English for Geographers

English For Geographers_____________________________________________

Paul: You should buy a phrase book and then you won’t be 6) ………

(embarrass) if someone speaks to you. They won’t be 7) ……… (annoy) if you make a mistake, and most people will be 8) ……… (please) if you ask for something in French.

Jane: I’m they’ll find my accent very 9) ……… (amuse).

Paul: Don’t be silly. I’m sure you’ll have a very 10) ………

(stimulate) holiday.

9.Choose the correct word:

1.The children were thrilled/thrilling with the clown’s tricks.

2.The adventure was excited/exciting.

3.She was interested/interesting in anything antique.

4.Her experience was terrified/terrifying.

5.The police were puzzled/puzzling by the clues.

6.What an amazing/amazed person he is!

7.He was very surprised/surprising by her sudden change of attitude.

8.She felt relaxed/relaxing in the hot sun.

9.He was disturbed/disturbing by the threatening phone calls.

10.He found the history lesson extremely bored/boring.

11.He was encouraging/encouraged towards his children.

12.They found the film very excited/exciting.

13.He was exhausting/exhausted after the marathon.

14.They were worrying/worried that they would be late.

15.Her behaviour is extremely annoying/annoyed.

16.We were shocking/shocked by his behaviour.

17.She told us a very entertaining/entertained story.

18.They were all surprising/surprised when he turned up at the party.

19.That book is really interested/interesting.

20.They were fascinated/fascinating by the view.

10.Rewrite the sentences using participles:

1.Because she was tired, Katie went to bed. ..…………………………

2.He was sitting in the garden and he was drinking his tea. …………..

3.After Janet had made dinner, she called the children. ..……………..

4.The boy who is standing by the door is my brother. ………………..

5.Simon cut his hand while he was chopping some wood. .…………..

6.Donna had a shower before she went to bed. ……………………….

7.Because we were late, we took a taxi. ……………………………....

8.Gary opened the window and breathed the fresh air. ……………….

9.She was lying on her bed and she was reading a book. ……………..

182

_____________________________________________English For Geographers

10.The jewels which were taken by the thieves were very valuable. …

11.Amy picked up her pen and started to write the letter. …………….

12.The man who is walking towards us is a relative of mine. ………...

13.After the teacher had explained the exercise, he asked the students

to do it.

14.Because she had forgotten to take her purse, she had to borrow some money from a colleague. ……………………………………………....

15.Lisa took a deep breath and dived into the water. ………………...

16.Jack burned his finger while he was lighting a fire. ..…………......

17.After Ann had ironed the clothes, she put them away. .…………...

18.Because he was cold, James turned on the heater. ………………...

19.The photographs, which were taken at the reception, were blurred.

Unit 9

Conditionals

Forms:

Conditionals are clauses introduced with if. The main types of conditionals are: Type 0, Type 1, Type 2, Type 3.

Conditional clauses consist of two parts: the if – clause (hypothesis) and the main clause (result). When the if – clause comes before the main clause, the two clauses are separated with a coma. When the main clause comes before the if – clause, then no comma is necessary.

If the weather is good tomorrow, we will got o the beach. We will go the beach if the weather is good tomorrow.

183

English For Geographers_____________________________________________

Uses:

● Type 0 conditionals are used to express something which is always true. We can use when (= whenever) instead of if:

If/When the sun shines, snow melts.

If/When it rains, the roads get slippery and dangerous. If/When the temperature falls 0°C, water turns into ice.

●Type 1 conditionals are used to express real or very probable situations in the present or future:

If he doesn’t study hard, he won’t pass his exam.

If we work hard, we’ll finish the project on time. If you need help, come and see me.

If you have finished your work, we can have a break.

If you’re ever in the area, you should come and visit us.

●Type 2 conditionals are used to express imaginary situations which are contrary to facts in the present and, therefore, are unlikely to happen in the present or future:

If I won the lottery, I would buy an expensive car and I would go on holiday to a tropical island next summer.

If I had time, I would take up a sport.

If I were you, I would talk to my parents about it.

●Type 3 conditionals are used to express imaginary situations which are contrary to facts in the past. They are also used to express regrets or criticism:

If John hadn’t got up late, he wouldn’t have missed the bus.

If she had studied harder, she would have passed the test.

If he hadn’t been acting so foolishly, he wouldn’t have been punished.

●We can form conditionals by using words/expressions such as unless

(Type 1 conditionals), providing/provided that, so/as long as, on condition

(that), what if, suppose/ supposing, otherwise (= if not), but for, and, or (else), even if, in case of/in the event of, etc.

Unless you help me, I won’t finish on time. (= If you don’t help me, …) I’ll water the plants providing/provided (that) I have time this

afternoon. (If I have time…)

184

_____________________________________________English For Geographers

So/As long as you promise to be back by midnight, you can go to the party. (If you promise …)

He agreed to work Saturdays on condition that he was paid overtime.

(If he was paid …)

“I’ll take Dad’s car tomorrow night.” “What if he needs it?” (= What will you do if he needs it?)

Suppose/Supposing you were fired, what would you do? (= If you were fired, …)

We’d better leave now. Otherwise we’ll miss our flight. (If we don’t leave now, we’ll miss our flight.)

But for your advice, I wouldn’t have been able to solve my problems. (If you hadn’t advised me, …)

Do that again and I’ll punish you. (If you do that again …)

Don’t do that again or (else) I’ll punish you. (If you do that again …) I wouldn’t go to the party even if they invited me.

In case of/In the event of a fire, sound the alarm. (If there is a fire …) ● We do not normally use will, would or should in an if-clause.

However, we can use will or would after if to make a request or express insistence or uncertainty (usually with expressions such as I don’t know, I doubt, I wonder, etc.). In this case, if means whether. We can also use should after if to talk about something which is possible, but not very likely to happen.

If you will wait a minute, Mr Carrington will be able to see you. (Will you please wait… – polite request)

If you will go on making so much noise, I’ll send you out. (If you insist on making… – insistence)

I wonder if he’ll call me tomorrow. (I wonder whether… – uncertainty) If Paul should turn up, tell him to wait for me. (I don’t really expect

Paul to turn up.)

● We can use were instead of was for all persons in the if-clause of

Type 2 conditionals. We use If I were you … when we want to give advice:

If Andrew was/were taller, he could be a basketball player.

If I were you, I wouldn’t travel on my own.

●We can omit if and inversion in Type 1, 2 and 3 conditionals. This structure is more common in formal English:

Should he fail to be re-elected, it would be a great disappointment for him. Were he more careful, he would make fewer mistakes.

Had she been asked, she would have given her permission.

●All types of conditionals can be mixed. Any tense combination is possible if the context permits it.

185

English For Geographers_____________________________________________

If they were working all day (Type 2), they will be tired now (Type 1). If I were you (Type 2), I would have accepted the job (Type 3).

If he were a better driver (Type 2), he wouldn’t have crashed the car.

(Type 3).

If she had finished earlier (Type 3), She would be going to the party tonight (Type 2).

Practice

1.Fill in the gaps with if or when and a verb in the present tense, then translate the sentences:

1.We might go for a walk tomorrow. ………, we will take the dog

with us.

2.The guests will arrive soon. ………, we will greet them at the door.

3.I am going to phone Sam in a minute. ……… him, I want you to leave the room.

4.I might visit Pamela tomorrow. ……… her, I will buy her a present.

5.The bus comes at eight o’clock. ………, we will all get on it.

6.She might invite us to her party. ……… us, we will go.

7.The film will start soon. ………, I will record it.

2.Rewrite the following as conditional sentences:

1.You need to go to Egypt to see the Sphinx. If ……………………

2.John didn’t leave early so he didn’t there on time. If …………….

3.She used factor 12 suntan lotion as she gets sunburnt easily. If ….

4.The fax machine is broken so I’ll have to send it by post. If …….

5.Calling her might make her feel better. If ………………………...

6.There’ll be an election if the president resigns. Providing ……….

7.More tickets need to be sold, otherwise the concert will be cancelled.If …………………………………………………………..

8.You’ll have trouble selling your house if you’re not prepared to accept a lower offer. Unless………………………………………………....

9.He cancelled his trip because he had run out of money. If ……….

10.Tom didn’t wear a coat and caught a cold. If …………………....

11.You need to study to pass this exam. Unless …………………….

12.You really ought to go somewhere sunnier to get a suntan.

Unless….

13.He doesn’t know her. That’s why he didn’t speak to her. ……….

14.He lost his job. He’s unemployed now. ………………………….

3.Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense, then identify the types of conditionals:

186

_____________________________________________English For Geographers

1.If you ……… (not/put up) this shelf, you won’t have anywhere to put your books.

2.If he ……… (change) jobs, he would be a lot happier.

3.If I were you, I ……… (tell) her how you feel.

4.If you continue to shout so loudly, you ……… (wake up) the baby.

5.Even if he ……… (ask) them, they wouldn’t have agreed to come.

6.Unless you … (feel) any better, you can take the rest of the day off.

7.If she ……… (not/ threaten) him, he wouldn’t have left.

8.I ……… (not/trust) him if I were you.

9.If you’re patient for a few minutes, I ……… (be able) to finish this.

10.He ……… (not/go) with her if he had known she would behave so irresponsibly.

11.I wouldn’t have been able to do it unless she ……… (help) me.

12.Sometimes if you ……… (take) a chance, it pays off.

13.If he …… (wake up) earlier, he wouldn’t have been late for work.

14.If they will go on making so much noise, I … (have to) punish them.

15.If we ……… (intend) to spend the day in London, we would have bought a day pass.

16.Keep your voice down in case he ……… (overhear) us.

17.If she ……… (be) more experienced, she would be more likely to

get a job.

18.If the food ……… (not/be) so bad, we wouldn’t have complained.

19.Sales will increase provided that the advertising campaign ………

(be) successful.

20.If you ……… (spend) less on clothes, you would be able to save some money.

21.If I ……… (be) you, I wouldn’t drive in the snow.

22.Peter ……… (be able to) help you if he was here.

23.If I had closed the window, the cat ……… (not/jump) out.

4. Complete the text by putting the verbs in brackets into the correct tense:

If I were world leader, I 1) ……… (try) to stop the destruction of the earth and 2) ……… (make) the world a better place for all people. If the world’s problems had been tackled sooner, the quality of life 3) ………

(improve) long ago. First of all, I would try to bring about peace in the world.

As long as there is fighting between nations, millions of people 4) ………

(continue) to suffer and die. If wars continue, children 5) ……… (be left) without parents and 6) ……… (grow up) in a world of misery and fear. But as

187

English For Geographers_____________________________________________

long as people disagree over land and possessions, the fighting 7) ………

(go on).

Therefore, I would ensure that all people were treated as equals and given the same opportunities in life. It would also help if all countries 8) ……… (stop) producing arms so there would no longer be the weapons with which to fight. In addition, I would introduce laws to reduce pollution. If pollution levels had been controlled earlier, life 9) ……… (not/become) so unbearable. If I 10) ……… (have) the power, I would ban all cars from city centres and increase public transport. If there more trees, the air we breathe

11) ……… (be) cleaner. Unless measures are taken soon, it 12) ……… (be) too late both for ourselves and our children.

5. Rephrase the following in as many as possible using the words from the list below:

only if, otherwise, as long as, unless, providing, on condition that, if

1.Should you go to Rome, you must see the Coliseum.

2.You can swim but there must be an adult with you.

3.Drive carefully so that you won’t have an accident.

4.He will get a bonus if productivity increases.

5.I’ll lend you the money, but you must pay me back soon.

6.I must think twice before accepting his offer in your place.

6.Rewrite the following as mixed conditional sentences:

1.He is not an honest person so he didn’t tell the truth. ...……………

2.They were awake all night so they are tired now. ….………………

3.You didn’t tell me earlier so we are not going to the cinema tonight. …

4.She didn’t cancel the milk so the milkman keeps delivering it. ..…..

5.The ship left Plymouth yesterday so it will be in Spain now. .……..

6.They were painting the house all day so they are covered in paintnow… …………..………………………………………………....

7.She didn’t do her homework so she’s in trouble with her teacher. …

8.She is so disorganised that she missed the deadline. ……………….

9.The children were playing in the garden all day so they are very

dirty now. ……………………… …………………………………….…

10.He doesn’t take his job seriously so he wasn’t promoted. ...………

7.Complete the following sentences:

1.If only I had kept my appointment with the dentist yesterday, …

2.I wish I had paid my electricity bill, ………………………… .

188

_____________________________________________English For Geographers

3.If I were Prime Minister, I ……………………………………

4.If it rains tomorrow, …………………………………………. .

5.Pete wishes he had worked harder at school, …………………...

6.Sarah will go to the party if ……………………………………..

7.If only I had more money, ………………………………………

8.Liz wishes she had got up earlier, …………..……………...…....

9.If only Jo hadn’t locked her keys in the car, …………………….

10.If John gets a promotion at work, ………………………………

11.If the government bans smoking in public areas, ………………

12.If only I hadn’t shouted at Julie, ………………………………..

13.If Jenny had locked the front door, ……………………………..

14.If you are late for a job interview, ………………………………

15.If you have a headache, …………………………………………

16.Were I you, ………………………………………………………

17.If I hadn’t met her, ……………………………………………….

18.If they had been more careful, …………………………………..

19.Only if you work hard ………………………………………...…

8.Complete the sentences using the words in bold:

1.I would have lent you my car but I didn’t know you needed to

borrow it.

had If ……… needed to borrow my car, I would have lent it to you.

2.As long as you are very careful, you can use my CD player. provided You can use my CD player ……… very careful.

3.If there isn’t an interpreter at the conference, she won’t be able to understand the speakers.

unless She won’t be able to understand the speakers ……… at the conference.

4.He didn’t get the job because he was late for the interview. would If he hadn’t been late for the interview, he …… job.

5.I only learnt to drive because you taught me.

never I ……… drive if you hadn’t taught me.

6.You’d better see a doctor. were If ……… see a doctor.

7.Tim will be able to operate the machine but somebody must show him how.

only Tim will be able to operate the machine ……… how.

8. She didn’t take an umbrella so she got completely soaked. have If she had taken an umbrella, she ……… soaked.

189

English For Geographers_____________________________________________

10.She broke her leg so she couldn’t go skiing. broken If ……… leg, she could have gone skiing.

11.Kay can’t be at home, otherwise she would have answered the phone.

would If Kay ……… have answered the phone.

12.I would be grateful to receive any information you may have. could I would be grateful ……… any information you may have.

13.Karen can make the pie but she must have the recipe.

9.Rewrite the following as conditional sentences:

1.You felt sick and you missed your friend’s birthday party. …………

2.You got up late and you missed the train. ………...…………………

3.You weren’t offered the job because you weren’t qualified.………...

4.You’re not a senior staff member so you can’t use a car park. …...…

5.You didn’t go to the meeting so you didn’t hear about the safety inspection……………………………………………………………………....

6.You want to go away for the weekend but you’ve got lots of homework. …………………………………………………………………. …

7.You want a pet but you’re allergic to animals. …..…………………..

8.You damaged the video because you didn’t know how to connect it. …..

9.You like chocolate but you’re on a diet. …….…………………….....

10.You enjoy playing tennis but you have twisted your ankle. ……..…

190

_____________________________________________English For Geographers

Part 3

Social English

Unit 1

Greetings and Introductions

1. Work in pairs. Answer the questions:

When do people in your country shake hands?

What do you say in English when you don’t hear a person’s name? When do you say “Good morning / Good afternoon / Good evening /

Good night?

2. Look at the introductions and greetings from three conversations. Underline the phrases people use when they meet someone for the first time: