sbornik zadach po neorganicheskoj chimii

JZkkqblZ_f obfbq_kdh_ dhebq_kl\h dZ`^h]h ba ]Zah\

JZkkqblZ_f agZq_gby fheyjguo ^he_c ]Zah\ \ kf_kb

Ke_^h\Zl_evgh fheyjgZy ^hey dbkehjh^Z $ H2 jZ\gZ

$(O2) = 1 – 0,666 = 0,334.

JZkkqblZ_f agZq_gby iZjpbZevguo ^Z\e_gbc ]Zah\

p(N2) = $(N2) Â P kf_kb = 0,666 Ü dIZ dIZ p(O2) $(O2) Â P kf_kb = 0,334 Ü dIZ dIZ.

Ijbf_j < khkm^_ h[t_fhf e kf_rZeb dbkehjh^ h[t_fhf 3,5 e gZoh^b\rbcky ih^ ^Z\e_gb_f dIZ b Zahl h[t_fhf e gZ oh^b\rbcky ih^ ih^ ^Z\e_gb_f dIZ <uqbkeblv iZjpbZevgu_ ^Z\e_gby ]Zah\ b h[s__ ^Z\e_gb_ ihemq_gghc kf_kb

J_r_gb_

Ih mjZ\g_gbx ;hcey-FZjbhllZ jZkkqblZ_f gh\u_ ^Z\e_gby ]Z ah\ ihke_ bo kf_rb\Zgby l _ iZjpbZevgu_ ^Z\e_gby

GZc^_f h[s__ ^Z\e_gb_ kf_kb

P kf_kb = p(1) + p(2) dIZ dIZ dIZ

Ijbf_j < [Zeehg_ h[t_fhf e ijb l_fi_jZlmj_ oK kh ^_j`Zlky dbkehjh^ fZkkhc ] m]e_dbkeuc ]Za fZkkhc ] b Zahl g_ba\_klghc fZkku <uqbkeblv agZq_gb_ fZkku ZahlZ \ kf_kb _keb __ ^Z\e_gb_ jZ\gh dIZ

J_r_gb_

Ba mjZ\g_gby DeZi_cjhgZ – F_g^_e__\Z \ujZabf ^Z\e_gb_ b jZkkqblZ_f _]h agZq_gby ^ey dbkehjh^Z b m]e_dbkeh]h ]ZaZ

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p = mRT ; VM

JZkkqblZ_f iZjpbZevgh_ ^Z\e_gb_ ZahlZ \ kf_kb

p(N2) = P kf_kb – p(CO2) – p(O2) = 139,05 – 68,16 – dIZ

JZkkqblZ_f agZq_gb_ fZkku ZahlZ \ kf_kb

Ijbf_j < ]Zahf_lj_ gZ^ \h^hc ijb l_fi_jZlmj_ hK kh^_j `blky dbkehjh^ h[t_fhf e ih^ ^Z\e_gb_f dIZ JZkkqblZlv agZq_gb_ h[t_fZ kmoh]h dbkehjh^Z \ ]Zahf_lj_ ijb g m _keb ^Z\e_ gb_ gZkus_ggh]h \h^ygh]h iZjZ ijb oK jZ\gh dIZ

J_r_gb_

JZkkqblZ_f agZq_gb_ iZjpbZevgh]h ^Z\e_gby qbklh]h dbkehjh ^Z \ kf_kb

j(O2) = P(cf_kb – p(H2O) = 102,455 – dIZ

Ba mjZ\g_gby h[t_^bg_ggh]h ]Zah\h]h aZdhgZ \ujZabf Vh b

<hijhku ^ey kZfhklhyl_evghc ih^]hlh\db

1.Knhjfmebjmcl_ hij_^_e_gby ihgylbc obfbq_kdbc we_f_gl Zlhf fhe_dmeZ bhg \_s_kl\h

2.Cdhevdh obfbq_kdbo we_f_glh\ ba\_klgh \ gZklhys__ \j_fy" < q_f aZdexqZxlky jZaebqby f_`^m obfbq_kdbf we_f_glhf b ijhkluf \_s_kl\hf"DZdb_ oZjZdl_jbklbdb ijbkmsb we_f_glm Z dZdb_ – ijhklhfm \_s_kl\m"

3.Qlh oZjZdl_jbamxl hlghkbl_evgZy ZlhfgZy b hlghkbl_evgZy fhe_ dmeyjgZy fZkku" Qlh y\ey_lky Zlhfghc _^bgbp_c fZkku" DZdh_ agZq_gb_ hgZ ijbgbfZ_l b dZd h[hagZqZ_lky"

4.Ihq_fm qbkeh ijhkluo \_s_kl\a]hjZa^h [hevr_ qbkeZ ba \_klguo obfbq_kdbo we_f_glh\" Q_f h[mkeh\e_gh y\e_gb_ Zeeh ljhibb"

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5.Q_f hlebqZxlky \_s_kl\Z fhe_dmeyjgh]h kljh_gby hl \_s_kl\ g_fhe_dmeyjgh]h kljh_gby"DZdb_ nbabq_kdb_ k\hckl\Z ijbkmsb l_f b ^jm]bf \_s_kl\Zf" DZdb_ qZklbpu y\eyxlky bo kljmdlmj gufb _^bgbpZfb"

6.Q_f hij_^_ey_lky obfbq_kdh_ dhebq_kl\h \_s_kl\Z" Knhjfmeb jmcl_ hij_^_e_gb_ ihgylby fhev DZdh\ nbabq_kdbc kfuke ihklh ygghc :\h]Z^jh b q_fm jZ\gh __ agZq_gb_"

7.Qlh ij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hc fheyjgZy fZkkZ \_s_kl\Z"DZd hgZ k\yaZ gZ k fZkkhc \_s_kl\Z b _]h obfbq_kdbf dhebq_kl\hf"DZdb_ agZ q_gby ijbgbfZ_l fheyjgZy fZkkZ b \ dZdbo _^bgbpZo hgZ \ujZ`Z _lky"

8.Qlh lZdh_ fheyjguc h[t_f ]ZaZ"DZd hg k\yaZg k h[t_fhf ]ZaZ b _]h obfbq_kdbf dhebq_kl\hf"Ihq_fm m jZaguo ]Zah\ ijb h^bgZ dh\uo mkeh\byo agZq_gb_ fheyjgh]h h[t_fZ ijbf_jgh h^bgZdh\h"

9.Knhjfmebjmcl_ aZdhg khojZg_gby fZkku \_s_kl\Z DZd fh`gh bg l_jij_lbjh\Zlv wlhl aZdhg k lhqdb aj_gby Zlhfgh-fhe_dmeyjgh]h mq_gby"

10.Knhjfmebjmcl_ aZdhg ihklhygkl\Z khklZ\Z \_s_kl\Z D dZdbf kh _^bg_gbyf hg ijbf_gbf b ihq_fm" DZdb_ \_s_kl\Z hlghkylky d \_s_kl\Zf ihklhyggh]h Z dZdb_ – d \_s_kl\Zf i_j_f_ggh]h kh klZ\Z"Ijb\_^bl_ ijbf_ju

11.Q_f hlebqZxlky wfibjbq_kdb_ ijhkl_crb_ nhjfmeu \_s_kl\ hl fhe_dmeyjguo bklbgguo nhjfme"

12.Knhjfmebjmcl_ aZdhg wd\b\Ze_glh\ >Zcl_ hij_^_e_gby ihgylbyf wd\b\Ze_gl qbkeh wd\b\Ze_glghklb nZdlhj wd\b\Ze_glghklb fh eyjgZy fZkkZ wd\b\Ze_glZ fheyjguc h[t_f wd\b\Ze_glZ

13.DZdb_ qZklbpu gZau\Zxlky j_Zevgufb Z dZdb_ – mkeh\gufb" Ijb\_^bl_ ijbf_ju

14.Ihq_fm wd\b\Ze_glZfb h^gh]h b lh]h `_ \_s_kl\Z fh]ml [ulv jZa gu_ qZklbpu"Ihykgbl_ gZ dhgdj_lguo ijbf_jZo

15.Ihq_fm fheyjgZy fZkkZ wd\b\Ze_glZ h^gh]h b lh]h `_ \_s_kl\Z fh`_l bf_lv jZagu_ agZq_gby"

16.Knhjfmebjmcl_ aZdhg :\h]Z^jh D \_s_kl\Zf \ dZdhf Z]j_]Zlghf khklhygbb hg ijbf_gbf b ihq_fm"

17.Knhjfmebjmcl_ \Z`g_crb_ ke_^kl\by ba aZdhgZ :\h]Z^jh DZdb_ mkeh\by kqblZxlky ghjfZevgufb b q_fm jZ\_g fheyjguc h[t_f ]ZaZ ijb wlbo mkeh\byo"< dZdbo _^bgbpZo hg \ujZ`Z_lky"

18.Qlh oZjZdl_jbam_l hlghkbl_evgZy iehlghklv h^gh]h ]ZaZ ih ^jm]h fm ]Zam" DZd jZkkqblu\Z_lky iehlghklv ]ZaZ b dZdh\ __ nbabq_k- dbc kfuke"

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19.Qlh oZjZdl_jbam_l kj_^gyy fheyjgZy fZkkZ kf_kb ]Zah\" DZd hgZ jZkkqblu\Z_lky"Q_fm jZ\gZ kj_^gyy fheyjgZy fZkkZ \ha^moZ"

20.Knhjfmebjmcl_ aZdhgu ;hcey – FZjbhllZ b =_c-ExkkZdZ aZib rbl_ bo fZl_fZlbq_kdb_ \ujZ`_gby

21.Knhjfmebjmcl_ h[t_^bg_gguc ]Zah\uc aZdhg b aZibrbl_ _]h fZ l_fZlbq_kdh_ \ujZ`_gb_ < dZdbo jZkq_lZo hg bkihevam_lky"

22.AZibrbl_ mjZ\g_gb_ DeZi_cjhgZ – F_g^_e__\Z DZdh\ nbabq_kdbc kfuke mgb\_jkZevghc ]Zah\hc ihklhygghc" DZdb_ agZq_gby hgZ fh`_l ijbgbfZlv b hl q_]h aZ\bkbl __ \_ebqbgZ"

23.DZdh_ ^Z\e_gb_ gZau\Z_lky iZjpbZevguf ^Z\e_gb_f ]ZaZ"DZd hgh k\yaZgh k h[sbf ^Z\e_gb_f ]Zah\hc kf_kb"Knhjfmebjmcl_ aZdhg iZjpbZevguo ^Z\e_gbc ]Zah\

AZ^Zqb ^ey j_r_gby

1.=Za h[t_fhf e ijb ghjfZevguo mkeh\byo bf__l fZkkm ] <uqbkeblv agZq_gb_ fZkku h^ghc fhe_dmeu ^Zggh]h ]ZaZ

2.Fhe_dmeZ \_s_kl\Z bf__l fZkkm jZ\gmx–25 d] Hij_^_ eblv agZq_gb_ fZkku wlh]h \_s_kl\Z _keb _]h obfbq_kdh_ dhebq_ kl\h jZ\gh fhev

3.Q_fm jZ\gh obfbq_kdh_ dhebq_kl\h \_s_kl\Z _keb _]h fZkkZ jZ\gZ

] Z fZkkZ h^ghc fhe_dmeu wlh]h \_s_kl\Z jZ\gZ–25 d]?

4.Cdhevdh fhe_dme kh^_j`blky \ [_gahe_ fZkkhc ] \ hdkb^_ k_ ju IV fZkkhc ] \ ZffbZd_ h[t_fhf e ijb g m"

5.Kdhevdh Zlhfh\ kh^_j`blky \ ijhiZg_ h[t_fhf e g m hd kb^_ nhknhjZ V fZkkhc ] \h^_ fZkkhc ] hahg_ h[t_fhf 13,44 e g m f_^ghf dmihjhk_ _keb _]h obfbq_kdh_ dhebq_kl\h jZ\gh fhev"

6.Kdhevdh bhgh\ kh^_j`blky \ kmevnZl_ Zffhgby fZkkhc ] \ ]b^jhdZj[hgZl_ dZevpby fZkkhc ] \ gbljZl_ ]b^jhdkh[Zjby fZkkhc ] \ Zp_lZl_ fZ]gby _keb _]h obfbq_kdh_ dhebq_kl\h jZ\gh fhev"

7.=Za hlghkbl_evgZy iehlghklv dhlhjh]h ih \ha^mom jZ\gZ kh

^_j`blky \ khkm^_ h[t_fhf e ijb l_fi_jZlmj_ hK b ^Z\e_gbb 1,038·105 IZ <uqbkeblv agZq_gb_ fZkku ]ZaZ

8.Hij_^_eblv fZkkm iZjh\ lhemheZ \ ihf_s_gbb h[t_fhf f3 ijb l_fi_jZlmj_ hK _keb bo ^Z\e_gb_ jZ\gh IZ

9.<uqbkeblv fZkkm ba\_klgydZ ijb ijhdZeb\Zgbb dhlhjh]h \u^_ eblky m]e_dbkeuc ]Za aZgbfZxsbc h[t_f jZ\guc e ijb l_f i_jZlmj_ hK b ^Z\e_gbb IZ

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10.Ba h[jZapZ l_ogbq_kdh]h oehjZlZ dZeby fZkkhc ] [ue ihemq_g dbkehjh^ h[t_f dhlhjh]h ijb l_fi_jZlmj_ hK b ^Z\e_gbb 111,9 dIZ jZ\_g e <uqbkeblv agZq_gb_ fZkkh\hc ^heb ijbf_ kb \ bkoh^ghf h[jZap_ oehjZlZ dZeby

11.Ihke_ \aju\Z kf_kb \h^hjh^Z k dbkehjh^hf h[sbf h[t_fhf eg m hklZeky dbkehjh^ h[t_fhf e g m <uqbkeblv agZ q_gby h[t_fguo ^he_c ]Zah\ \ bkoh^ghc kf_kb

12.Ba kdhevdbo Zlhfh\ khklhyl fhe_dmeu jlmlb _keb agZq_gb_ hlgh kbl_evghc iehlghklb __ iZjh\ ih \ha^mom jZ\gh"

13.Ijb g_dhlhjhc l_fi_jZlmj_ iehlghklv iZjh\ k_ju ih Zahlm jZ\gZ

Ba kdhevdbo Zlhfh\ khklhbl fhe_dmeZ k_ju ijb mdZaZgghc l_fi_jZlmj_"

14.< [Zeehg_ \f_klbfhklvx e gZoh^blky dbkehjh^ ih^ ^Z\e_gb _f Â7 IZ b ijb l_fi_jZlmj_ hK DZdhc h[t_f aZcf_l db kehjh^ ijb g m"Q_fm jZ\gZ fZkkZ ]ZaZ \ [Zeehg_"

15.KlZevghc [Zeehg gZiheg_g Zahlhf ih^ ^Z\e_gb_f Â7 IZ ijb

l_fi_jZlmj_ hK Ij_^_evgh ^himklbfh_ ^Z\e_gb_ dhlhjh_ \u ^_j`b\Z_l [Zeehg jZ\ghÂ7 IZ DZdh\Z fZdkbfZevgZy l_fi_ jZlmjZ ^h dhlhjhc fh`gh gZ]j_lv [Zeehg"

16.< khkm^ h[t_fhf e ba dhlhjh]h [ue ij_^\Zjbl_evgh \udZqZg \ha^mo ijb l_fi_jZlmj_ hK \\_eb \h^hjh^ h[t_fhf e b Zahl h[t_fhf e gZoh^b\rb_ky ijb g m <uqbkeblv ^Z\e_gb_ \gmljb khkm^Z

17.=Zahh[jZaguc m]e_\h^hjh^ fZkkhc ] kf_rZg k ]_eb_f h[t_f

gZy ^hey dhlhjh]h \ ihemq_gghc kf_kb jZ\gZ Ijb l_fi_jZ lmj_ hK b ^Z\e_gbb Â5 IZ ^ZggZy kf_kv aZgbfZ_l h[t_f jZ\guc e Hij_^_eblv nhjfmem m]e_\h^hjh^Z kh^_j`Zs_]hky \ kf_kb

18.< \ha^mo_ iZjpbZevgu_ ^Z\e_gby ]Zah\ jZ\gu ZahlZ – IZ dbkehjh^Z – IZ Zj]hgZ – IZ m]e_dbkeh]h ]ZaZ – IZ <uqbkeblv agZq_gby h[t_fguo ^he_c wlbo ]Zah\ \ \ha^mo_

19.G_ba\_klguc ]Za khklZ\Z WG3 fZkkhc ] ijb l_fi_jZlmj_ 26 hK b ^Z\e_gbb dIZ aZgbfZ_l h[t_f jZ\guc e <u qbkeblv agZq_gb_ fZkkh\hc ^heb we_f_glZ W \ ]Za_

20.Hlghkbl_evgZy iehlghklv ]Zahh[jZagh]h \_s_kl\Z ih dbkehjh^m jZ\gZ <uqbkeblv fZkkm ^Zggh]h \_s_kl\Z _keb

Z _]h h[t_f ijb l_fi_jZlmj_ hK b ^Z\e_gbb dIZ khklZ\ ey_l e

[ _]h obfbq_kdh_ dhebq_kl\h jZ\gh fhev \ qbkeh _]h fhe_dme jZ\ghÂ22.

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21.<uqbkeblv agZq_gb_ h[t_fZ g m wd\bfheyjghc kf_kb \h^hjh^Z k dbkehjh^hf \ dhlhjhc fZkkZ \h^hjh^Z jZ\gZ ]

22.<uqbkeblv agZq_gb_ fZkku ZlhfZ we_f_glZ O _keb ]Zahh[jZagh_ ijhklh_ \_s_kl\h O2 fZkkhc ] ijb l_fi_jZlmj_ hK b ^Z\e_ gbb dIZ aZgbfZ_l h[t_f jZ\guc e

23.DZdhc h[t_f ijb l_fi_jZlmj_ hK b ^Z\e_gbbÂ5 IZ aZgbfZ_l ]Za fZkkhc ] _keb agZq_gb_ _]h hlghkbl_evghc iehlghklb ih \h^hjh^m jZ\gh"

24.H[t_fgZy ^hey k_jh\h^hjh^Z \ kf_kb k g_ba\_klguf ]Zeh]_gh\h^hjh ^hf jZ\gZ Z fZkkh\Zy ^hey \h^hjh^Z we_f_glZ \ kf_kb jZ\gZ

<uqbkeblv agZq_gb_ iehlghklb ^Zgghc kf_kb ijb g m

25.Kf_kv f_lZgZ m]Zjgh]h ]ZaZ b wlZgZ h[sbf h[t_fhf fe g m

kh`]eb \ ba[uld_ dbkehjh^Z \ j_amevlZl_ q_]h h[jZah\Zebkv m]e_ dbkeuc ]Za h[t_fhf fe g m b \h^Z fZkkhc ] <uqbkeblv agZq_gb_ hlghkbl_evghc iehlghklb bkoh^ghc kf_kb ih \ha^mom

26.Kf_kv ijhiZgZ f_lZgZ b hdkb^Z m]e_jh^Z II h[sbf h[t_fhf 0,5 e g m kh`]eb \ ba[uld_ dbkehjh^Z \ j_amevlZl_ q_]h h[jZah \Zeky m]e_dbkeuc ]Za h[t_fhf e g m <uqbkeblv agZq_gb_ h[t_fghc ^heb ijhiZgZ \ bkoh^ghc kf_kb

27.JZkkqblZlv agZq_gb_ h[t_fZ \ha^moZ g m g_h[oh^bfh]h ^ey ihegh]h k]hjZgby kf_kb \h^hjh^Z k Zp_lbe_ghf h[sbf h[t_fhf

e g m _keb hlghkbl_evgZy iehlghklv ^Zgghc kf_kb ih \h^h jh^m jZ\gZ

28.Kf_kv f_lZgZ wlbe_gZ b Zp_lbe_gZ kh`]eb \ ba[uld_ dbkehjh^Z \ j_amevlZl_ q_]h h[jZah\Zebkv m]e_dbkeuc ]Za h[t_fhf eg m b \h^Z fZkkhc ] <uqbkeblv agZq_gb_ fZkku bkoh^ghc kf_kb

29.FZkkZ dhe[u _fdhklvx fe aZiheg_gghc g_ba\_klguf ]Zahf ijb l_fijZlmj_ hK b ^Z\e_gbb dIZ jZ\gZ ] FZkkZ lhc `_ dhe[u aZiheg_gghc \ha^mohf ijb l_o `_ mkeh\byo jZ\gZ

] <uqbkeblv agZq_gb_ fheyjghc fZkku g_ba\_klgh]h ]ZaZ

30.FZkkZ dhe[u aZiheg_gghc g_ba\_klguf ]Zahf ijb l_fi_jZlmj_ 19 hK b ^Z\e_gbb dIZ jZ\gZ ] FZkkZ wlhc `_ dhe[u aZiheg_gghc ijb l_o `_ mkeh\byo \ha^mohf jZ\gZ ] FZkkZ dhe[u aZiheg_gghc \h^hc jZ\gZ ] <uqbkeblv agZq_gb_ fh eyjghc fZkku g_ba\_klgh]h ]ZaZ

31.< kf_kb ]Zah\ bo h[t_fgu_ ^heb jZ\gu m]e_dbkeh]h ]ZaZ – 20 %; m]Zjgh]h ]ZaZ – \h^hjh^Z – \h^ygh]h iZjZ – <u qbkeblv agZq_gb_ fZkku ^Zgghc kf_kb _keb __ h[t_f ijb l_fi_ jZlmj_ hK b ^Z\e_gbb dIZ jZ\_g e

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32.< khkm^_ h[t_fhf e kf_rZeb \h^hjh^ h[t_fhf e gZoh^b\ rbcky ih^ ^Z\e_gb_f dIZ k f_lZghf h[t_fhf e gZoh^b\- rbfky ih^ ^Z\e_gb_f dIZ <uqbkeblv agZq_gb_ ^Z\e_gby ihem- q_gghc kf_kb Q_fm jZ\gZ __ hlghkbl_evgZy iehlghklv ih ]_ebx"

33.< kf_kb m]e_dbkeh]h b m]Zjgh]h ]Zah\ bo iZjpbZevgu_ ^Z\e_gby jZ\gu khhl\_lkl\_ggh dIZ b dIZ <uqbkeblv agZq_gb_ h[t_fZ dhlhjuc [m^_l aZgbfZlv mdZaZggZy kf_kv fZkkhc ] ijb l_fi_jZlmj_ hK b ^Z\e_gbb dIZ

34.< aZdjulhf khkm^_ h[t_fhf f3 ijb l_fi_jZlmj_ hK gZoh ^blky kf_kv khklhysZy ba m]e_dbkeh]h ]ZaZ fZkkhc d] dbkeh jh^Z fZkkhc d] b f_lZgZ fZkkhc d] <uqbkeblv agZq_gby iZjpbZevguo ^Z\e_gbc ]Zah\ \ kf_kb

35.< ]Zahf_lj_ gZ^ \h^hc ijb l_fi_jZlmj_ hK b ^Z\e_gbb IZ gZoh^blky dbkehjh^ h[t_fhf e DZdhc h[t_f \h^hjh^Z g m

ijhj_Z]bjm_l k dbkehjh^hf ba ]Zahf_ljZ _keb ^Z\e_gb_ gZkus_g gh]h \h^ygh]h iZjZ ijb hK jZ\gh IZ"

36.< khkm^_ h[t_fhf e [ueZ ijb]hlh\e_gZ kf_kv ba ZahlZ h[t_fhfe gZoh^b\r_]hky ih^ ^Z\e_gb_f dIZ b dbkehjh^Z h[t_fhf

e Ih^ dZdbf ^Z\e_gb_f gZoh^beky dbkehjh^ ^h ijb]hlh\e_gby kf_kb _keb __ h[s__ ^Z\e_gb_ jZ\gh dIZ"

37.G_ba\_klguc f_lZee jZkl\hjbeb \ ba[uld_ kheyghc dbkehlu \ j_ amevlZl_ q_]h h[jZah\ZeZkv khev fZkkhc ] b \u^_ebeky ]Za h[t_f dhlhjh]h ijb l_fi_jZlmj_ hK b ^Z\e_gbb dIZ khklZ \be e Hij_^_eblv f_lZee b \uqbkeblv agZq_gb_ _]h fZkku

38.F_lZee fZkkhc ] \ul_kgbe ba jZkl\hjZ k_jghc dbkehlu \h^h jh^ h[t_fhf e kh[jZgguc gZ^ \h^hc ijb l_fi_jZlmj_ hK b ^Z\e_gbb dIZ <uqbkeblv agZq_gb_ fZkku h[jZah\Z\r_cky ijb wlhf kheb _keb ^Z\e_gb_ gZkus_ggh]h \h^ygh]h iZjZ ijb mdZaZgghc l_fi_jZlmj_ jZ\gh dIZ

39.F_lZee fZkkhc ] \ul_kgbe ba jZkl\hjZ dbkehlu \h^hjh^ h[t_- fhf fe kh[jZgguc gZ^ \h^hc ijb l_fi_jZlmj_ hK b ^Z\e_gbb

dIZ Hij_^_eblv bkoh^guc f_lZee _keb ^Z\e_gb_ gZ- kus_ggh]h \h^ygh]h iZjZ ijb mdZaZgghc l_fi_jZlmj_ jZ\gh dIZ

40.JZkkqblZlv agZq_gb_ fheyjghc fZkku wd\b\Ze_glZ f_lZeeZ b hij_^_eblv f_lZee _keb _]h fZkkh\Zy ^hey \ hdkb^_ jZ\gZ

41.G_ba\_klguc f_lZee fZkkhc ] h[jZam_l oehjb^ fZkkhc 24,75 ] <uqbkeblv fZkkm ^Zggh]h f_lZeeZ g_h[oh^bfh]h ^ey ih emq_gby \h^hjh^Z h[t_fhf e ijb l_fi_jZlmj_ hK b ^Z\e_ gbb dIZ

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42.GZ \hkklZgh\e_gb_ hdkb^Z g_dhlhjh]h f_lZeeZ fZkkhc ] aZljZ q_g \h^hjh^ h[t_f dhlhjh]h ijb l_fi_jZlmj_ hK b ^Z\e_gbb

dIZ jZ\_g fe <uqbkeblv agZq_gb_ fheyjghc fZkku wd \b\Ze_glZ f_lZeeZ b hij_^_eblv f_lZee

43.Hdkb^ g_ba\_klgh]h f_lZeeZ fZkkhc ] ij_\jZlbeb \ kmevnZl wlh]h `_ f_lZeeZ fZkkhc ] JZkkqblZlv fZkkm oehjb^Z f_lZe eZ dhlhjuc fh`gh ihemqblv ba bkoh^gh]h hdkb^Z fZkkhc ]

44.Hij_^_eblv wd\b\Ze_gl jZkkqblZlv agZq_gby fheyjghc fZkku b fheyjgh]h h[t_fZ wd\b\Ze_glZ g m k_jh\h^hjh^Z \ dZ`^hc ba

j_Zdpbc

Z) 2H2S + (CuOH)2SO4 = 2CuS + H2SO4 + 2H2O;

[) 2H2S + O2 = 2H2O + 2S;

\) 2H2S + 3O2 = 2H2O + 2SO2;

]) H26G2SO4 = 4H2O + 4SO2

45.Hij_^_eblv wd\b\Ze_gl b jZkkqblZlv agZq_gb_ fheyjghc fZkku wd\b\Ze_glZ kmevnZlZ Zexfbgby \ dZ`^hc ba j_Zdpbc

Z) Al2(SO4)3 + 12KOH = 2K3[Al(OH)6] + 3K2SO4; [) Al2(SO4)3 + Al(OH)3 = 3Al(OH)SO4;

\) Al2(SO4)3 + 2KOH = 2Al(OH)SO4 + K2SO4.

46.JZkkqblZlv agZq_gb_ obfbq_kdh]h dhebq_kl\Z wd\b\Ze_glZ nhk nhjghc dbkehlu \ dZ`^hc ba j_Zdpbc _keb __ fZkkZ \ dZ`^hf kem qZ_ jZ\gZ ]

Z) 4H3PO4 + Ca3(PO4)2 = 3Ca(H2PO4)2;

[) 2H3PO4 + (CaOH)3PO4 = 3CaHPO4 + 3H2O.

47.>ey hkZ`^_gby \k_]h oehjZ kh^_j`Z\r_]hky \ oehjb^_ f_lZeeZ fZkkhc ] bajZkoh^h\Zg gbljZl k_j_[jZ fZkkhc ] <u qbkeblv agZq_gb_ fheyjghc fZkku wd\b\Ze_glZ f_lZeeZ b hij_^_ eblv ^Zgguc f_lZee

48.G_ba\_klguc f_lZee fZkkhc ] \ul_kgy_l ba jZkl\hjZ dbkeh lu \h^hjh^ h[t_fhf e g m Wlhl `_ f_lZee lZdhc `_ fZk ku iheghklvx j_Z]bjm_l k khevx k\bgpZ fZkkhc ] Hij_^_ eblv g_ba\_klguc f_lZee b \uqbkeblv agZq_gb_ fheyjghc fZkku wd\b\Ze_glZ kheb k\bgpZ

49.Ijb ijhimkdZgbb k_jh\h^hjh^Z q_j_a jZkl\hj kh^_j`Zsbc oeh jb^ g_ba\_klgh]h f_lZeeZ fZkkhc ] h[jZah\Zeky hkZ^hd kmevnb^Z wlh]h `_ f_lZeeZ fZkkhc ] Hij_^_eblv g_ba\_kl guc f_lZee b \uqbkeblv agZq_gb_ h[t_fZ g m ijhj_Z]bjh\Z\r_ ]h k_jh\h^hjh^Z

50.JZkkqblZlv agZq_gb_ fZkku Zexfbgby g_h[oh^bfh]h ^ey ihegh]h \ul_kg_gby jlmlb ba jZkl\hjZ \ dhlhjhf obfbq_kdh_ dhebq_kl\h wd\b\Ze_glZ gbljZlZ jlmlb I jZ\gh fhev

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51.Ijb k]hjZgbb f_lZeeZ fZkkhc ] h[jZah\Zeky hdkb^ wlh]h f_ lZeeZ fZkkhc ] Hij_^_eblv kl_i_gv hdbke_gby f_lZeeZ \ ihemq_gghf hdkb^_

52.G_ba\_klguc f_lZee fZkkhc ] kh_^bgy_lky k dbkehjh^hf fZk khc ] Lhl `_ f_lZee fZkkhc ] kh_^bgy_lky k h^gbf ba ]Zeh]_ gh\ fZkkhc ] Hij_^_eblv obfbq_kdb_ nhjfmeu h[jZamxsboky ijb wlhf hdkb^Z b ]Zeh]_gb^Z

53.< j_amevlZl_ \aZbfh^_ckl\by hdkb^Z f_lZeeZ k k_jghc dbkehlhc h[jZah\Zebkv kj_^gyy khev fZkkhc ] b \h^Z fZkkhc ] Hi j_^_eblv fZkkm gbljZlZ f_lZeeZ dhlhjuc fh`gh ihemqblv ba bk oh^gh]h hdkb^Z fZkkhc ]

54.F_lZee fheyjgZy fZkkZ wd\b\Ze_glZ dhlhjh]h jZ\gZ ] fhev \ul_kgbe ba jZkl\hjZ k_jghc dbkehlu \h^hjh^ h[t_fhf feg m <uqbkeblv fZkkm f_lZeeZ \klmib\r_]h \ j_Zdpbx b fZkkm h[jZah\Z\r_cky kheb

55.FheyjgZy fZkkZ wd\b\Ze_glZ g_dhlhjh]h we_f_glZ jZ\gZ ] fhev <uqbkebl_

Z agZq_gb_ fZkkh\hc ^heb dbkehjh^Z \ hdkb^_ wlh]h we_f_glZ

[ agZq_gb_ h[t_fZ \h^hjh^Z g m g_h[oh^bfh]h ^ey \hkklZgh\- e_gby mdZaZggh]h hdkb^Z fZkkhc ]

56.FZkkh\u_ ^heb ]Zeh]_gZ \ ]Zeh]_gb^_ f_lZeeZ b dbkehjh^Z \ hd kb^_ lh]h `_ f_lZeeZ jZ\gu khhl\_lkl\_ggh b Hi j_^_eblv obfbq_kdmx nhjfmem ]Zeh]_gb^Z f_lZeeZ

57.G_ba\_klguc f_lZee : fZkkhc ] \ul_kgbe ba jZkl\hjZ kheb f_ lZee ; fZkkhc ] dhlhjuc \ k\hx hq_j_^v \ul_kgbe ba jZk l\hjZ dbkehlu \h^hjh^ h[t_fhf e ijb l_fi_jZlmj_ hK b ^Z\e_gbb dIZ Hij_^_eblv f_lZeeu : b ;

58.Hij_^_eblv ijhkl_crmx nhjfmem \_s_kl\Z \ khklZ\ dhlhjh]h \oh^yl gZljbc k_jZ b dbkehjh^

59.Hij_^_eblv ijhkl_crmx nhjfmem \_s_kl\Z ijb iheghf jZaeh`_ gbb dhlhjh]h h[jZah\Zebkv ZffbZd fZkkhc ] \h^Z fZkkhc ] b m]e_dbkeuc ]Za h[t_fhf e g m

60.G_ba\_klgh_ hj]Zgbq_kdh_ \_s_kl\h fZkkhc ] kh`]eb \ dbkehjh^_ b ihemqbeb m]e_dbkeuc ]Za h[t_fhf e g m b \h^m fZkkhc

] Hij_^_eblv fhe_dmeyjgmx nhjfmem bkoh^gh]h \_s_kl\Z _k eb hlghkbl_evgZy iehlghklv _]h iZjh\ ih \h^hjh^m jZ\gZ

61.Ijb iheghf k]hjZgbb g_ba\_klgh]h \_s_kl\Z fZkkhc ] \ db kehjh^_ [ueb ihemq_gu m]e_dbkeuc ]Za fZkkhc ] \h^Z fZkkhc

] b Zahl h[t_fhf e g m Hij_^_eblv fhe_dmeyjgmx nhjfmem \_s_kl\Z _keb hlghkbl_evgZy iehlghklv _]h iZjh\ ih \ha^mom jZ\gZ

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62.H^gh ba \h^hjh^guo kh_^bg_gbc ZahlZ kh`]eb \ dbkehjh^_ b ih emqbeb \h^m fZkkZ dhlhjhc \ jZaZ [hevr_ fZkku h[jZah\Z\ r_]hky ijb wlhf ZahlZ Hij_^_eblv ijhkl_crmx nhjfmem bkoh^ gh]h \_s_kl\Z

63.Ijb l_jfbq_kdhf jZaeh`_gbb h^gh]h ba hdkb^h\ fZj]ZgpZ [ueb ihemq_gu hdkb^ fZj]ZgpZ Mn3O4 fZkkhc ] b dbkehjh^ h[t_ fhf e g m Hij_^_eblv ijhkl_crmx nhjfmem bkoh^gh]h hdkb^Z

64.Iehlghklv ]Zahh[jZagh]h [hjh\h^hjh^Z qbke_ggh jZ\gZ iehlghklb ZahlZ baf_j_gu ijb h^bgZdh\uo mkeh\byo Hij_^_eblv _]h ob fbq_kdmx nhjfmem _keb fZkkh\Zy ^hey [hjZ \ g_f jZ\gZ

65.< hj]Zgbq_kdhf \_s_kl\_ fZkkh\u_ ^heb we_f_glh\ khklZ\eyxl m]e_jh^Z – \h^hjh^Z – oehjZ – IZju ^Zggh]h \_s_kl\Z fZkkhc ] ijb l_fi_jZlmj_ hK b ^Z\e_gbb

dIZ aZgbfZxl h[t_f jZ\guc e Hij_^_eblv obfbq_ kdmx nhjfmem \_s_kl\Z

66.Hij_^_eblv ijhkl_crmx nhjfmem \_s_kl\Z \ dhlhjhf fZkkh\u_ ^heb we_f_glh\ jZ\gu dZebc – ojhf – dbkeh- jh^ – 38,10 %.

67.< g_ba\_klghf \_s_kl\_ fZkkh\Zy ^hey [hjZ jZ\gZ \h^hjh ^Z – b ZahlZ – IZju wlh]h \_s_kl\Z fZkkhc ] ijb l_fi_jZlmj_ hK b ^Z\e_gbb dIZ aZgbfZ_l h[t_f jZ\guc

e Hij_^_ebl_ fhe_dmeyjgmx nhjfmem kh_^bg_gby

68.G_ba\_klgh_ kh_^bg_gb_ \h^hjh^Z k Zahlhf fZkkhc ] kh`]eb \ ba[uld_ dbkehjh^Z \ j_amevlZl_ q_]h h[jZah\Zebkv \h^Z fZkkhc

] b Zahl h[t_fhf fe g m Hij_^_eblv fhe_dmeyjgmx nhjfmem bkoh^gh]h \_s_kl\Z _keb iehlghklv _]h iZjh\ ijb g m jZ\gZ ] e

69.G_ba\_klgh_ hj]Zgbq_kdh_ \_s_kl\h fZkkhc ] kh`]eb \ ba [uld_ dbkehjh^Z \ j_amevlZl_ q_]h h[jZah\Zebkv m]e_dbkeuc ]Za fZkkhc ] b \h^Z fZkkhc ] Hij_^_eblv fhe_dmeyjgmx nhjfmem bkoh^gh]h \_s_kl\Z _keb hlghkbl_evgZy iehlghklv _]h ih \h^hjh^m jZ\gZ

70.G_ba\_klgh_ [jhfkh^_j`Zs__ \_s_kl\h fZkkhc ] kh`]eb \ ba[uld_ dbkehjh^Z \ j_amevlZl_ q_]h h[jZah\Zebkv m]e_dbkeuc ]Za fZkkhc ] b \h^Z fZkkhc ] ;jhf kh^_j`Zsbcky \ bk oh^ghf \_s_kl\_ fZkkhc ] [ue iheghklvx i_j_\_^_g \ [jh fb^ k_j_[jZ fZkkZ dhlhjh]h hdZaZeZkv jZ\ghc ] Hij_^_eblv fhe_dmeyjgmx nhjfmem \_s_kl\Z _keb hlghkbl_evgZy iehlghklv _]h iZjh\ ih dbkehjh^m jZ\gZ

30