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Vol D - 1990 (ocr) ELECTRICAL SYSTEM & EQUIPMENT

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		Power system performance analysis

Quadrature axis transient reactance		of fault, duration of fault, and any post-fault switching
Quadrature axis subtransient reactance		(e.g., removal of faulted transmission circuits, busbar,
Quadrature axis transient open-circuit time constant		transformer, generator).
Quadrature axis subtransient axis open-circuit time		Three-phase-to-earth faults cause more disturbance
	constant	than phase-to-phase-to-earth, phase-to-phase, or phase-
Automatic voltage regulator (AVR) data		to-earth faults. For this reason they are the type of
		fault specified most often.
Identification of model used		The fault duration may be set in accordance with
Name of ,usbar controlled by AVR		the expected fault clearance time of the faulted equip-
Forward gun		ment — this depends on the operating time of the
Forward time constant		equipment protection plus associated switchgear op-
Feedback gain		erating time, including tolerances, or to a value derived
Feedback time constant		from general design considerations. The shorter the
Maximum regulator voltage limit		fault duration, the less the power system is disturbed.
Minimum regulator voltage limit		In practice, fault clearance time is often a critical factor
Rate of change of regulator voltage (rising/falling)
		in determining whether a system remains stable in the
Input filter time constant
		post fault period.
Exciter gain		The fault location can be at any point on the system.
Exciter time constant		Usually the locations giving rise to the most severe
Exciter ceiling voltage		disturbances are chosen — this is a matter of experi-
Exciter minimum voltage		ence. If deemed credible, simultaneous fault locations
Regulator amplifier time constant
		can be specified, e.g., a double-circuit transmission
Exciter saturation specification
		line fault. A fault is simulated by specifying a shunt of

Governor and turbine data		low impedance to be switched in at, or close to, the
		chosen fault location, and to remain connected for the
Speed governor loop regulation
		duration of the fault. The low impedance shunt is then
Interceptor loop regulation
		switched out.
Maximum turbine power
		At the time of removing the fault (low impedance
Speed at which interceptor valve starts to close
		shunt), other switching necessary to remove the fault
Constant relating output of high pressure and other
		from the network is simulated, i.e., switching out the
	cylinders
		faulted circuit.
High pressure throttle valve time constant
		The stability study is run until the power system
Interceptor valve time constant
		is shown to reach a new state of equilibrium, or to
Reheater time constant
		become unstable. In practice, values between one and
High pressure mains loop pipe time constant
		five seconds are generally sufficient.
High pressure governor valve upper position limit,
		All programs are designed to produce comprehen-
	upper and lower velocity rates
		sive data output. This may be in graphical form, or
Interceptor valve upper position limit, upper and
		as tabulated data. Usually the change in rotor angles
	lower velocity rates
		of the synchronous generators, and busbar voltage
Boiler/turbine pipework resistance coefficient
		levels are of prime interest but, within power station
Ratio of reheater to high pressure cylinder inlet
		electrical systems, the decrease in induction motor
	pressure at full load
		speed is also vitally important. This reduction in motor

Induction motor data		speed can lead to a situation where the voltage at some
Any specified switching operations		boards remains depressed and motors continue to run
Inertia		down, although the remainder of the system recovers.
Drop-off to pick-up time delay		This is because induction motors, when running at
Lockout time		speeds substantially below normal rating, take a cur-
Data to control program runs		rent well in excess of their full load rating. If several
		motors fed from one transformer lose speed at the
Study duration time		same time, the combined increase in current may over-
Study step length		load the transformer and be enough to lower motor
Swing angle limit		terminal voltage, such that the motors are unable to
		draw sufficient power to accelerate back to normal
3.3.3 Use of programs		running speed.
		An example of the graphical output of a stability

System stability following faults		study following a fault is given in Figs 2.97 to 2.99.
		The system configuration prior to the fault has been
In preparing a stability study the analyst specifies sys-
		shown earlier in Fig 2.64 but, for analysis purposes,
tem configuration prior to the postulated fault, type		the boiler feed pumps are assumed running. This is

183

Electrical system analysis	Chapter 2

LOAD FLOW RESULTS UUSBAR PU VOLTS 8c LINE MVA LOADING

667	51
	' 000
	7.	761

																						s	1W
																				5			1W
																				5																		2
																																						2
																			.1 5A ,					.1 513
																		097						30.																				'			X7
																		26																										'			X7
																		26
																																	26
																																	26

															67				85A							058 G																	e			8
																		3'9500								0 094									)06												We
J546																																															25
J546
																				.1582																								)502			2 5	J506
												0								.1582																								)502				J506
											•				868					0092																									• XIS			' 335
											•									0092																									• XIS			' 335

													05		0979												AGE				.I6CE				83							, 023						.160E
MAE													0														' 070				: 316				83													' Ola
															3																				3 2									2
																06		2																								06
																06		2
		0 7					O2																									10			2 , 0			36		271				292			I

				J2						44			0 3 /5					02			J7 20			'			./9
				J2						44			0 3 /5					02			J7 20			'			./9								122					1		3210 6			I 022' 2		• 122
		0 979		0 970			3979						0 979		0 979			3579		0 179			0 979				0973
																		96:788																	70 ,
			187		782			GP 783 WI							795			96:788			787			788			789 8789,								70 ,
		00		0009			0 ,			2			012			OW		099			7 005			005			5964 0093									• 051					1	.049			' ISO		1 03
		4..					32						04 c)					06		0.			06

																								0 0
										E way E														0 0
	NAY						MAX			E way E							66130			9600							8640						WWI							8900
	1	009					1 009			1 009								009					016				016						• 313							' 073
																																		2
						•	0			0 5																	25			0				2			L.%		""'"•19
0 7						•	0								00																					O 2			""'"•19
0 7			MAY			213AX								..1680	00		2680							2637				.16C0								.P600								60*
0 7 •		009		31			7 009			05				009		2€		I 009						07			0,5				1 2				' 012
							02																				09
							02
244									,A3
op					'II					,.:08															ICY										13707' 87007
										' 11/ 9780								137130							ICY				BMX						13707' 87007												706
							039 0 2						1 042					1 039						032			1			038							n12,26			009							027
0,		1:17Av		2,5									00										9				29				0 9)								0 2)
		037		2,5									00		35

FIG. 2.97 System configuration for stability analysis following faults

shown in Fig 2.97. A three-phase-to-earth fault having a duration of 0.2 s, applied at 11 kV board B5A, is simulated. To avoid repetition of the study, the fault is assumed to be cleared without the disconnection of any (faulted) plant. This has the effect of making the post-fault results pessimistic, i.e., 'safe'. The voltages of greatest interest in the analysis of a SES are those at the faulted board, at the busbar supplying the faulted board and at the boards fed from the faulted board. The speeds (or slips) of the induction motors fed from these boards are also important. A plot of voltage against time at these boards is shown in Fig 2.98 and a plot of induction motor slip against time is shown in Fig 2.99. For ease of analysis, the fault is applied 0.1 s after the study start, and removed 0.2 s later. The voltage reductions at the time of the fault and subsequent recovery are typical of electrical supply system behaviour. Induction motor speed change is inversely proportional to drive inertia and will vary accordingly.

The tabulated data output for a stability study includes:

•Bus bar voltages and phase angles.

•Synchronous generator electrical output and mechanical input.

•Synchronous generator rotor angle, field current and field voltage.

•Induction motor electrical input, mechanical output, slip and losses.

•Governor parameters.

•AVR parameters.

An example of tabulated data output for the above study is given in Fig 2.100, which gives comprehensive information about the system state at any specified time; in this example, 0.18 s after fault clearance.

Single fed generator systems

In the event of a breakdown in grid supplies, power station auxiliaries are sometimes supplied by a standby generator, usually a gas turbine or diesel-driven alternator. At some magnox type nuclear power stations, the gas circulators are fed by an auxiliary steam turbinegenerator running isolated from the grid system.

Analysis procedures for these single generator systems are similar to the procedures for multi-generator systems. However, load increments, relative to total generator capacity, are often greater on single generator fed systems than on multi-generator systems. Because of this, frequency deviations from nominal values tend to be greater on single generator fed systems. Depending on the frequency variation, it may be desirable to use a stability program which recalculates

184

Power system performance analysis

TIME immon0.1

NG. 2.98 Voltage/time relationship at affected switchboard

30a _GILA	114 SLP

250

20 —

BSAY

TIME !seconds)

Eta. 2.99 Induction motor slip

185

Electrical system analysis																																				Chapter 2
																																				Chapter 2


		A271? 0,742EA .						la		TIME		•	7.4900					9742417X		02E33:7345 PER .4 71,72 •					1	sTep LE40131			•	2.0170		175/P0IN:		•	9
		37`;77A2353.3 YACH:NES.
			222A22		3115			42734			?OLE			732C5				462H.				PCNER 0371237			7E33,			2E5M.		22,	7	FZELO		PCWEA
			6A157		0;0_			75,7.7a:7E			.27.6			017:7				723E5			352:6177			32322752	922,735E			2,212E6-7		4C777.4.52.		2332E4:		13573.2
							3.E-OlEES				Si.?:,										4.41			YVAR	2.37			2.22,		2.3.		2.3.
										)2								657.747			662.121			145.319	3.195			1.71!		2.127		2_321		1.1540
		23734.52_					415		-5,7722775								-525.545				-52'.773			-759:494	2,333			5.4)2		2,164		0.594		-.1565
																	-525.545				-52'.773			-759:494	2,333			5.4)2		2,164		0.594		-.1565

							171					:I		7- -77			7742:1E:E9				FEEa31.29
		.7174					171		:.	745		4	=1L				1:30:37.				60374:
		.7174							:.	745			3.345					3.550
		31								411			3.393					7.737
		77E94AL		71:7377:E.				37:3477.0351
			33532A		55.			17.		332,2,			20311232,			5102214			CO3771202,				7.9.7.617.
			1:2421		55.			57233L						5:343L5			44:0		SE 77:NG				0501
									13721				CI					Cl			51
		31						0.0:03					-.257				-.869				560.3.30
		31											-4,977				-5.291			-529.189
		:403.2210A			43-727			%22.3
			335333		33. 1			772733			4035A				254E9			791ST				26924.		1%74.	21RWE			IMO)	POWER
			NAmE		ND			3_:?			4035A				AcT!vE			7E551:3 E			vOL7AGE			059.3E92				4017051	FACTOR
		353			3		5_7130				494				494			58IAR			P.D.			2. 7.
		353			3		5_7130				4.500				1.		64	72,715			3.936			0.555	4.7404			915143	0.5671
		312			21		5.1639				4.600				a	761		12.715			3.116			0.155	4.7404			615143	1.567!
		359			1		2.9475				5		610		5,954			4,311			2,146			0.131	5.6644			5-4102	0.8053
		353			1		3.0575				5.4:1				5.904			4.310			0.440			0.247	5.6644			5-8102	0,9353
		355			1			.9446			5.638				5.710			3.535			1.999			0.067	5.6965			5,6962	0.5501
		asc			5		7.1440				5.639				5.'10			3.535			0.199			0.167	5.6665			5,4962	0.1511
		5-59			3		7.6445				5.619				3.726			3.534			0.399			1.064	5.6165			5.6920	015510
		355			3		2,3445				5.619				5.126			3.534			0,114			0.067	5.6965			5.6920	0.8550
		143/			3		1.1960				1.041				1.161			1.346			1.122			0.005	0.0983			0.1453	0.4201
		351			1			.2465			1.410				1.545			1.590			0.146			0.023	1.5173			1.5150	0.6993
		357			5		1.0814				1.511				!..5416			1.532			0.999			0.022	1.5254			1.5238	315107
		353			3		5.6154				7.717				14.821			15.31.9			01586			0.211	1.1656		14.0166		015116
		35,2			1		1.1141				9.763				9.466			4.255			0.399			1.118	1.11915			3.9049	0.3191
		1451			2	1.15.2				0	0.200				1.000			0.000			0.000			1.301	0.300			0.0000	0.0000
		1733			2		4.1395				0.342				0.686			2.229			0.140			3.117	2,3193			0.5996	0.5199
		3731			E		1.5567				0.240				0.256			0.127			0.350			0.003	0.2417			0.2499	0.8954


																								(a)

	3732				E		1.5246				0.507				3.541			0.270			0.397			0.006	0.5144		0.5285		0.8951
	353				3		-1618				0.424				0.355			0.212			0.929			0.706	0.4334		0.4493		0.9496
	363				A		1.3565				0.301				0.323			0.205			0.121			0.004	0.3050		0.3166		0.9450
	360				c		0.6279				1.521				1.550			0.969			1.016			0.011	1.5311			1.5115	0.8432
	362				A		0.3657				3.136				0.203			0.177			1.216			0.003	3.1998		0.2001		0.7536
	365				4		1.1742				0.172				0.179			0.105			1.016			0.002	0.1745		0.1749		0.19629
	3)4				E		73.5207				0.232				0.479			0.925			1.016			0.002	0.1745		0.1749		0.19629
	3	7	33		6		1.6129				0.199				0.201			0.103			0.720			0.014	1.2678		0.4042		0.4612
	3		33		6		1.6129				0.199				0.201			0.103			0.959			0.002	0.1920		0.1375		0.8914
	3724				F.		1.6921				0.321				3.367			0.177			0.956			0.004	0.1286		0.1391		0.9916
	3738				E		1.7241				1.489				0.524			0.269			0.351			0.006	0.4)61		0.5106		2.11896
	3731				E		1.0116				0.955				1.029			0.549			9.925			0.013	0.9724		1.0006		0,8827
	5736				E		1.6385				0.539				0.428			01519			0.954			1.305	0,4059		0.4176		0.1505
	1631				D	101.0000					0.200				0.000			1.000			0.000			0.000	0.3000		2.0000		2,0033
	43				2		2,73,55				0.150				0,162			0.083			0.352			0.002	0.1527		0.1576		0.8898
			3)31.2333
			5125131		vULTAGE					31025				300533			VOLTAGE			ANGLE				3112530	302.735E		ANGLE			8085624	102715E		ANGLE
	31				0.381					-2,17				39				0.392		-2.52				2581	3.949		-5.53			J5211		9.839	-8.24
	31				0.993					-,14				358				0.946		-5.55				856	0.836		-6.27			34		3.994	155
	350				7.493					4,56				852				0.999			3.92			2551	1.001			1.99		3521		1.121	4.60
	2552				0.944					-5.51				2522				0.939			4.55			363x	0.822		-9.20			3735		0.190 -11.26
	3687				0.822					-9,11				5737				0.100	-10.96					106	0.962		-6.10			3425		1.109	3.26
	36795				1.307					8,69				3637				1.106			3.68			5625	1.009			3.26		3637		0.962	-6.10
		3'2Y			1.390					-7.15				3135				0.997		-7.41				3722	1.011			1,96		9727		1.326	1.11
	3797				1.020					1.19				5151				0.951		-9.44				3732	0.949		-9,55			8793		0.353	-3.11
	3724				0.956					-9.36				3705				0.958		-9.97				3736	0.954		-9.57			21		0.921	-1.41
	22				0.929					-9.41				31				3.929		-1.41				15	0.929		-4.41			25		0.821	-0.40
	35				3.929					-8.41				369.E				0.523		-4.20				sm	5.942		-6.01			266E		1.710	3.27
	:537				0,921					-4.19				2612				0.621		-9.19				s607	0.162		-4.10			2605		0.362	-6.12
		36C9			1.009					3.26				262x				1.909			3.26			2607	1.006			1.69		2600		1.006	3.68
	159 -.				0,995					7.55				J5CE				0.399			3.92			JSAE	0,936		-9.27			250E		0.948	-5.55
	30111				0.999					4.56				2600				1.007			3,30			3737	2,953		-9.16			3780		0.950	-9.00
	3733				3,325				-11.39					37391				0.925	-11.29					1704	1.024			3.87		273		0.016	2.76
	3151				1.043					1.e5				152				1.016			2.76			9732	1.142			1.95		J11		1.016	2.76
	17211				1.050					2.34				210				1.016			2.76			365	1.116			2.16		177Y1		1.100	1.56
	3		10		7.321					2.10				J4				0.929		-0.47				36	0.929		-0.41			29		0.923	-6.50
	363				3.924					-0.40				44				0.721		-7.56				93	3.952		-7.84
•	3 3321AL 5-77.2 2E3524								1 420E22E2			:0		2,02000			S.	A: 82E2		FROM		TIME		0.4830

(b)

FIG. 2.100 Example of data output for a stability study

186

WI'

Power system performance analysis

system component parameters which are Ire-

these

quency dependent.

Examples of the output from a dynamic stability study of an isolated system are shown in Fig 2.101.

The system modelled has been shown earlier in Fig 2.65; it represents a single steam generator supplying six gas circulators. The postulated fault is a three-phase- to-earth fault at the cable box (J2) of one of the

MOTOR LOADING OF 2.9MW - 0./25S FAULT

7-1

1 4

0 6-

1 005 -

0 4-

1 000

0 3 4

- GENERATOR TERMINAL VOLTAGE (P.U.) GENERATOR TERMINAL CURRENT (P.U. ON RATING)

GENERATOR REAL AND REACTIVE TERMINAL POWER (P.U. ON RATING) GENERATOR FREQUENCY (P.U.)

0 10 -

14 -

12"

0 05

10-

0 00 3

s -

0 05-

OJ -0 10- 0- 0 0

MOTOR LOADING OF 2.9MW - 0.125S FAULT

REACTIVE TERMINAL POWER

REAL TERMINAL POWER

TIME.s

MOTOR 5 TERMINAL VOLTS (P U.)

MOTOR 5 TERMINAL CURRENT (P.U. ON RATING)

MOTOR 5 REAL AND REACTIVE TERMINAL POWER (P.U. ON 100MVA)

MOTOR 5 SLIP (%)

FIG. 2.101 Example of the output from a dynamic stability study on an isolated system

187

Electrical system analysis											Chapter 2

gas	circulators. It is, for analysis purposes, assumed							cuit between GC.BD and J2, 0.125 s after the appli-
to be of 0.125 s duration and is cleared by opening the								cation of the fault.
associated circuit-breaker at the main board (GC.BD).								Figure 2.102 is included here to demonstrate the
This	is simulated in the analysis by removing the cir-							unacceptable effects of slow fault clearance, in this
		"225 1		6-	2	MOTOR LOADING OF 2 9mw - 0 1255 FAULT
						MOTOR LOADING OF 2 9mw - 0 1255 FAULT


		1
		1	1 2-
		1	1 2-
	1 020 -1				0
				5 -	0
			0
	1	015 -
			0 8 -	-	0 8
	1	1 -	0 8 -							REACTIVE TERMINAL POWER
	1	1 -
			0 6-	3 -	0.6
	1 005-		0 6-
	1 005-
										REAL TERMINAL POWER
	1 000 -		0 4-	2-	04
	0 995 -		0 2-	1-	0
	0 995 -		0 2-	1-	0
	0.990 -		0 -	0	0.0
	0.990 -		0 -	0	0.0				3	4	5
					0	1	2	TIME.s
					0	1	2

— GENERATOR TERMINAL VOLTAGE (P U.)

GENERATOR TERMINAL CURRENT (P.U. ON RATING)

GENERATOR REAL AND REACTIVE TERMINAL POWER (P.U. ON RATING)

— GENERATOR FREQUENCY (P.U.)


		0 10-	6-
1	4
				1	2
12			5-
12
		0 05-		1	0
1 0			4-	1	0
1 0

	a			0 8 -
	a	0 00-
		0 00-	3-
	6			0 6				—
	6
			2-
	4	0 05-		0 4-
	4

	2		1-	0.2			---



	o -	0 10 -	0-	0 0

						0

MOTOR LOADING OF 2.9MW 0.18S FAULT

PEAL TERMINAL POWER

REACTIVE TERMINAL POWER

	3
		5
TIME.s		5

MOTOR 5 TERMINAL VOLTS (P.U.)

MOTOR 5 TERMINAL CURRENT (P U. ON RATING)

MOTOR 5 REAL AND REACTIVE TERMINAL POWER (P U. ON 100M VA)

MOTOR 5 SLIP (%)

Flo. 2.102 Unacceptable effects of slow fault clearance

188

Power system performance analysis

example on a single generator system. The postulated fault is similar to that shown in Fig 2.101, except that its duration is increased from 0.125 s to 0.18 s, and we have an example where this power system has become unstable. Voltage remains depressed in the post-fault period and the remaining induction motors are unable to accelerate to their normal speed. In practice, the system condition simulated here would not occur -,ecause electrical protection is provided to disconnect •he generator in the event of sustained generator overload or sustained system voltage depression.

Afotor run - up

The time taken by an induction motor to run-up from standstill to normal running speed can be calculated using transient stability analysis programs. This run-up ti me can be important; for example, when a boiler feed pump fails and the water input to the boiler becomes insufficient to match the boiler steam output. Generating output will need to be reduced unless a standby pump can be substituted quickly for the failed pump to deliver adequate water supplies to the boiler.

To simulate induction motor performance over its whole speed range, it is necessary to provide motor resistance and reactance values, both at the normal motor running speed and when the motor is at standstill. These values are not the same. It is also necessary to specify how the mechanical load on the motor varies while the motor is running up; for example, the mechanical load may be assumed to be constant, or to be proportional to the motor speed. Other functions relating motor speed with mechanical load can be defined, as required.

The motor start and run-up is simulated by simply specifying one switching operation during the transient stability study, that of switching in the motor. An example from a direct-on-line motor start and runup study is given in Figs 2.103 (a) to (d). Referring to Fig 2.54, one of the boiler feed pump motors connected to 11 kV SB1 is assumed to be shutdown and is redesignated as motor A. One change in tap position on the station transformer is necessary to reduce the 11 kV station board voltage to 1.014 perunit. The resulting system condition is shown in Fig 2.103 (a).

The results of most interest to the analyst are:

•The run-up time of the motor.

•The effect of the motor on the system, especially by how much board voltages are reduced.

•The effects of these voltage reductions on other motors.

•The recovery time of voltages at all system levels.

The results of the motor run-up study are shown in graphical form in Figs 2.103 (b) and (c). Figure 2.103

(b) shows the voltages at boards which are electrically close to the motor being started and Fig 2.103 (c) shows the motor run-up curve (slip against time) and the slips of other motors which may be affected by the reduced voltage. The figures show this particular motor running up to speed in 10 s and that the other motors are able to continue supplying their mechanical loads while voltages are depressed during the motor run-up periods. It should be remembered that motor run-up times are strongly influenced by the voltage at the motor terminals during run-up. The voltage curves are those expected; after the initial fall in voltage there is a gradual slight recovery as the motor gains speed and takes less reactive power. Finally, there is a sharp rise in voltage as the motor passes its peak torque, and watt and VAr input reduce simultaneously. These results would be considered satisfactory, because voltages remain within design limits and the motor run-up time is acceptable.

Detailed system performance data are available throughout the study period. An example is given in Fig 2.103 (d), at 2 s after the motor start. It shows that motor A at 11 kV SB1 has a slip of 60.99% and a power input of 4.33 MW and 33.55 MVAr, with a terminal voltage of 0.843 per-unit at this instant.

3.4 Future developments of electrical analysis programs

Further developments of the electrical analysis programs that are currently in hand include the following:

•Harmonic analysis of a power system.

•Modelling of converter equipment as part of a user defined modelling facility.

•Transient recovery voltages.

189

Electrical system analysiS	Chapter 2

LOAD FLOW RESULTS. BUSBAR PU VOLTS & LINE MV OADING

JEISI
025	7	025

1 00

09S

0.30

085

080

175

0 70

00S

.32%6 I 002

isto	1 3607
Ove	1 026

								•@,

0TSI
0TSI	SSIA				001.1	WW						VAIN	¶5		FOS
028	021			1 007	1 02$	016						1 022	ON	1 035
												1 022	ON	1 035


		02													1 035
										0-2	0.1				1 035





		VIVWS
		VIVWS					easi		1160					20 Try
		1	01.2		7 027		easi		1160					20 Try
		1	01.2		7 027		1.02?		1.009		1 017			1 025
							1.02?		1.009		1 017			1 025

(a)

0		1 0.9

(b)

Fic. 2.103 Example of motor start and run-up study

190

Power system performance analysis

					2
	3)0
	501
	"0 3
	610
	500
																		i1.9581
	.0 1
	11		-
										0 .,. .GSBI
	20		-							SO 1581
															4'3338:
	.00		-
		o																							---

														50									:00

															(c )

	0.7 7 ?	scm.RFR			122	7134E •		2.1200			mAXIKUM	ITERATIONS 7E0 57E0 •				1		STEP LENGTH			-	3.0200	:78120I5T •		21
611303410010 M3CRINE5
	31530R			M/C	ACTOR		POLE		510100		MECH.		00240?		1131020		TEAM.			TERM.		FIRE 0	FIELD		?CHER
	NAME		50.		ANGLE		005		SLIP		?CHER		ACTIVE		REACTIVE	VOLTAGE				CURRENT		VOLTA 3E	CURRENT		FACTOR
					DEGRESS		0100		V.U.		RN		5114		WAR	2.0.				2.1.		0.U,	2.U.
41193				•		-6.10.	0	-.7000		-573.441			-574.530		-49.618	0.191				5.119		0.906	0.988	-.1963
20+37			13			63.17	3	-.0100			661.247		660.433		260.042	0.991				7.161		2.620	2.626	0.9305
,I•v191			1			3.20	o	0.3033			0.000		0.330		0.310	3.303				0.035		3.323	3.030	0.0000
:51:137,00 00703 1030
	0153A3		437		00700		mEcH.			POWER INPUT				7E1.04.	TERM.		TDROCE			(1437	204E3
	NA:C-..		ND		SLIP		PUER		ACTIVE		REACT!? Z		0007543E		CURAENT	LOAD				MOTOR	FACTOR
					2.0.		mw			MW	WAR			P.U.	0. 2.
:101/02:				F	1.1514		2.540		2.633		1.461		0.999		0.330	2.6185				2.0316	0.9742
	1)- .3			F	1.1504		2.540		2.633		1.461		0.999		0.330	2.6185				2.0316	0.9742
:1 , .., 3				I	1.1335		2.588		2.633		1.463		0.991		0-010	2,6185				2.6116	0.0742
	13.13		2		1.1105		2.918		3.015		1.767		0.999		0-015	3.0093				2.3041	0.9621
			7		1.1105		2,919		3.015		1.767		0.999		0-015	3.0093				2.9941	1.0627
:10773			7		:.1030		2.908		2.359		1./67		0.999		1.035	2.9401				2.1410	1.9560
:10773				A	63.3954		-.104		4.326		33.548		0.047		0.471.	-.2657				3.8511	0.1274
,	103321		3		:.2687		-.104		4.326		33.548		0.047		0.471.	-.2657				3.8511	3.9064
	103321		3		:.2687		9.805		10.066		5.531		0.043		0.136	10.0119			10.0123		3.9064
3.3131			0		1.0429		0.991		1.032		0.830		1-316		0.313	1.0099				1.0102	0.2793
1.11131			0100,3215				0.000		0.110		0.000		3.000		0.310	0.0000				0.0000	0L3503
3	31102				1.7664		0.000		0.110		0.000		3.000		0.310	3.0218				0.0000
1,1531			1		1.7664		2.999		3.081		3.330		1.006		0.343	3.0218				3.1237	0.1123
1,1531			1		0,1574		1.263		1.115		0.791		7.037		0.018	1.2476				1.2917	0.0592
3	2311				2.1301		1.263		1.115		0.791		7.037		0.018	1.2476				1.2917	0.0592
3.3737				A	2.1301		0.195		3.205		0.111		1.811		3.003	3.1496				1.1996	0.4806
3.3737			2		:10.3100		0.001		0.000		1.113		0.100		0.300	3.0000				0.2000	0.7040
3.1501				E	1.6974		3.531		3.527		0.202		0.144		0.007	0.5491				3.5209	0.8015
3.123,			0		0.3941		1.073		1.960		0,909		0.944		0.325	1.0401				1-1402	1.9829
170003		3017.1475											.								.
	301333			04:753E		ANGLE			320050		VOLTAGE		.		HUSSAR	VOLTAGE			ANGLE		.	905050 vOLTAGE		ANGLE
	301333			04:753E		ANGLE			320050		VOLTAGE	ANGLE			HUSSAR	VOLTAGE			ANGLE			905050 vOLTAGE		ANGLE
	401E0		1.391			-.58			13200		0.958	-3.59			111.0391	0.999				2.71		9933553	0.543	-7.42
	3.1091		1.106			0.51			3.3551		3.837	-11.39			3.1E01	0.844			-10.95			FOS	0.052	-11.51
	75		0.846			-11.92			CRPH		0.042	-12.02			MX	0.846			-11.74			ATP	0.837	-12.44
	17i		0.147			-11,76			0-8		0.841	-12.17			5511.	0.641			-12.24			7131	1.311	3,09
	2005		0.147			-11,76					0.841	-12.17			5511.	0.641			-12.24			7131	1.311	3,09
	520		3.045			-11.93			7231		1.015		-.04		231010	0.901				7.10		MO	0.934	-12.13
			3.923			-12.63			5051		0-846	-11.75			HYD	0.831			-12.20			CHL	0.838	-12.37
			0.052			-11.37			JETTY		0.843	-11.44

FIG. 2.103 (cont'd) Example of motor start and run-up study

191

Electrical system analysis	Chapter 2

4 References

IAllan, R. N. and Avouris, N. M.: Users Manual for GRASP2 (Graphic/Interactive Reliability of Electrical Auxiliary Systems of Power Stations): University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology: April 1983

[ 2 1 Allan, R. N. and Billington, R.: Reliability Evaluation of Engineering Systems: Pitmans: 1987

Avouris, N. NI.: Interactive Reliability Analysis of Electrical Auxiliary Systems (PhD Thesis): University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology: January 1983

14] Stott, B.: Power System Load Flow (MSc Lecture notes): University of Manchester Instittue of Science and Technology: 1973

[5]BrameIler, A.: Analysis of Linear Network Systems (MSc Lecture notes): University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology: 1973

[6]Stagg and El-Abiad: Computer Methods in Power System

Analysis: McGraw-Hill: 1971

Ralston: A First Course in Numerical Analysis: McGraw-Hill: 1979

Pettofrezzo: Matrices and Transformations: Prentice Hall: 1966 (out of print)

Arrillaga, Arnold and Harker,: Computer Modelling of Electrical Power Systems: John Wiley: 1983

Wagner and Evans: Symmetrical Components: McGraw-Hili: 1933 (out of print)

Charles Concordia: Synchronous Machines: John Wiley: (out of print)

Stevenson: Elements of Power System Analysis: McGraw-Hill: 1982 (out of print)

IEEE Report on Computer Representation of Excitation Systems Paper 31TP 67-424: IEEE Summer Power Meeting: Portland, Oregon July 9-14, 1967

192

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