seen that world, possible and real... (J. London, Martin Eden).
“ Really, Barbara, you go on as if religion were a pleas ant subject...” “ I do not find it an unpleasant subject, my dear” (B. Shaw, Major Barbara).
Таким образом, есть все основания считать антонимы, образованные с помощью отрицательных префиксов, столь же противопоставленными в семантической си стеме современного английского языка, как и антонимы с разными корнями. Префиксальные антонимы состав ляют подавляющее большинство английских антонимов.
Составитель
СЛО ВАРЬ К О РН ЕВЫ Х АН ТО Н И М О В
ABOVE — BELOW
One is too far below me (I mean in her own opinion), and the other is too high above me.
Lorna, 277
Sometimes I rise above my level, sometimes I fall below
it.
Moreau, 123
ABSENT — PRESENT
ABSENCE — PRESENCE
Whether friends were present or absent, she had always a kind smile for him...
Vanity, 11, 198
She kept him only by dangling the hope that she would throw Mac Gown over; taking care to have him pres ent when Mac Gown was absent, and absent when Mac Gown was present.
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Spoon, |
117 |
To |
him the |
presence or absence of his wife’s sister was |
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a |
matter of |
indifference. |
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Sister, 28 |
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By |
the time |
I |
had drawn |
the |
opium in, her |
presence |
or absence |
mattered very |
little. |
26 |
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Quiet, |
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ABSOLUTE — RELATIVE |
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His |
vitality |
was absolute, |
not |
relative. |
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Spoon, 63
A B S O L U T E |
- 26 - |
ACT |
For all she knew, there might be something absolute, not relative, in his ‘make-up’...
Swan, 169
ACCEPT — DECLINE
He saw that the old man looked at Nell, uncertain wheth er to accept or to decline his offer...
Curiosity, 218
I cannot accept this offer, Lord Caversham, I have made
up |
my mind to decline it. |
Ideal, 268 |
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ACCEPT — REJECT |
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I am to accept or reject at once, am I? |
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Curiosity, |
572 |
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Face |
it, one way or the other. Accept it |
or reject it. |
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Heroes, |
311 |
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ACCIDENTAL — INTENTIONAL |
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Whether an intentional or an accidental |
shot, it |
hit |
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the |
mark full... |
Martin, |
295 |
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A sign is any distinctive mark by which |
a thing |
may |
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be recognized or its presence known, and may be intentional or accidental, natural or artificial, sug gestive, descriptive, or wholly arbitrary.
Synonyms, 438
ACT — WORD
I ... will not seek, by word or act, to change it.
Oliver, 352
A brawl or broil is a rude quarrel by word or act or both.
Synonyms, 59
A C T IV E |
— 27 — |
A L IV E |
ACTIVE — PASSIVE
This was no passive belief, but an active weapon which they flashed at more convenient places of business.
Tale, 58
Their resistance was always active, not passive.
From Here, 630
ADVANCE — RETREAT
“There is plenty more of it at the same shop,” said Mr. Swiveller, by turns advancing and retreating in a
threatening attitude...
Curiosity, 120
In war, as in peace, you retreated and you advanced, sometimes you retreated in order to advance.
Crusaders, 470
AGE — YOUTH
Notwithstanding the difference between youth and age... |
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Oliver, |
335 |
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Youth |
would always |
be youth and age would be age... |
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End, 81 |
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ALIKE — DIFFERENT |
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It was |
unbelievable |
two people could look so much |
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alike |
and be so |
completely and utterly |
different. |
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Some Came, 177 |
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How is it that two |
people, just a brother and sister, |
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can be |
so alike and so different. |
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Who Knew, |
290 |
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ALIVE — DEAD |
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“ Speak!” |
he cried, |
“ and tell us whether you |
are |
alive |
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or dead...” |
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Three, 156
A L I V E |
28 - |
A N S W E R |
The ancient Roman emperor-god had not infinite wis dom... but he had some: ...he was alive, not dead.
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Apple, 21 |
ANCIENT — MODERN |
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“ That's tile modern view, |
anyway.” — “ According |
to report the ancient one, |
loo.” |
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End, 561 |
The name ‘Fleet street’ has many associations, ancient and modern, literary and political, in the minds of millions of people throughout the world.
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Name, |
21 |
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ANNOY — PLEASE |
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“ Naturally |
I don’t approve |
of them,” said Emery, |
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still |
uncertain whether he felt more annoyed or pleas |
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ed... |
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Spring, |
98 |
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He began |
to believe she might be in love with him, |
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and |
the |
thought was both |
pleasing and annoying. |
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Teacher, |
114 |
ANSWER — ASK
The question would be asked and must be answered.
End, 268
It is always worth while asking a question, though it is not always worth while answering one.
Ideal, 212
ANSWER — QUESTION
Questions are never indiscreet. Answers some time are.
Ideal, 180
A N S W E R |
- 20 — |
A S S E N T |
There were far too many questions and not enough answers and none of them clear.
Crusaders, 24
ARTIFICIAL — NATURAL
He made the most dismal sounds I have ever heard produced by any means, natural or artificial,
Copperfield, 78
...the aesthetic emotions are excited more readily by natural than by artificial objects.
End, 109
ASHAMED — PROUD
I know what love means now, and instead of being ashamed of it, I ’m proud of it.
Octopus, 376
Sarah will want to feel proud instead of ashamed of you.
Major, 32
ASLEEP — AWAKE
That was the question that tortured him, by night and by day, asleep and awake.
Yankee, 137
...there was more to him, asleep or awake, than the unwanted past and the weary present.
Heroes, 4
ASSENT — DISSENT
He made neither sign of assent nor dissent.
Mexican, 336
...giving no motion of either assent or dissent.
Some Came, 1032
A S S U M E D |
- 30 - |
A T TR A C T |
ASSUMED — REAL
...an increased earnestness, which, whether real or
assumed, had the same effect on his companion...
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Curiosity, |
70 |
... |
the desperate |
creature gloried in launching such |
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a |
blow at the |
man’s real or assumed insensibility... |
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Egoist, |
184 |
ATTACK — DEFEND
ATTACK — DEFENCE
They don’t worry much about defending us. Because they are going to do the attacking.
Tomorrow, |
318 |
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Vested interests expect to be defended, |
not attacked |
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by a conservative government... |
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D. W. , |
Febr. 4, |
1962 |
•.. lost all presence of mind and power of attack or de fence.
Vanity, 57
Dyke had stood between cab and fender throughout all the duel, exposed, reckless, thinking only of attack,
and |
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not of defence. |
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Octopus, |
445 |
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ATTRACT — REPEL |
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Emmy |
attracted and |
at |
the same time repelled |
him. |
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Tomb, 70 |
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The |
new insurrectionary |
movement of |
women |
that |
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had |
distinguished |
those years, had |
attracted |
her |
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by |
its emotion and |
repelled her by its |
crudity... |
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Marriage, 423