книги из ГПНТБ / Семина, Г. И. Фитопланктон Тихого океана = Pacific Phytoplankton
.pdfП рилож ение (п р одолж ен и е)
Отдел и вид
Per. volzii Lemm.
var. botanicum (Playf.) Lindem. f. maendricum Lauter
Phalacroma acutum (Schiitt) Pav. Ph. apicatum Kof.
Ph. argus Stein
Ph. bipartitum Kof. et Skogsb. Ph. circumcinctum Kof. et Mich. Ph. circumsutum Karst.
Ph. contraction Kof. et Skogsb.
Ph. cuneolus Kof. et Skogsb.
Ph. cuneus Schiitt
Ph. dolichopterygium Murr. et Witt. Ph. doryphorum Stein
Ph. elongatum Jorg.
Ph. expulsion (Kof. et Mich.) Kof. et Skogsb. Ph. favus Kof. et Mich.
Ph. fimbriatum Kof. et Mich. Ph. giganteum Kof. et Mich. Ph. irregulare Leb.
Ph. hidmarchii Murr. et Whitt.
Ph. lativelatum Kof. et Skogsb.
Ph. lens Kof. et Skogsb.
Ph. lenticula Kof.
Ph. limbatum Kof. et Mich.
Ph. minutum Cl.
Ph. mitra Schiitt
Ph. mucronatum Kof. et Skogsb.
Ph. operculatum Stein
Ph. ovum Schiitt
Ph. parvulum (Schiitt) Jorg.
Ph. porodictyum Stein
Ph. porosum Kof. et Mich.
Ph. praetextum Kof. et Mich.
Ph. protuberans Kof. et Skogsb.
Ph. pulchellum Leb.
Ph. pulchrum Kof. et Mich.
Ph. pyriforme Kof. et Skogsb.
Ph. rapa Stein
Ph. reticulatum Kof.
Географи |
Средний |
ческая |
диаметр |
природа |
клетки, мк |
Австр. |
49 |
Нов. Зел. |
|
— |
— |
— |
— |
Т |
6G |
т |
80 |
т |
70 |
т |
65 |
т |
69 |
т |
60 |
т |
30 |
т |
54 |
т |
80 |
т |
60 |
т |
60 |
т |
49 |
т |
43 |
т |
53 |
т |
83. |
т |
173 |
Австр. |
40 |
Нов. Зел. |
|
Т |
70 |
Т |
36 |
Т |
61 |
Т |
86 |
Т |
66 |
Австр., |
40 |
Нов. Зел. |
|
Т |
50 |
Т |
39 |
Т |
76 |
т |
55 |
т |
31 |
т |
41 |
т |
54 |
т |
53 |
т |
59 |
Австр., |
20 |
Нов. Зел. |
|
Т |
51 |
Т |
42 |
Т |
6 |
Т |
80 |
230
П ри лож ени е (пр одолж ен ие)
Отдел и вид
Ph. rotundatum (Clap, et Lach.) Kof. et Mich. Ph. rudgei Murr. et Whitt.
Ph. ruudii Braar. Ph. striatum Kof.
Ph. turbineum Kof. et Mich. Podolampas bipes Stein
f. reticulata (Kof.) Schill.
Географи- |
Средний |
чеокая |
диаметр |
природа |
клетки, мк |
к |
25 |
к |
45 |
т |
20 |
т |
110 |
т |
33 |
т |
100 |
Австр., |
|
Нов. Зел. |
|
Pod. elegans Schiitt |
|
|
Т |
|
50 |
|
Pod. palmipes Stein |
|
|
Т |
|
50 |
|
Pod. spinifera Okamura |
|
|
Т |
|
10 |
|
Porella perforata Gran (Schil.) |
|
|
сев. ч |
|
20 |
|
Polykrikos kofoidi Chat. |
|
|
Калиф. |
|
80 |
|
Pol. schwarzi Biitsch. |
|
|
Калиф. |
|
65 |
|
Pronoctiluca acuta (Lohm.) Schill. |
|
|
____ |
|
8 |
|
var. curvata |
(Lohm.) Schill |
|
|
|
|
|
Pron. spinifera (Lohm.) Schill. |
|
|
К |
|
23 |
|
Prorocentrum dentatum Stein |
|
|
Т |
|
20 |
|
Pror. gibbosum (Schill.) Schill. |
|
|
— |
|
30 |
|
Pror. gracile Schiitt |
|
|
Т |
|
||
|
|
|
15 |
|||
Pror. lebourae Schill. |
|
|
т |
|
30 |
|
Pror. maximum Schill. |
|
|
т |
|
12 |
|
Pror. micans Ehr. |
|
|
т |
|
22 |
|
Pror. obtusidens Schill. |
|
|
т |
|
25 |
|
Ptror. rostratum Stein |
|
|
т |
|
10 |
|
Pror. scutellum Schrod. |
|
|
- |
|
45 |
|
Protoceratium areolatum Kof. |
|
|
т |
|
22 |
|
Prot. cancellorum Kof. et Mich. |
|
|
— |
|
70 |
|
Prot. globosum Kof. et Mich. |
|
|
— |
|
52 |
|
Prot. pellucidissimum Kof. et Mich. |
|
— |
|
44 |
||
Prot. pepo Kof. |
|
|
|
— |
|
36 |
Prot. promissum Kof. et Mich. |
|
|
— |
|
43 |
|
Prot. retuculatum |
(Lach. et Clap.) |
Buiitsch. |
|
к |
|
33 |
Prot. spinulosum |
(Murr. et Whitt.) |
Schill. |
|
т |
|
50 |
Protopsis tanyopsis Norris |
|
|
т |
|
10 |
|
Proterythropsis crassicauda Kof. et Swezy |
|
т |
|
49 |
||
Ptychodiscus carinatus Kof. |
|
|
т |
|
90 |
|
Ptych. inflatus Pav. |
|
|
т |
|
30 |
|
Pyrocystis acuta Kof. |
|
|
т |
|
7 |
|
Pyr. elegans Pav. |
|
|
т |
|
100 |
|
Pyr. fusiformis (W. Thom.) Murr. |
|
|
т |
|
280 |
|
v. biconica Kof. |
|
|
т |
|
|
|
Pyr. gerbautii Pav. |
|
|
т |
|
100 |
|
Pyr. hamulus Cl. |
|
1 |
т |
1 |
45 |
231
П ри лож ени е (п р одол ж ен и е)
Отдел и вид
f. inequalis Schrod.
f. semicircularis Schrod. Pyr. lanceolata Schrod. Pyr. lunula Schiitt.
Pyr. minima Matz. Pyr. obtusa Pav.
Pyr. pseudonoctiluca (W. Thom.) Pyr. rhomboides Matz.
Pyr. robusta Kof.
Pyrophacus horologicum Stein var. steinii Schill.
Spiraulax jollifei (Murr. et Whitt.) Kof.
Scrippsiella sweeneyi Balech Thecadinium ebriolum Kof. et Skogsb.
Thee, kofoidi Kof. et Skogsb.
Triposolenia ambulatrix Kof. Trip, bicornis Kof.
Trip, depressa Kof. Trip, exilis Kof. Trip, fatula Kof.
Trip, intermedia Kof. et Skogsb. Trip, longicornis Kof.
Trip, ramiciformis Kof. Trip, truncata Kof.
Torodinium robustum Kof. et Swezy
Tor. teredo Kof. et Swezy
Warnowia alba (Kof. et Swezy) Lind. Warn, atra (Kof. et Swezy) Schill.
Warn, hataii (Kof.) Schill. Warn, juno (Schiitt) Schill.
Warn, maculata (Kof. et Swezy) Lindem. Warn, maxima (Kof. et Swezy) Lindem.
Warn, mutsui (Kof.) Schill.
Warn, panamensis (Kof.) Schill.
Warn, poucheti (Kof. et Swezy) Schill. Warn, purpurata (Kof. et Swezy) Lindem. Warn, purpurescens (Kof. et Swezy) Lindem.
Warn, reticulata (Kof.) Schill.
Warn, rosea (Pouch.) Schill.
Warn, rubescens (Kof. et Swezy) Lindem. Warn, striata (Kof. et Swezy) Schill. Warn, subnigra (Kof. et Swezy) Schill.
Географи |
Средний |
ческая |
диаметр |
природа |
клетки, мк |
т__
т—
т80
т30
т30
т30
т330
т42
т80
т2 2 0
т____
т75.
т21
—26
—20
т40
т40
т20
т30
т40
т40
т20
т30
т40
Калиф. 22
Калиф. 24 Калиф. 35
Калиф., 35 Австр.
—45
—70
Калиф. 40
—
—92
Т50
Т21
Калиф. 54 Калиф. 52 Калиф. 38
Т4 0
Т33
Калиф. 37 Калиф. 62
Т63
232
П ри лож ени е (пр одолж ен ие)
Отдел и вид
Warn, violescens (Kof. et Swezy) Lindem. Warn, voracis (Kof. et Swezy) Schill.
Отдел Chrysophyta
Географи |
Средний |
ческая |
диаметр |
природа |
клеток, мк |
т57
т58
К О К К 0 л и т и н ы |
_ |
|
Acanthoica acanthifera Lohm. |
10 |
|
Ac. lithostratus Schill. |
— |
23 |
Ac. quatrospina Lohm. |
— |
12 |
Anaplosolenia brasiliensis (Lohm.) Defl. |
— |
— |
Anthosphaera coronata Gaar. |
— |
— |
Calciopappus caudatus Gaar. et Rams. |
— |
4 |
Calciosolenia sinuosa Schlaud. |
— |
— |
Calyptosphaera insignis Schill. |
— |
12 |
Cal. oblonga Lohm. |
т |
15 |
Cal. quadridentata Schill. |
— |
5 |
Ceratolithus cristatus Kampt. |
— |
— |
Coccolithus huxley (Lohm.) Kpt. |
Т ~ Б |
5 |
Coc. leptoporus (Murr. et Black.) Schill. |
— |
— |
Coc. pelagicus (Wall.) Schiller |
т |
— |
Coc. sessilis (Lohm.) Lecal-Schlaud. |
— |
— |
Corisphaera gracilis Kpt. |
— |
7 |
Cyclococcolithus fragilis (Lohm.) Gaar. |
— |
6 |
Cyc. leptoporus (Murr. et Black.) Kpt. |
т |
10 |
Cyc. sibogae (Web. Van Bosse) Gaar. |
- |
— |
Deutschlandia anthos Lohm. |
— |
9 |
Discosphaera tubifera (Murr. et Bl.) Ostf. |
т |
7 |
Gephyrocapsa caribbeanica Boudreaux et Hay |
— |
— |
Geph. ericsonii McIntyre et Be |
— |
— |
Geph. oceanica Kpt. |
т |
6 |
Halopappus adriaticus Schill. |
— |
7 |
Helicosphaera carterii (Wall.) Kpt. |
— |
16 |
Hellodosphaera aurisinae Kpt. |
— |
2 |
Lohmanosphaera paucoscyphos Schill. |
— |
8 |
Michaelsarsia elegans Gran |
— |
6 |
Mich, splendens Lohm. |
— |
6 |
Ophiaster formosus Gran |
— |
7 |
Pontosphaera discopora Schill. |
— |
18 |
Pont, папа Kpt. |
_ |
6 |
Pont, syracusana Lohm. |
— |
23 |
Pont, variabilis Hall, et Mark. |
— |
— |
Rhabdosphaera clavigera Murr. et Black. |
— |
11 |
Rhab. erinacea Kpt. |
— |
— |
233
П ри лож ен и е окончание |
|
|
|
|
Отдел и вид |
|
Географи |
Средний |
|
|
ческая |
диаметр |
||
|
|
|
природа |
клетки, мк |
Rhab. stylifera Lohm. |
|
|
т |
8 |
Rhab. tignifera Schill. |
|
|
— |
10 |
Syracosphaera apsteinii Kpt. |
|
— |
17 |
|
Syr. dalmatica Kpt. |
|
|
— |
13 |
Syr. mediterranea Lohm. |
|
— |
14 |
|
Syr. molischii Schill. |
|
|
— |
5 |
Syr. prolongata Gran |
|
|
■— |
20 |
Syr. pulchra Lohm. |
|
|
т |
30 |
Syr. tuberculata Kpt. |
|
|
— |
_ |
Thorosphaera flabellata Hell, et Merk. |
— |
— |
||
Th. heinaii (Lohm.) Kpt. |
|
- - |
9 |
|
Umbelosphaera irregularis Paasche |
т |
15 |
||
Um. tenuis (Kampt.) Paasche |
|
т |
— |
|
К р е м н е ж г у т и к о в ы е |
|
|
__. |
|
Dictyocha fubula Ehr. |
|
|
— |
|
var. aculeata Lemm. |
Lemm. |
— . |
36 |
|
var. messanensis |
(Haek.) |
— |
_ |
|
Did. odonaria Ehr. |
|
|
— |
_ |
Did. speculum Ehr. |
(Ehr.) |
Haeck. |
— |
_ |
Disiephanus speculum |
к |
26 |
||
Ebria tripartita Lemm. |
|
— |
— |
Отдел Xanthoph yta
Asterogloea undicola Norris
Halosphaera viridis Schmits
Отдел Cyanophy а
Anacystis montata f. minor (Wille) Katagnimene spiralis Lemm. Oscillatoria tiebautii (Gom.) Geitler Osc. erythraea (Ehr.) Geitler
Отдел chlorophyta
Pseudotetraspora marina Wille Tetrasporopsis pelagica Norris
Отдел |
Euglenophyta |
Euglenopsis zabara Norris |
| |
Отдел Flagellata
Chilomonas marina (Braar.) Hall. Danasphaera indica St. Niel. Monosiga marina Grontv. Pterosperma cristatum Schill.
Pt. parallelum Gaar.
Т4
К230
Т10
т22
т10
т—
т4
к6
T |
7 |
__ |
8: |
т15
__
_ |
_ |
_ |
|
SUMMARY
The holoplanktonic flora of the Pacific Ocean (exclusive of the Antarctic and the marginal seas) comprises 1024 species. Most of the species are peridinians and diatoms, the Chrysophyta ran ging third. Eight types of species ranges can be distinguished, i. e. arcto-boreal, tropical-arcto-boreal, tropical-boreal, tropical, tropi
cal-antarctic, |
antarctic, bipolar, and cosmopolitan. They allowed |
||
us to |
establish the Pacific parts of the three |
phytogeographical re |
|
gions |
of the |
World’s Ocean: arcto-boreal, |
tropical and antarctic. |
The tropical region divides into three provinces: northern and sou thern central and equatorial. Phytogeographical regions coincide with water masses as accepted by Sverdrup (1942).
In the tropical region, the highest rank of endemic taxa is fa mily, while in the arcto-boreal region it is genus. The number of endemic species in the tropics in 18 times that in the arcto-boreal region. A similar ratio has been reported for zooplankton and epipelagic fish by Beklemishev (1969) and Parin (1959), and it is therefore true of the whole community. Phytogeographical regions generally coincide with zoogeographical ones and with regions (thanatocoenoses) in the upper layer of sediment.
The abundance of phytoplankton is always maximum near sho res. In the open ocean, there is much phytoplankton in the north and in the Subantarctic and Antarctic, then follows the eastern equ atorial area. Subtropical areas are the most barren.
The mean size of phytoplankton cells (on a station basis) shows a definite geographical pattern. Seven areas can be distinguished differing in mean cell size (Fig. 46). The cell — size in the arctoboreal region is more uniform than in the tropics whe<r'q it dis plays much variation. Cell size is the most zonal of the characte ristics of phytoplankton.
A biotope of the algal part of an oceanic plankton community (of a phytocene) is, horizontally, a large — scale gyre encompas sing a water mass; vertically, it is limited by the sea surface and by the main pycnocline (or the bottom). The main pycnocline exists throughout the year. It is the uppermost permanent pycno cline which fixes the maximum depth of the upper mixed layer.
235
It is likely that phytoplankton in the ocean can only exist because of the main pycnocline. It is noteworthy that a direct correla tion exists between the amount of phytoplankton within the biotope and the concentration of nutrients within the biotope as well as on its lower boundary. Vertical water motion may influence the amount of phytoplankton irrespective of nutrients. Patches of phytoplankton can be found along the divergences. Convergences, are improvished, especially in nutrient — rich areas.
The depth of the main pycnocline sets a limit for the depth of the layer inhabited by phytoplankton. The deeper the main pycno cline the thicker the inhabited layer. The amount of phytoplankton under unit surface is inversely related to the depth of the main pycnocline. Consequently, the reduction of inhabited layer is com pensated by an increased concentration of phytoplankton. This cart be most clearly seen in Subtropical areas.
In the Subarctic area the main pycnocline influences the cell number by preventing their sinking below the biotope. In the tro pics, besides the preventing of sinking of the cells, the main pyc nocline acts through the concentration of nutrients: the shallower the main pycnocline the higher the nutrients concentration within the biotope.
We found maxima of cells in the main pycnocline at 70% of the stations. In Subtropical and Equatorial regions these maxima are more constant and exist throughout the year. In Subarctic, Suban-
tarctic, |
and Antarctic regions the cell maxima in the main pycno |
cline are short-lived and seasonal ones. |
|
The |
density gradient in the main pycnocline plays a different |
role in |
different cases. In the Subtropics a low density gradient |
enables a considerable turbulent exchange through the lower boundary of the biotope and thus adds to its enrichment with nutrients. This is especially important in areas of descending water motion and explains why the amount of phytoplankton is positively related with the density gradient in the main pycno cline, most clearly so in Subtropical gyres.
The greater the density gradient in the main pycnocline the bet ter are conditions of floatation for larger cells, expecially for those ef spherical shape. The cell size also depends on other factors, itscorrelation with the density gradient being most clearly seen at moderate velocities of vertical water motion.
Factors within the biotope (above the main pycnocline) act as follows. Seasonal pycnoclines determine the depth of inhabited layer which in spring and summer does not depend on the main
pycnocline in |
the |
Subarctic, |
Subantarctic, |
and Antarctic |
areas. |
In these areas |
the |
seasonal |
pycnocline is |
beneficient in |
spring |
when it counteracts convection and in Subtropical areas were it counteracts the descending water motion. In this latter case the seasonal pycnocline is expecially operative at low nutrient concen trations since the deficiency of nutrients hinders flotation.
236
Strong vertical water motion within the biotope (convection, upwelling) tends to reduce the mean cell size. Only small-celled algae seem te float well in such instable environment assisted by high nutrients concentration. At low velocities of vertical water motion its direction becomes important. Slow upward motion sup ports the largest cells. Slow downward motion favours mediumcelled peridians moving with the aid of their flagella.
The cell size depends much on water motion within the bioto pe, i. e. in the upper layer. This is why the pattern of cell size is that of water masses of Radzikhovskaya and Leonteva (1968) who used whole TS-diagrams. The cell numbers coincide better with the distribution of Sverdrup’s water masses since he took into consideration subsurface waters while the cell numbers depend much on the processes at the lower boundary of the biotope.
О Г Л А В Л Е Н И Е |
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В в ед ен и е ................................................................................................................. |
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5 |
Глава I. Материал |
и м е т о д и к а ..................................................................... |
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8 |
М а т е р и а л .............................................................................................................. |
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8 |
М е т о д и к а ...................................................................................................................... |
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1 |
Глава II. Планктонная флора и ф и тогеограф и я ................................................. |
17 |
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Ф л о р а ............................................................................................................................. |
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19 |
Основные типы ареалов и биогеографическое районирование Тихого оке |
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ана по ф итопланктону ............................................................................................... |
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20 |
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Эндемизм планктонной флоры тропической и аркто-бореальных областей |
35 |
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Сравнение географического деления Тихого океана по фитопланктону с |
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делением, проведенным другими авторами, и с делением по другим груп |
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пам растений и ж и в о т н ы х ........................................................................................ |
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36 |
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В ы в о д ы .......................................................................................................................... |
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40 |
Глава III. Количество ф итопланктона................................................................... |
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42 |
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Количество фитопланктона в Тихом о к е а н е ........................................................ |
43 |
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Ч и сл ен н о сть .......................................................................................................... |
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43 |
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Б и о м а с с а ............................................................................................................... |
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49 |
Продуктивность разных р а й о н о в ............................................................................ |
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51 |
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Сравнение количества фитопланктона в Тихом океане с Атлантическим |
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и Индийским о к е а н а м и .............................................................................................. |
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52 |
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Значение водорослей разных отделов в общем количестве фитопланктона |
54 |
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Д и а т о м е и ............................................................................................................... |
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54 |
Кокколитины и кремнежгутиковые в о д о р о с л и ........................................... |
56 |
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П е р и д и н е и ............................................................................................................. |
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57 |
Жгутиковые в о д о р о с л и ..................................................................................... |
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57 |
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Синезеленые в о д о р о с л и ....................................................................................... |
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58 |
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Разножгутиковые в о д о р о с л и ............................................................................. |
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58 |
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Зеленые и евгленовые водоросли ................................................................. |
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58 |
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'Соотношение водорослей разных отделов |
поих количеству . . . |
58 |
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В ы в о д ы .......................................................................................................................... |
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61 |
Глава IV. Биотоп |
ф и т о ц е н а .................................................................................... |
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62 |
Основной пикноклин — нижняя граница |
биотопа фитоцена . . . |
63 |
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Биотопическая роль основного пикноклина. Определение биотопа фито |
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цена ................................................................................................................................. |
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70 |
В ы в о д ы .......................................................................................................................... |
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78 |
2 3 8
Глава V. Особенности биотопа, оказывающие существенное значение для |
80 |
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количества ф итопланктона..................................................... |
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Зависимость количества фитопланктона от концентрации биогенных эле |
81 |
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ментов в б и о т о п е ....................................................................................................... |
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Зависимость количества суммарного фитопланктона от концентрации |
81 |
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биогенных э л е м е н т о в ................................................................................................ |
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Зависимость |
количества |
клеток отдельных |
групп фитопланктона и |
от |
85 |
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дельных видов от концентрации биогенныхэ л е м е н т о в ..................................... |
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Зависимость |
количества |
фитопланктона |
отциркуляции |
вод |
. . . |
89 |
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Зависимость количества фитопланктона от глубины положения основно |
96 |
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го пикноклина и сезонных слоев с к а ч к а |
.............................................................. |
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Природа связи количества фитопланктона с глубиной основного пикно |
100' |
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клина и сезонных слоев |
с к а ч к а .......................................................................... |
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Значение градиента плотности в основном |
пикноклине |
для |
количества |
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ф итопланктона................................................................................................ |
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106- |
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Сопоставление влияния отдельных факторов на количество фитопланк |
108 |
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тона ............................................................................................................................. |
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Особенности биотопа, определяющие крупномасштабные закономерности |
114 |
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в распределении количества фитопланктона в Тихом океане |
. . . |
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В ы в о д ы ............................................................................................................. |
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121 |
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Глава VI. Вертикальное распределение фитопланктона |
........................... |
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126 |
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Особенности вертикального распределения фитопланктона в разных рай |
127 |
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онах Тихого |
океана ............................................................................................ |
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Зависимость |
вертикального распределения |
фитопланктона |
от |
глубины |
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положения основного п и кн о к л и н а .............................................................. |
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130- |
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О причинах скоплений фитопланктона в определенных частяхбиотопа |
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137 |
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В ы в о д ы .............................................................................................................. |
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143 |
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Глава VII. Размеры клеток ф итопланктона............................................ |
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144 |
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Характеристика планктонной флоры Тихого океана поразмерам |
клеток |
147 |
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Численность видов, отличающихся размерам клеток, и ее связь с особен |
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ностями б и о т о п а ............................................................................................ |
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149 |
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Распределение средних размеров клеток по акватории океана |
. . . |
155 |
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Средние диаметры клеток по сборам б ат о м е т р о м |
........................ |
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155 |
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Средние диаметры клеток по сборам с е т ь ю ..................................... |
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158 |
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Зависимость закономерностей распределения средних размеров |
клеток |
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фитопланктона от особенностей б и о т о п а |
.................................................. |
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151 |
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Биологический смысл связи средних размеров клеток фитопланктона с на |
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правлением движения воды, градиентом плотности в основном пикно |
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клине и концентрацией ф о с ф а т о в .............................................................. |
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172 |
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В ы в о д ы .............................................................................................................. |
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177 |
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З а к л ю ч е н и е ........................................................................ |
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...... |
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. . |
. |
. |
178 |
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Л и т е р а т у р а ....................................................................................................... |
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187 |
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П рилож ение........................................................................................................ |
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208 |
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S u m m a r y ........................................................................................................... |
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235 |
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