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SUMMARY

The present monograph comprises a review of up-to-date technique and accuracy of upper atmospheric sounding by means of meteorological rockets and as well as considerations concerning the possibility of applying rocket, satellite and other direct and remote observational techniques for synoptic studies of the upper atmosphere. Also included in this book are the results of the synoptic analysis of data

obtained in the meteorological rocket network. Upper

air

contour

charts both for mean and individual situations,

as well

as time

cross-sections of the atmosphere are presented

for

illustration.

Rocket observations on research vessels have been

also

used.

Several chapters are devoted to considering techniques and accuracies of meteorological rocket sounding made almost by all systems available. Gains and short-comings of several physical methods of observation have been evaluated for different height ranges. Methods of processing and correcting the results of observation have also been considered. The present state and perspectives of satellite, laser, meteor trail and gun probe techniques in the upper atmosphere have been reviewed. Examples are analysed with the use of both rocket and satellite data for constructing upper air charts.

A separate chapter deals with general character of the structure and circulation of the upper stratosphere and mesosphere. With this purpose models of the standard atmosphere and mean contour charts up to 70 or 90 km have been used, taking into account relative accuracies of all available rocket data. The most significant longitudinal 2 mb temperature and height variations mainly caused by the Aleutian high development and the cyclonic vortex shift from the pole are found in the northern hemisphere in winter.

Other chapters sum up the experience of constructing and analysing upper air synoptic charts based on rocket and high rawinsonde ascents. The results of the analysis of large-scale processes in the upper stratosphere of the northern hemisphere are presented for various seasons. Special attention is paid to winter warmings

and circulation

reversals in

the

stratosphere

and

mesosphere.

A

stratospheric

high

developing

over Siberia

is shown

to

play

a

significant role in

synoptic

processes connected

with

winter

warmings. Cases of early warmings taking place in December

and

November are also discussed.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Seasonal mean 2 mb

and 0.4 mb contour charts are comprised

in

the chapter devoted

to the global circulation. Peculiarities of

large-scale processes in

high latitudes of the southern hemisphere

are

shown. On the basis

of new observational materials the stability

of the Antarctic winter stratospheric vortex is confirmed. The data show large variability of temperature, as well as wind speed and direction in the winter mesosphere that exceeds variability in the stratosphere.

In the last chapter the progress and perspectives of numerical

forecasts for the upper stratosphere,

the use

of upper air data to

help forecasting for the troposphere

and for

other practical needs

are outlined.

 

 

The present book is based largely on the materials obtained by the author during observations on research vessels and polar expeditions.

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