sbornik zadach po neorganicheskoj chimii

71.Ijb l_jfbq_kdhf jZaeh`_gbb hdkb^Z fZj]ZgpZ IV fZkkhc ] \u^_ebeky dbkehjh^ b h[jZah\Zeky ^jm]hc hdkb^ fZj]ZgpZ fZkkhc

] DZdh\Z nhjfmeZ ihemq_ggh]h hdkb^Z"

72.G_ba\_klgh_ k_jhkh^_j`Zs__ \_s_kl\h fZkkhc ] kh`]eb \ ba[uld_ dbkehjh^Z \ j_amevlZl_ q_]h h[jZah\Zebkv m]e_dbkeuc ]Za fZkkhc ] b \h^Z fZkkhc ] <ky k_jZ kh^_j`ZsZyky \ bk oh^ghf \_s_kl\_ fZkkhc ] [ueZ i_j_\_^_gZ iheghklvx \ kmevnZl [Zjby fZkkZ dhlhjh]h hdZaZeZkv jZ\ghc ] Hij_^_ eblv fhe_dmeyjgmx nhjfmem bkoh^gh]h \_s_kl\Z _keb hlghkb l_evgZy iehlghklv _]h iZjh\ ih \ha^mom jZ\gZ

73.DZdhc h[t_f hahgbjh\Zggh]h dbkehjh^Z \ dhlhjhf h[t_fgZy ^hey hahgZ jZ\gZ g_h[oh^bf ^ey ihegh]h k`b]Zgby ijhiZgZ h[t _fhf e g m"

74.KieZ\ f_^b k k_j_[jhf fZkkhc ] jZkl\hjbeb \ ba[uld_ jZk l\hjZ Zahlghc dbkehlu Ba ihemq_ggh]h jZkl\hjZ [ueZ \u^_e_gZ kf_kv gbljZlZ k_j_[jZ k ljb]b^jZlhf gbljZlZ f_^b II h[s_c fZk khc ] <uqbkeblv agZq_gby fZkkh\uo ^he_c f_lZeeh\ \ bkoh^ ghc kf_kb

75.FZkkh\u_ ^heb dZ^fby b pbgdZ \ bo kieZ\_ jZ\gu khhl\_lkl\_ggh

b DZdZy fZkkZ wlh]h kieZ\Z ^he`gZ [ulv jZkl\hj_gZ \ kh

eyghc dbkehl_ k p_evx ihemq_gby \h^hjh^Z h[t_fhf e ijb l_fi_jZlmj_ oK b ^Z\e_gbb dIZ"

= E : < : I I

HKGH<GU? DE:KKU

G?HJ=:GBQ?KDBO KH?>BG?GBC

<k_ \_s_kl\Z ^_eylky gZ ijhklu_ b keh`gu_ Ijhklufb gZau\Z xlky \_s_kl\Z khklhysb_ ba Zlhfh\ h^gh]h we_f_glZ Z keh`gufb – khklhysb_ ba Zlhfh\ ^\mo beb [he__ we_f_glh\

GZa\Zgby ijhkluo \_s_kl\ dZd ijZ\beh kh\iZ^Zxl k gZa\Zgbyfb khhl\_lkl\mxsbo obfbq_kdbo we_f_glh\ gZijbf_j eblbc [hj k_jZ Bkdexq_gb_ khklZ\eyxl m]e_jh^ gZa\Zgby ijhkluo \_s_kl\ dhlhjh ]h – ZefZa ]jZnbl dZj[bg nmee_j_g Z lZd`_ ZeehljhigZy fh^bnbdZ pby dbkehjh^Z – hahg

Keh`gu_ g_hj]Zgbq_kdb_ \_s_kl\Z ih khklZ\m ih^jZa^_eyxlky gZ ^\mowe_f_glgu_ [bgZjgu_ b fgh]hwe_f_glgu_ kh_^bg_gby

Kh]eZkgh ijbgpbim kbkl_fZlbq_kdhc ghf_gdeZlmju obfbq_kdZy nhjfmeZ keh`gh]h \_s_kl\Z jZa^_ey_lky gZ mkeh\gh we_dljhiheh`b l_evgmx b mkeh\gh we_dljhhljbpZl_evgmx khklZ\eyxsb_ I_j\Zy kh klZ\eyxsZy klZ\blky \ nhjfme_ ke_\Z Z \lhjZy – kijZ\Z

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GZa\Zgb_ keh`gh]h \_s_kl\Z qblZ_lky kijZ\Z gZe_\h l _ \gZqZ e_ gZau\Z_lky _]h we_dljhhljbpZl_evgZy khklZ\eyxsZy \ bf_gbl_ev ghf iZ^_`_ Z aZl_f we_dljhiheh`bl_evgZy \ jh^bl_evghf iZ^_`_

;bgZjgu_ kh_^bg_gby

GZa\Zgby [bgZjguo kh_^bg_gbc h[jZamxlky ba eZlbgkdh]h dhjgy gZa\Zgby [he__ we_dljhhljbpZl_evgh]h we_f_glZ k kmnnbdkhf -b^- b jmkkdh]h gZa\Zgby f_g__ we_dljhhljbpZl_evgh]h we_f_glZ \ jh^b l_evghf iZ^_`_ ?keb f_g__ we_dljhhljbpZl_evguc we_f_gl fh`_l gZoh^blvky \ jZaebqguo kl_i_gyo hdbke_gby lh kl_i_gv hdbke_gby mdZau\Z_lky \ kdh[dZo jbfkdbfb pbnjZfb

=Zeh]_gb^u: NaCl – oehjb^ gZljby +, – bh^b^ \h^hjh^Z 2)2 – nlhjb^ dbkehjh^Z,, )H%U2 – [jhfb^ `_e_aZ,,

Hdkb^u Al2O3 – hdkb^ Zexfbgby 34O10 – hdkb^ nhknhjZ 9 KH – hdkb^ m]e_jh^Z,, )H2O3 – hdkb^ `_e_aZ,,, Hdkb^u kh^_j

`Zsb_ ]jmiim Zlhfh\2 22− (–H–H– gZau\Zxlky i_jhdkb^Zfb G2H2 – i_jhdkb^ \h^hjh^Z <ZH2 – i_jhdkb^ [Zjby

OZevdh]_gb^u (kmevnb^u k_e_gb^u l_eemjb^u): CuS – kmevnb^ f_^b,, &X26_ – k_e_gb^ f_^b, 1D2Te – l_eemjb^ gZljby

:gZeh]bqgh gZau\Zxlky b ^jm]b_ [bgZjgu_ kh_^bg_gby gZijb f_j nhknb^u lbiZ&D3P2; dZj[b^u – CaC2; ]b^jb^u – MgH2 b ^jm]b_ Bkdexq_gb_f ba mdZaZgguo ijZ\be y\eyxlky \h^hjh^gu_ kh_^b g_gby g_f_lZeeh\ ijhy\eyxsb_ k\hckl\Z dbkehl Bo gZa\Zgby h[jZ

amxlky ih ijZ\beZf ijbgyluf ^ey dbkehl kf gb`_

LjZ^bpbhggh d [bgZjguf kh_^bg_gbyf hlghkyl \_s_kl\Z bf_x sb_ \ k\h_f khklZ\_ djhf_ Zlhfh\ dZdh]h eb[h we_f_glZ bhggu_ ijh- ba\h^gu_ \h^hjh^guo kh_^bg_gbc ZahlZ 1+4+ – Zffhgbc 1+4Cl – oehjb^ Zffhgby 1+ −2 – Zfb^ .1+2 – Zfb^ dZeby 1+2– – bfb^ Na2NH – bfb^ gZljby

D ik_\^h[bgZjguf kh_^bg_gbyf hlghkyl _s_ jy^ \_s_kl\ kh ^_j`Zsbo mklhcqb\u_ ]jmiibjh\db Zlhfh\ jZaguo we_f_glh\ gZijb f_j pbZgb^-bhgu – CN Ø\bkfmlbe – BiO+ klb[be – SbO+.

Ih nmgdpbhgZevguf ijbagZdZf [hevrbgkl\h mdZaZgguo [bgZj guo kh_^bg_gbc y\eyxlky kheyfb beb khe_ih^h[gufb kh_^bg_gbyfb djhf_ hdkb^guo b \h^hjh^guo kh_^bg_gbc

Hdkb^u ih^jZa^_eyxlky gZ g_khe_h[jZamxsb_ [_ajZaebqgu_ b khe_h[jZamxsb_ G_khe_h[jZamxsb_ hdkb^u g_ \aZbfh^_ckl\mxl gb k dbkehlZfb gb k hkgh\Zgbyfb CO, NO, N22Khe_h[jZamxsb_ hdkb ^u ^_eylky gZ hkgh\gu_ dbkehlgu_ b Zfnhl_jgu_.

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Fgh]hwe_f_glgu_ kh_^bg_gby

D wlhfm lbim g_hj]Zgbq_kdbo \_s_kl\ hlghkblky [hevrbgkl\h kh_^bg_gbc dhlhju_ bf_xl \ k\h_f khklZ\_ we_dljhhljbpZl_evgu_ b we_dljhiheh`bl_evgu_ khklZ\eyxsb_ kh^_j`Zsb_ [he__ h^gh]h we_ f_glZ

Hkgh\Zgby Hkgh\Zgbyfb gZau\Zxlky keh`gu_ \_s_kl\Z kh klhysb_ ba Zlhfh\ f_lZeeZ b h^ghc beb g_kdhevdbo ]b^jhdkh]jmii

Hgb y\eyxlky l\_j^ufb djbklZeebq_kdbfb \_s_kl\Zfb Hkgh\ gh_ obfbq_kdh_ k\hckl\h hkgh\Zgbc – kihkh[ghklv \aZbfh^_ckl\h\Zlv k dbkehlZfb b dbkehlgufb hdkb^Zfb k h[jZah\Zgb_f khe_c Hkgh\Z gby s_ehqguo/L 1D . 5E &Vb s_ehqgha_f_evguo f_lZeeh\&D 6U %DjZkl\hjbfu \ \h^_ b gZau\Zxlky s_ehqZfb Kbkl_fZlbq_kdb_ gZa\Zgby wlh]h lbiZ kh_^bg_gbc khklhyl ba keh\Z ]b^jhdkb^ b gZa\Z gby we_f_glZ \ jh^bl_evghf iZ^_`_ k mdZaZgb_f _]h kl_i_gb hdbke_ gby _keb wlh g_h[oh^bfh

Dbkehlu Wlh keh`gu_ \_s_kl\Z khklhysb_ ba dbkehlguo hklZl dh\ b h^gh]h beb g_kdhevdbo Zlhfh\ \h^hjh^Z kihkh[guo aZf_sZlvky gZ Zlhfu f_lZeeh\

Dbkehlu \_kvfZ jZaghh[jZagu dZd ih Z]j_]Zlghfm khklhygbx ]Z ahh[jZagu_ `b^db_ l\_j^u_ lZd b ih nbabdh-obfbq_kdbf k\hckl \Zf ;hevrbgkl\h dbkehl ohjhrh jZkl\hjbfh \ \h^_ Bo \Z`g_cr__ obfbq_kdh_ k\hckl\h – kihkh[ghklv h[jZah\u\Zlv kheb ijb \aZbfh ^_ckl\bb k hkgh\Zgbyfb b hkgh\gufb hdkb^Zfb

Qbkeh Zlhfh\ \h^hjh^Z \ fhe_dme_ dbkehlu kihkh[guo aZf_ sZlvky gZ f_lZee gZau\Z_lky hkgh\ghklvx dbkehlu. HNO3 – h^ghhk gh\gZy+2SO4 – ^\mohkgh\gZy+3PO4 – lj_ohkgh\gZy+4P2O7 – q_lu j_ohkgh\gZy&+3COOH – h^ghhkgh\gZy dbkehlu

G_hj]Zgbq_kdb_ dbkehlu ^_eylky gZ kh^_j`Zsb_ dbkehjh^ hdkh dbkehlu lbiZ+nW2m b [_kdbkehjh^gu_ lbiZ GnXm ]^_ W – dbkehlh h[jZamxsbc we_f_gl O – Zlhfu ]Zeh]_gh\ oZevdh]_gh\ b g_dhlhjuo ^jm]bo we_f_glh\ n b m – dhebq_kl\h khhl\_lkl\mxsbo Zlhfh\

Ijh^mdlu aZf_s_gby \ fhe_dmeZo hdkhdbkehl Zlhfh\ dbkehjh^Z gZ ]jmiim –H–H– gZau\Zxlky i_jhdkhdbkehlZfb (H2SO5 Z ijh^mdlu aZf_s_gby dbkehjh^Z gZ Zlhfu k_ju – lbhdbkehlZfb (H3PS4).

LjZ^bpbhggh_ gZa\Zgb_ hdkhdbkehlu khklhbl ba ^\mo keh\ – ijb eZ]Zl_evgh]h hl dhjgy gZa\Zgby dbkehlhh[jZamxs_]h we_f_glZ b ]jmiih\h]h keh\Z©dbkehlZªgZijbf_j k_jgZy dbkehlZ [hjgZy dbkeh

33

lZ ?keb we_f_gl h[jZam_l g_kdhevdh dbkehl lh jZaebqb_ f_`^m gbfb j_]mebjm_lky k ihfhsvx kmnnbdkh\ ijbkh_^bgy_fuo d dhjgx jmk

kdh]h gZa\Zgby we_f_glZ -g-, -\- beb -_\- ijb \ukr_c beb _^bgkl\_g ghc kl_i_gb hdbke_gby b -h\-, -bkl-, -gh\Zl-, -gh\Zlbkl- ijb ijhf_

`mlhqguo b gbarbo kl_i_gyo hdbke_gby Kheb ij_^klZ\eyxl kh[hc ijh^mdlu aZf_s_gby Zlhfh\ \h^hjh^Z \

dbkehl_ gZ f_lZee beb ]jmiiu HG– \ hkgh\Zgbb gZ dbkehlguc hklZlhd < aZ\bkbfhklb hl kl_i_gb aZf_s_gby bhgZ \h^hjh^Z \ dbkehlZo

beb HG– ]jmiiu \ hkgh\Zgbyo h[jZamxsb_ky kheb deZkkbnbpbjmxlky gZ dbkeu_ kheb ]b^jhkheb lbiZ1D+623, Mg(HCO3)2, kj_^gb_ ihegh_ aZf_s_gb_ G b HG lbiZ)H2(SO4)3, Na2CO3 b hkgó\gu_ ]b^jhdkhkh eb lbiZ)H 2+ &O &X2+2CO3.

JZaebqZxl lZd`_ ^\hcgu_ kheb h[jZah\Zggu_ ^\mfy f_lZeeZfb b h^gbf dbkehlguf hklZldhf.$O 624)2, KCr(SO4)2), kf_rZggu_ h[jZ ah\Zggu_ h^gbf f_lZeehf b ^\mfy dbkehlgufb hklZldZfb &D&O2&O beb &D2&O2 6U +6 &O b dhfie_dkgu_ kheb >$J 1+3)2]ClO4, K3[Fe(CN)6]).

;hevrbgkl\h g_hj]Zgbq_kdbo khe_c ij_^klZ\eyxl kh[hc kh_^b g_gby k bhgghc djbklZeebq_kdhc kljmdlmjhc b hlghkbl_evgh \ukhdb fb l_fi_jZlmjZfb ieZ\e_gby b dbi_gby Fgh]b_ kheb ohjhrh jZkl\h jbfu \ \h^_

LjZ^bpbhggu_ gZa\Zgby khe_c khklZ\eyxlky ba gZa\Zgbc Zgbhgh\ \ bf_gbl_evghf iZ^_`_ b gZa\Zgbc dZlbhgh\ \ jh^bl_evghf iZ^_`_ GZa\Zgb_ ZgbhgZ \dexqZ_l dhj_gv jmkkdh]h beb eZlbgkdh]h gZa\Zgby dbkehlhh[jZamxs_]h we_f_glZ k ^h[Z\e_gb_f kmnnbdkZ khhl\_lkl \mxs_]h lhc beb bghc kl_i_gb hdbke_gby we_f_glZ

?keb dbkehlhh[jZamxsbc we_f_gl bf__l lhevdh h^gm kl_i_gv hdbke_gby lh ^h[Z\ey_lky kmnnbdk -Zl-:

Na2CO3 – dZj[hgZl gZljby K2SiO3 – kbebdZl dZeby

?keb dbkehlhh[jZamxsbc we_f_gl bf__l ^\_ kl_i_gb hdbke_gby

lh ijb \ukr_c kl_i_gb hdbke_gby ^h[Z\ey_lky kmnnbdk -Zl- Z ijb gbar_c -bl-:

CaSO4 – kmevnZl dZevpby MgSO3 – kmevnbl fZ]gby

Ijb gZebqbb Zgbhgh\ khhl\_lkl\mxsbo q_luj_f kl_i_gyf hdbk e_gby dbkehlhh[jZamxs_]h we_f_glZ bo gZa\Zgby h[jZamxlky lZdbf

h[jZahf ^ey h[hagZq_gby \ukr_c kl_i_gb hdbke_gby bkihevamxlky ijbklZ\dZ i_j- b kmnnbdk -Zl:

KBr+7O4 – i_j[jhfZl dZeby

34

aZl_f \ ihjy^d_ mf_gvr_gby kl_i_g_c hdbke_gby [_a ijbklZ\db kmn- nbdk -Zl:

^ey gZbf_gvr_c iheh`bl_evghc kl_i_gb hdbke_gby – ijbklZ\dZ – ]b ih- b kmnnbdk -bl:

KBr+1O – ]bih[jhfbl dZeby

Ijb ihkljh_gbb ljZ^bpbhgguo gZa\Zgbc dbkeuo khe_c d gZa\Zgbx ZgbhgZ kj_^g_c kheb ^h[Z\ey_lky ijbklZ\dZ ]b^jh- b qbkeh\Zy ijbklZ\

dZ _keb dhebq_kl\h Zlhfh\ \h^hjh^Z \ Zgbhg_ [hevr_ _^bgbpu

DGKH3 – ]b^jhdZj[hgZl dZeby

Fe(H2PO4)2 – ^b]b^jhnhknZl `_e_aZ II).

=b^jhdkhkheb ljZ^bpbhggh gZau\Zxl ^h[Z\e_gb_f d gZa\Zgbx dZlbhgZ ijbklZ\db ]b^jhdkh-:

(CuOH)2CO3 – dZj[hgZl ]b^jhdkhf_^b II); Al(OH)2NO3 – gbljZl ^b]b^jhdkhZexfbgby b l ^

GZa\Zgby ^\hcguo b kf_rZgguo khe_c kljhylky h[uqguf h[jZ ahf ?^bgkl\_ggZy hkh[_gghklv ijb ibkvf_gghc aZibkb – wlh ihklZ gh\dZ ^_nbkZ ^ey jZa^_e_gby ^\hcghc qZklb dZlbhgZ beb ZgbhgZ

^\hcgu_ kheb KCr(SO4)2 – kmevnZl ojhfZ III dZeby; kf_rZggu_ kheb Ca(ClO)Cl – oehjb^-]bihoehjbl dZevpby

AlNO3SO4 – kmevnZl-gbljZl Zexfbgby

LjZ^bpbhggu_ gZa\Zgby kj_^gbo khe_c gZb[he__ mihlj_[bl_ev- guo hdkhdbkehl ijb\_^_gu gb`_

35

AZ^Zqb ^ey j_r_gby

76.GZibkZlv nhjfmeu hdkb^h\ khhl\_lkl\mxsbo mdZaZgguf ]b^jhdkb^Zf+4SiO4, Cu(OH)2, H3AsO3, H6TeO6, Fe(OH)3.

77.KhklZ\vl_ mjZ\g_gby j_Zdpbc k ihfhsvx dhlhjuo fh`gh hkms_ kl\blv ij_\jZs_gby

Z) Ba :%D2:%D&O2 :%D 123)2 :%D624;

[) Mg :0J624 :0J 2+2 :0JO :0J&O2 .

78.DZdb_ ba mdZaZgguo ]Zah\ \klmiZxl \ obfbq_kdh_ \aZbfh^_ckl\b_ k jZkl\hjhf s_ehqb+&O +2S, NO2, N2, Cl2, CH4, SO2, NH3"GZib kZlv mjZ\g_gby khhl\_lkl\mxsbo j_Zdpbc

79.DZdb_ kheb fh`gh ihemqblv bf_y \ k\h_f jZkihjy`_gbb &X624, AgNO3, K3PO4, BaCl2"GZibkZlv mjZ\g_gby j_Zdpbc b gZa\Zlv ih emq_ggu_ kheb

80.K dZdbf ba i_j_qbke_gguo gb`_ \_s_kl\ [m^_l j_Z]bjh\Zlv khey gZy dbkehlZ <2O3, Zn(OH)2, CaO, AgNO3, SiO2, H3PO4"KhklZ\blv mjZ\g_gby khhl\_lkl\mxsbo j_Zdpbc

81.DZdb_ ba mdZaZgguo \_s_kl\ j_Z]bjmxl k ]b^jhdkb^hf gZljby

HNO3, CaO, CO2, CuSO4, Cd(OH)2, P4O10"KhklZ\blv mjZ\g_gby j_ Zdpbc

82.GZibrbl_ mjZ\g_gby j_Zdpbc k\b^_l_evkl\mxsbo h[ hkgh\guo k\hckl\Zo)H2 &V2O, HgO, Bi2O3.

36

83.GZibrbl_ mjZ\g_gby j_Zdpbc ^hdZau\Zxsb_ dbkehlguc oZjZdl_j

SeO2, SO3, Mn2O7, P4O6, CrO3.

84.GZah\bl_ kheb: SbCl2NO3, (Fe(OH)2)2CrO4, (AlOH)SO4, Cd(HS)2, Ca(H2PO4)2.

85.GZibkZlv mjZ\g_gby j_Zdpbc h[jZah\Zgby 0J2P2O7, Ca3(PO4)2, Mg(ClO4)2, Ba(NO3)2 \ j_amevlZl_ \aZbfh^_ckl\by

Z hkgh\gh]h b dbkehlgh]h hdkb^h\ [ hkgh\Zgby b dbkehlgh]h hdkb^Z \ hkgh\gh]h hdkb^Z b dbkehlu ] hkgh\Zgby b dbkehlu

86.GZa\Zlv kheb =Q &+3COO)2, NaH2SbO4, K2H2P2O7, Al(OH)2NO3, Na2Cr2O7, Ba(HSO3)2, CrOHSO4, NaHS.

87.Ijb\_^bl_ ijbf_ju hdkb^h\ dhlhju_ ijb \aZbfh^_ckl\bb k \h ^hc h[jZamxl ^\_ dbkehlu DZd \aZbfh^_ckl\mxl k jZkl\hjhf ]b^jhdkb^Z dZevpby12O3; N2O5; NO2?

88.Hkms_kl\bl_ ij_\jZs_gby q_j_a ijhf_`mlhqguc ijh^mdl

FeCl3 : Fe2O3; Al(CH3COO)3 : Al2O3; CuSO4 : CuO; MnBr2 : MnO.

DZd fh`gh ^ey h^gh]h b lh]h `_ we_f_glZ ba h^gh]h hdkb^Z ihem qblv ^jm]hc gZijbf_j&X2ba&X2O)H2ba)H2O3; P4O10 ba34O6;

0Q2ba0Q2O7; NO2 ba12"

89.GZ dZdhf jZaebqbb \ k\hckl\Zo fh`_l [ulv hkgh\Zgh jZa^_e_gb_ ke_^mxsbo hdkb^h\%D2b0J2 3E2b=Q2 6L22 b1D22 0Q2b =Q2 )H2b6L22?

90.Q_f hij_^_ey_lky hkgh\ghklv dbkehl"Ijb\_^bl_ ijbf_ju dbkehl jZaghc hkgh\ghklb b gZibrbl_ bo ]jZnbq_kdb_ nhjfmeu DZd ke_ ^m_l jZkkfZljb\Zlv kljh_gb_ fhe_dmeu nhknhjbklhc dbkehlu bk oh^y bo lh]h qlh hgZ \_^_l k_[y lhevdh dZd ^\mohkgh\gZy"

91.GZ ijbf_j_ f_lZ- hjlh- ihebnhknhjguo dbkehl ihdZ`bl_ q_f hlebqZxlky wlb nhjfmeu ^jm] hl ^jm]Z b ijb dZdbo mkeh\byo ijh bkoh^yl bo \aZbfhij_\jZs_gby"

92.DZdb_ kh_^bg_gby h[jZamxlky ijb l_jfbq_kdhf jZaeh`_gbb ke_ ^mxsbo dbkehl beb ^_ckl\bb gZ gbo \h^hhlgbfZxsbo kj_^kl\

HNO2; HClO; H3PO3; H2WO4; H3AsO4; HBO2; H2B4O7; HAsO3; H2S3O10?

93.K dZdbfb ba i_j_qbke_gguo \_s_kl\ \aZbfh^_ckl\m_l kheygZy db kehlZ&D2 12O3; AgNO3; SO3; Pb(NO3)2; CuSO4; FeS; FeO; Cu; Zn?

94.Hkgh\gu_ k\hckl\Z dZdh]h ]b^jhdkb^Z \ujZ`_gu kbevg__ b ihq_ fm $V 2+3 beb %L 2+3; Sn(OH)2 beb 6Q 2+4; Fe(OH)2 beb

Fe(OH)3; Ba(OH)2 beb%H 2+2?

37

95.Hij_^_ebl_ fZkkm ]b^jhdkb^Z gZljby dhlhjuc fh`_l [ulv ihem q_g ba fhjkdhc kheb fZkkhc l ijb mkeh\bb qlh fZkkh\Zy ^hey oehjb^Z gZljby \ g_c khklZ\ey_l

96.GZc^bl_ fZkkh\mx ^hex ]b^jhdkb^Z gZljby ij_\jZlb\r_]hky \ dZj[hgZl aZ kq_l ih]ehs_gby&22 \ha^moZ _keb fZkkZ ]b^jhdkb^Z \hajhkeZ k ^h ] Q_fm jZ\_g h[t_f g m ih]ehs_ggh]h ijb wlhf KH2?

97.< dZdhf h[t_fghf hlghr_gbb ^he`gu [ulv kf_rZgu jZkl\hju G3JH4 b 1D2+h^bgZdh\hc fheyjghc dhgp_gljZpbb ^ey ihemq_ gby ]b^jh- b ^b]b^jhnhknZlZ gZljby"

98.GZibrbl_ mjZ\g_gby j_Zdpbc dhlhju_ ihke_^h\Zl_evgh ijhl_ dZxl ijb ihkl_i_gghf ^h[Z\e_gbb Z1D2+d jZkl\hjm ]b^jhkmevnZlZ pbgdZ [ k_jghc dbkehlu d k\_`_hkZ`^_gghfm ]b^jhdkb^m Zexfbgby

99.GZibrbl_ mjZ\g_gby j_Zdpbc ijb ihfhsb dhlhjuo i_j_qbke_g

gu_ gb`_ kheb fh]ml [ulv i_j_\_^_gu \ kj_^gb_ &X2+2SO4, Ca(HCO3)2, [Al(OH)2]2SO4, [Cr(OH)2]2SO4, FeOHSO4, (BiOH)SO4.

100.DZdb_ ba khe_c <ZClNO3, KNa2PO4, Pb(CH3COO)2, (BiO)2SO4, Fe(OH)2NO3 \aZbfh^_ckl\mxl k Z H2SO4 [ NaOH" GZah\bl_ bkoh^gu_ kheb b ijh^mdlu \hafh`guo j_Zdpbc gZibrbl_ bo ]jZnbq_kdb_ nhjfmeu

101.DZdbfb kihkh[Zfb fh`gh ihemqblv ba h^ghc kheb ^jm]mx

102.GZibrbl_ mjZ\g_gby j_Zdpbc dhlhju_ ijhl_dZxl \ \h^ghf jZk

l\hj_ f_`^m)H6b+&O &X2+2CO3 b+2SO4, Ca(HCO3)2 b1D2+

NaHSO4 b1+3, Al(H2PO4)3 b&D 2+2.

103.L_jfbq_kdbf jZaeh`_gb_f dZdbo khe_c fh`gh ihemqblv ljb hd kb^Z \ jZaguo Z]j_]Zlguo khklhygbyo"

104.GZibrbl_ mjZ\g_gby j_Zdpbc dhlhju_ ijhl_dZxl \ \h^ghf jZk

l\hj_ f_`^m ke_^mxsbfb \_s_kl\Zfb &D 2+2 b 122; NH3 b

SO2; CaCl2 b 1D2HPO4; H2SO4 b )H2+624; CaHAsO3 b %D 2+2; Mg(HCO3)2 b&D 2+2; KAl(SO4)2 b.2+ 1+4Cr(SO4)2 b%D&O2.

105.Ijb ihfhsb dZdbo j_Zdpbc fh`gh hkms_kl\blv ke_^mxsb_ i_ j_oh^u hl h^gh]h \_s_kl\Z d ^jm]hfm

Z) KAl(SO4)2 : $O&O3 : $O2O3;

[) Fe2(SO4)3 :)H123SO4 :)H&O3 :)H2O3;

\) Fe2(SO4)3 :)H2O3 :)H2:1+4)2Fe(SO4)2 :)H&O3;

]) Fe :)H&O2 :)H&O3 :)H2+624 :)H&O624 :)H2O3 :)H ^) Zn :=Q6:=Q2:=Q2+2SO4 :=Q&O2 :=Q

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= E : < : , , ,

WG?J=?LBD: OBFBQ?KDBO J?:DPBC

L_jfh^bgZfbdZ bamqZ_l aZdhghf_jghklb h[f_gZ wg_j]b_c f_`^m kbkl_fhc b \g_rg_c kj_^hc \hafh`ghklv gZijZ\e_gb_ b ij_^_eu kZ fhijhba\hevgh]h ijhl_dZgby obfbq_kdbo ijhp_kkh\

Kbkl_fZ – kh\hdmighklv \_s_kl\ beb qZklbp hl^_e_gguo hl \g_rg_c kj_^u JZaebqZxl ]hfh]_ggu_ b ]_l_jh]_ggu_ kbkl_fu =h fh]_ggu_ kbkl_fu khklhyl ba h^ghc nZau ]_l_jh]_ggu_ kbkl_fu – ba ^\mo beb [he__ nZa NZaZ – wlh qZklv kbkl_fu h^ghjh^gZy \h \k_o __ lhqdZo ih obfbq_kdhfm khklZ\m b k\hckl\Zf b hl^_e_ggZy hl ^jm]bo nZa kbkl_fu ih\_joghklvx jZa^_eZ

Obfbq_kdZy kbkl_fZ oZjZdl_jbam_lky hij_^_e_ggufb iZjZf_l jZfb. D iZjZf_ljZf kbkl_fu hlghkylky l_fi_jZlmjZ L ^Z\e_gb_ j, h[t_f V fZkkZ m b dhgp_gljZpby k

L_jfh^bgZfbq_kdh_ khklhygb_ kbkl_fu hibku\Z_lky nmgdpbyfb khklhygby dhlhju_ h^ghagZqgh hij_^_eyxlky q_j_a iZjZf_lju kh klhygby j, V b L Baf_g_gb_ ohly [u h^gh]h ba gbo \e_q_l aZ kh[hc baf_g_gb_ \k_o nmgdpbc khklhygby kbkl_fu Ihke_^gb_ g_ aZ\bkyl hl imlb b \j_f_gb ijhp_kkZ ijb\h^ysbo kbkl_fm \ ^Zggh_ khklhygb_ D nmgdpbyf khklhygby gZau\Z_fuo lZd`_ l_jfh^bgZfbq_kdbfb ih l_gpbZeZfb hlghkylky

U – \gmlj_ggyy wg_j]by G – wglZeviby

S – wgljhiby

G – wg_j]by =b[[kZ k\h[h^gZy wg_j]by

<gmlj_ggyy wg_j]by kbkl_fu U – wlh __ ihegZy wg_j]by kh klhysZy ba dbg_lbq_kdhc b ihl_gpbZevghc wg_j]bb \k_o qZklbp kbk l_fu fhe_dme Zlhfh\ y^_j we_dljhgh\ Ihkdhevdm iheguc mq_l \k_o khklZ\eyxsbo g_\hafh`_g ihwlhfm ijb l_jfh^bgZfbq_kdhf bamq_gbb kbkl_fu ^hklZlhqgh agZlv ebrv baf_g_gb_ __ \gmlj_gg_c wg_j]bb ijb i_j_oh^_ ba h^gh]h khklhygby U1 \ ^jm]h_ U2):

∆U = U2 – U1.

;hevrbgkl\h obfbq_kdbo j_Zdpbc b^_l ijb ihklhygghf ^Z\e_gbb (bah[Zjgu_ ijhp_kku b kbkl_fZ fh`_l h[f_gb\Zlvky wg_j]b_c l_ieh- lhc4k hdjm`Zxs_c kj_^hc b kh\_jrZlv jZ[hlm : ijhlb\ kbe \g_rg_- ]h ^Z\e_gby beb gZh[hjhl gZ^ kbkl_fhc fh`_l [ulv kh\_jr_gZ jZ[hlZ

∆U = Q + A .

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< h[s_f \b^_ jZ[hlZ

A = p(V2 –V1) = p∆V.

?keb gZ^ kbkl_fhc kh\_jrZ_lky jZ[hlZ lh hgZ kqblZ_lky iheh `bl_evghc Z _keb kbkl_fZ kZfZ kh\_jrZ_l jZ[hlm lh lZdZy jZ[hlZ kqblZ_lky hljbpZl_evghc:

A = –p∆V.

Ihwlhfm \ gZr_f kemqZ_ j = const):

∆U = Qp – p∆V

beb

U2 – U1= Qj – p(V2 – V1),

hldm^Z

Qp = (U2+ pV2) – (U1+ pV1).

Nmgdpby U + pV h[hagZq_ggZy q_j_a G gZau\Z_lky wglZevib_c. WglZeviby _klv nmgdpby khklhygby b bf__l jZaf_jghklv wg_j]bb d>`

Qp = H2 – H1 = ∆H.

L_ieh\hc wnn_dl j_Zdpbb ijb ihklhygghf ^Z\e_gbb b l_fi_jZ lmj_ khhl\_lkl\m_l baf_g_gbx wglZevibb kbkl_fu \ oh^_ j_Zdpbb Hg aZ\bkbl hl ijbjh^u j_Z]_glh\ b ijh^mdlh\ bo nbabq_kdh]h khklhygby mkeh\bc L, j ijh\_^_gby j_Zdpbb Z lZd`_ hl dhebq_kl\Z \_s_kl\ mqZkl\mxsbo \ j_Zdpbb

H[uqgh l_jfh^bgZfbq_kdb_ \_ebqbgu hij_^_eyxl ijb klZg ^Zjlguo mkeh\byo: j dIZ b L D hK

KlZg^ZjlgZy wglZeviby j_Zdpbb h[jZah\Zgby fhev ^Zggh]h \_s_ kl\Z ba ijhkluo \_s_kl\ gZoh^ysboky \ klZg^Zjlguo khklhygbyo gZ- au\Z_lky klZg^Zjlghc wglZevib_c h[jZah\Zgby wlh]h \_s_kl\Z gZijbf_j

∆f H0298 (CO2) = – d>` fhev ∆f H0298 (HgO) = –90,9 d>` fhev Wg lZeviby h[jZah\Zgby ijhkluo \_s_kl\ \ klZg^Zjlghf khklhygbb ijb gbfZ_lky jZ\ghc .

Obfbq_kdb_ mjZ\g_gby \ dhlhjuo mdZaZgu baf_g_gby wglZevibbl_ieh\u_ wnn_dlu j_Zdpbc gZau\Zxlky l_jfhobfbq_kdbfb mjZ\g_ gbyfb:

K ]jZnbl H ] → KH ] ; ∆G0298 = – d>`

beb

K ]jZnbl H ] → KH ] d>`

?keb \ j_amevlZl_ j_Zdpbb l_iehlZ \u^_ey_lky Q > lh wglZeviby kbkl_fu ihgb`Z_lky ûH < LZdZy j_Zdpby gZau\Z_lky wdahl_jfbq_k-

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