sbornik zadach po neorganicheskoj chimii

195.JZkkqblZcl_ k(H+ \ `_em^hqghf khd_ b \ djh\b q_eh\_dZ _kebS+ `_em^hqgh]h khdZ b djh\b a^hjh\h]h q_eh\_dZ jZ\gu khhl\_lkl \_ggh b

196.DZd baf_gblkyS+ F&+3&22+_keb jZkl\hjblv ] Zp_lZ lZ gZljby \ e wlh]h jZkl\hjZ"

197.GZ hkgh\Zgbb lZ[ebqguo ^Zgguo ih \_ebqbgZf ijhba\_^_gbc jZkl\hjbfhklb $J&O$J%U$J,b $J26jZkkqblZcl_ jZkl\hjbfh klb wlbo khe_c \ fhev e b \ ] e

198.Kdhevdh ] bhgh\ $J+ kh^_j`blky \ fe gZkus_ggh]h jZkl\hjZ

Ag2SO4"IJ $J2SO4 ) = 1,6 · 10–5.

199.<h kdhevdh jZa mf_gvrblky dhgp_gljZpby 3E2+ \ gZkus_gghf jZkl\hj_ 3E&O2 _keb \ fe lZdh]h jZkl\hjZ ^hihegbl_evgh jZkl\hjblv fhev1D&O"

200.<uiZ^Z_l eb hkZ^hd _keb kf_rZlv fe jZkl\hjZ $J123 k dhg p_gljZpb_c k(AgNO3) = 2,5 ·10–3 fhev e b fe jZkl\hjZ&D&l2 c dhgp_gljZpb_c k(CaCl2 fhev e"

201.GZibrbl_ mjZ\g_gby ]b^jhebaZ \ fhe_dmeyjghc b bhggh- fhe_dmeyjghc nhjfZo ih dZ`^hc klmi_gb ^ey ke_^mxsbo khe_c

AlI3, K3PO4, ZnSO4, Al2(SO4)3, NH4CN, NH4HCO3, Al2Se3.

202.Ijb]hlh\e_gu F jZkl\hju ke_^mxsbo \_s_kl\ .&O2 1+4I, 1D&1JZkkqblZcl_ kl_i_gb ]b^jhebaZ khe_c b jG jZkl\hjh\

203.KjZ\gbl_ ]b^jhebam_fhklv khe_c Z) FeCl2 – FeCl3;

[)Na2CO3 – Na2SiO3; \)NaHCO3 – Na2CO3;

]) Be(NO3)2 – Mg(NO3)2; ^) Na2CO3 – (NH4)2CO3; _) Na2S – Na2Se.

204.DZdh\Z kj_^Z dbkeZy s_ehqgZy g_cljZevgZy \h^gh]h jZkl\hjZ dZ`^hc ba ke_^mxsbo khe_c NaHCO3, KHSO3, Cs2SO4, K2HPO4, RbH2PO4 GKHHNH4, Ba(OH)Cl"Hl\_l h[hkgh\Zlv

205.Ijb\_^bl_ fhe_dmeyjgu_ b bhggh-fhe_dmeyjgu_ mjZ\g_gby j_ Zdpbc ijhl_dZxsbo \ \h^guo jZkl\hjZo f_`^m dZj[hgZlhf gZ ljby b Z oehjb^hf `_e_aZ III [ kmevnZlhf Zexfbgby \ gbl jZlhf ojhfZ III oehjb^hf f_^b II DZdb_ [m^ml h[jZah\u\Zlv ky ijh^mdlu j_Zdpbb _keb dZj[hgZl gZljby aZf_gblv gZ ]b^jh dZj[hgZl gZljby

81

= E : < : 9 , ,

KLJH?GB? :LHF:

B I?JBH>BQ?KDBC A:DHG > B F?G>?E??<:

1.MdZ`bl_ hkgh\gu_ oZjZdl_jbklbdb fZkkm aZjy^ b hlghkbl_evgu_ jZaf_ju we_f_glZjguo qZklbp \oh^ysbo \ khklZ\ ZlhfZ

2.>Zcl_ hij_^_e_gb_ ihgylbc fZkkh\h_ qbkeh Zlhfguc ghf_j bahlhiu bah[Zju bahlhgu gmdeb^u.

3.Qlh lZdh_ jZ^bhZdlb\ghklv"DZdh\u __ ijbqbgu"Ijb\_^bl_ ijb f_ju hkgh\guo lbih\ jZ^bhZdlb\guo ij_\jZs_gbc

4.H[tykgbl_ ijbqbgu dhjimkdmeyjgh-\hegh\hc ^\hckl\_gghklb fbdjhh[t_dlh\

5.Qlh lZdh_ we_dljhggh_ h[eZdh \hegh\Zy nmgdpby we_dljhggZy iehlghklv ZlhfgZy hj[blZev"< q_f jZaebqb_ ihgylbc hj[blZev b hj[blZ?

6.DZdhc kfuke bf_xl d\Zglh\u_ qbkeZ oZjZdl_jbamxsb_ khklhygb_ we_dljhgZ \ Zlhf_" DZdb_ qbke_ggu_ agZq_gby hgb fh]ml ijbgb fZlv"

7.>Zcl_ lhedh\Zgb_ ihgylbc we_dljhggZy h[hehqdZ wg_j]_lbq_ kdbc mjh\_gv we_dljhgguc kehc ih^mjh\_gv ZlhfgZy hj[blZev

8.Qlh lZdh_ wnn_dlb\guc aZjy^ y^jZ"

9.Ihykgbl_ hkgh\gu_ ijbgpbiu jZkij_^_e_gby we_dljhgh\ ih hj[b lZeyf \ Zlhf_

10.>Zcl_ nhjfmebjh\dm ijZ\beZ De_qdh\kdh]h DZd hgh hij_^_ey_l ihjy^hd aZiheg_gby Zlhfguo hj[blZe_c :H" DZdb_ :H bf_xl h^bgZdh\u_ agZq_gb_ kmffu nOjZ\gh_ beb"

11.GZibrbl_ nhjfmeu we_dljhgguo dhgnb]mjZpbc Zlhfh\ i_j\uo q_luj_o i_jbh^h\, La, Ru, W, Hg, Po, U, Bk, Md&Gwe_f_glh\ k Zlhfgufb ghf_jZfb Bah[jZabl_ ]jZnbq_kdb kljmdlmjm bo ^\mo ihke_^gbo wg_j]_lbq_kdbo mjh\g_c

12.DZdb_ jZaebqby \ ihgylbyo gmdeb^u b bahlhiu?

13.Q_f hlebqZ_lky jZ^bhgmdeb^ hl klZ[bevgh]h gmdeb^Z lh]h `_ we_ f_glZ"

14.Qlh y\ey_lky ]eZ\ghc oZjZdl_jbklbdhc ZlhfZ"

15.>Zcl_ kh\j_f_ggmx oZjZdl_jbklbdm i_jbh^bq_kdh]h aZdhgZ b ih ykgbl_ _]h nbabq_kdbc kfuke

16.DZdh\u hkgh\gu_ lbiu bah[jZ`_gby i_jbh^bq_kdhc kbkl_fu we_ f_glh\"MdZ`bl_ bo koh^kl\Z b jZaebqby

17.DZdh\ nbabq_kdbc kfuke ghf_jZ i_jbh^Z ghf_jZ ]jmiiu"

82

18.Qlh lZdh_ s-, p-, d-, f-we_f_glu" DZdh\h bo jZkiheh`_gb_ ih i_ jbh^Zf b ]jmiiZf"DZdh\u fZdkbfZevgu_ _fdhklb i_jbh^h\"

19.< q_f ijhy\ey_lky koh^kl\h b jZaebqb_ we_f_glh\ ]eZ\guo b ih [hqguo ih^]jmii"Ihykgbl_ ihgylb_ we_f_glu-ZgZeh]b.

20.DZdh\u nZdlhju hij_^_eyxsb_ oZjZdl_j baf_g_gby obfbq_kdbo k\hckl\ we_f_glh\ ih i_jbh^Zf b ]jmiiZf"

21.>Zlv lhedh\Zgb_ ihgylbc wnn_dlb\guc dh\Ze_glguc bhgguc \Zg-^_j-<ZZevkh\kdbc f_lZeebq_kdbc hj[blZevguc jZ^bmku < q_f bo koh^kl\h b jZaebqb_"

22.DZdb_ jZ^bmku hl\_qZxl ih kfukem ihgylbx Zlhfguc jZ^bmk? Ihykgbl_ dZd \ebyxl gZ \_ebqbgm Zlhfgh]h jZ^bmkZ ke_^mxsb_ nZdlhju wnn_dlb\guc aZjy^ y^jZ dhgnb]mjZpby \g_rg_]h we_d ljhggh]h kehy qbkeh we_dljhgguo keh_\ lbi obfbq_kdhc k\yab b __ djZlghklv

23.Qlh lZdh_ ihl_gpbZe bhgbaZpbb b wg_j]by bhgbaZpbb" Hl dZdbo nZdlhjh\ aZ\bkbl _]h \_ebqbgZ"

24.IjhZgZebabjmcl_ baf_g_gb_ i_j\h]h bhgbaZpbhggh]h ihl_gpbZeZ m we_f_glh\ \lhjh]h i_jbh^Z

25.>Zcl_ hij_^_e_gb_ ihgylby kjh^kl\h d we_dljhgm.

26.DZdb_ nZdlhju hij_^_eyxl \_ebqbgm kjh^kl\Z d we_dljhgm" DZd fh`gh h[tykgblv jZaebqgu_ agZdb wlhc oZjZdl_jbklbdb ^ey jZa ebqguo we_f_glh\"

27.Fh]ml eb kms_kl\h\Zlv \ k\h[h^ghf khklhygbb Zgbhgu 22Ø 62Ø N3Ø"Ihq_fm"

28.Qlh lZdh_ we_dljhhljbpZl_evghklv" DZdmx kihkh[ghklv ZlhfZ hgZ oZjZdl_jbam_l"

29.DZdh\u ijbgpbiu ihkljh_gby rdZeu we_dljhhljbpZl_evghkl_c we_f_glh\" DZd baf_gy_lky wlZ oZjZdl_jbklbdZ ih i_jbh^Zf b ]jmiiZf i_jbh^bq_kdhc kbkl_fu"

= E : < : V I I I

OBFBQ?KD:Y K<YAV

B F?@FHE?DMEYJGH? <A:BFH>?CKL<B?

1.Qlh lZdh_ obfbq_kdZy k\yav" MdZ`bl_ mkeh\by __ h[jZah\Zgby b hkgh\gu_ iZjZf_lju

2.DZdh\Z ijbjh^Z obfbq_kdhc k\yab"

3.DZdh\u hkgh\gu_ lbiu obfbq_kdhc k\yab" MdZ`bl_ koh^kl\h b jZaebqby f_`^m gbfb

83

4.>Zcl_ hij_^_e_gb_ dh\Ze_glghc k\yab DZdh\Z ko_fZ __ h[jZah\Z gby gZ ijbf_j_ fhe_dme+2, Cl2 b+&O "

5.GZah\bl_ b ijhbeexkljbjmcl_ dhgdj_lgufb ijbf_jZfb hkgh\gu_ kihkh[u h[jZah\Zgby dh\Ze_glghc k\yab

6.Knhjfmebjmcl_ hkgh\gu_ iheh`_gby f_lh^Z \Ze_glguo k\ya_c

7.I_j_qbkebl_ hkgh\gu_ k\hckl\Z dh\Ze_glghc k\yab

8.H[tykgbl_ f_oZgbaf h[jZah\Zgby σ-, π- b δ- k\ya_c

9.Qlh lZdh_ djZlghklv k\yab"DZdh\h __ \ebygb_ gZ ^ebgm b ijhq ghklv k\yab f_`^m ZlhfZfb"

10.Qlh lZdh_ \Ze_glghklv"Q_f hij_^_ey_lky dhebq_kl\_ggZy oZjZd l_jbklbdZ \Ze_glghklb"

11.DZdh\u mkeh\by h[jZah\Zgby iheyjghc b g_iheyjghc dh\Ze_glghc k\yab"Ihykgbl_ ihgylb_ wnn_dlb\guc aZjy^ ZlhfZ gZ dhgdj_l guo ijbf_jZo

12.Qlh lZdh_ we_dljbq_kdbc ^bihev"< dZdhf khhlghr_gbb gZoh^ylky ^ebgZ ^bihey b ^ebgZ k\yab \ ^\moZlhfghc fhe_dme_"

13.Qlh y\ey_lky f_jhc iheyjghklb k\yab"

14.IjhZgZebabjmcl_ \ kjZ\gbl_evghf ieZg_ iheyjghklv fhe_dme&22 b622, NH3 b1)3, H22b+2S.

15.Qlh lZdh_ kl_j_hobfby"

16.Q_f hij_^_ey_lky ]_hf_ljby kljmdlmj fhe_dme k dh\Ze_glguf lb ihf k\ya_c"

17.>Zcl_ h[tykg_gb_ dhgp_ipbb ]b[jb^baZpby.

18.Ihykgbl_ hkgh\gu_ mkeh\by mklhcqb\hc ]b[jb^baZpbb

19.DZdh\u lbiu ]b[jb^baZpbb b ]_hf_ljbq_kdb_ kljmdlmju dhlhju_ bf khhl\_lkl\mxl"

20.Qlh lZdh_ k\yau\Zxsb_ b g_k\yau\Zxsb_ hj[blZeb" DZdh\h bo \ebygb_ gZ ]_hf_ljbx dh\Ze_glguo kljmdlmj"

21.DZd \eby_l ijbjh^Z eb]Zg^Z b djZlghklv k\yab gZ ]_hf_ljbx h^ ghlbiguo kljmdlmj"

22.Qlh lZdh_ dhhj^bgZpbhggh_ qbkeh DZdh\Z _]h dhebq_kl\_ggZy bg l_jij_lZpby"

23.Ijb\_^bl_ ijbf_ju kljmdlmj k fgh]hp_gljh\ufb k\yayfb

24.Q_fm jZ\gZ \Ze_glghklv b kl_i_gv hdbke_gby ZahlZ b m]e_jh^Z \ fhe_dmeZo 12, NH3, N2H4, NH2OH, NF3, CH4, CCl4, C2H6, C2H4, C2H2, CO2, CO?

25.IjhZgZebabjmcl_ ke_^mxsb_ fhe_dmeyjgu_ kljmdlmju mklZgh\b l_ oZjZdl_j jZkij_^_e_gby \Ze_glguo we_dljhgh\ lbi ]b[jb^baZ pbb p_gljZevguo Zlhfh\ m]eu k\ya_c iheyjghklv \Ze_glghklv b

84

kl_i_gv hdbke_gby hl^_evguo Zlhfh\&2 &22, N2O, NO2, N2O5,

HNO3, H2SO4, BF, BF3, NH3, NF3, CO32− , ClO3− , ClO −4 , HN3, SO2, SO32− , NO3− , NH +4 , BF −4 .

26.>Zcl_ hij_^_e_gb_ bhgghc k\yab DZdh\Z __ ijbjh^Z b f_oZgbaf h[jZah\Zgby"

27.Qlh lZdh_ ^hey bhgghklb k\yab?

28.I_j_qbkebl_ b h[tykgbl_ hkgh\gu_ oZjZdl_jbklbdb bhgghc k\yab MdZ`bl_ \ q_f __ koh^kl\h b jZaebqb_ \ kjZ\g_gbb k dh\Ze_glghc k\yavx"

29.Q_f hij_^_ey_lky \_ebqbgZ dhhj^bgZpbhggh]h qbkeZ \ bhgguo kh _^bg_gbyo"

30.DZdZy k\yav \ dZ`^hf ba kh_^bg_gbc+&O2 1D+624, KOH, H2CO3 bf__l gZb[he__ bhgguc oZjZdl_j"

31.>Zcl_ hij_^_e_gb_ f_lZeebq_kdhc k\yab DZdh\Z __ ijbjh^Z b f_ oZgbaf h[jZah\Zgby"

32.< q_f aZdexqZxlky hkh[_gghklb lj_o lbih\ f_`fhe_dmeyjgh]h \aZbfh^_ckl\by.

33.JZkkfhljbl_ f_oZgbaf h[jZah\Zgby \h^hjh^ghc k\yab __ hlebqb_ hl obfbq_kdhc k\yab b kbe f_`fhe_dmeyjgh]h \aZbfh^_ckl\by

34.DZd \eby_l gZebqb_ \h^hjh^ghc k\yab gZ nbabq_kdb_ b obfbq_ kdb_ k\hckl\Z \_s_kl\" Ihykgbl_ gZ ijbf_j_ baf_g_gby k\hckl\ \_s_kl\ \ jy^Zo+)– HJ; H2O – H2Te; NH3 – SbH3; CH4 – SnH4.

35.Ihykgbl_ jhev \h^hjh^ghc k\yab \ [bheh]bq_kdbo h[t_dlZo gZ ijbf_j_ \h^u [_edh\ ihebi_ilb^h\ >GD JGD

= E : < : , ;

HDBKEBL?EVGH-<HKKL:GH<BL?EVGU? J?:DPBB

D hdbkebl_evgh-\hkklZgh\bl_evguf hlghkylky j_Zdpbb ijhl_ dZxsb_ k baf_g_gb_f kl_i_g_c hdbke_gby Zlhfh\ \oh^ysbo \ khklZ\ j_Z]bjmxsbo \_s_kl\

Kl_i_gv hdbke_gby – mkeh\guc aZjy^ ZlhfZ jZkkqblZgguc bk oh^y ba ^hims_gby qlh \_s_kl\h khklhbl ba bhgh\

Ihkdhevdm lZdh_ ^hims_gb_ y\ey_lky mkeh\guf ihgylb_ kl_i_gv hdbke_gby ghkbl lZd`_ mkeh\guc oZjZdl_j b y\ey_lky \_ebqbghc nhj fZevghc g_ hljZ`Zxs_c j_Zevgh]h jZkij_^_e_gby aZjy^h\ f_`^m ZlhfZfb H^gZdh wlh ihgylb_ rbjhdh bkihevam_lky ijb khklZ\e_gbb mjZ\g_gbc H<J

85

&l_i_gb hdbke_gby we_f_glh\ ijbgbfZxl agZq_gby hl – ^h \ khhl\_lkl\bb k ijZ\beZfb

Kl_i_gv hdbke_gby we_f_glh\ \ ijhkluo \_s_kl\Zo jZ\gZ

gZijbf_j202 D0, S80 .

<h^hjh^ \ [hevrbgkl\_ k\hbo kh_^bg_gbc gZoh^blky \ kl_i_gb hdbke_gby jZ\ghc H^gZdh \ kh_^bg_gbyo kh s_ehqgufb b s_ ehqgha_f_evgufb f_lZeeZfb hg ijhy\ey_l kl_i_gv hdbke_gby jZ\gmx

– gZijbf_j1D+-1 <ZG−21 .

Dbkehjh^ \ ih^Z\eyxs_f [hevrbgkl\_ kh_^bg_gbc gZoh^blky \ kl_i_gb hdbke_gby jZ\ghc – gZijbf_j KZH-2, HNO3−2 < i_jhdkb ^Zo hg ijhy\ey_l kl_i_gv hdbke_gby jZ\gmx – gZijbf_j G2H−21 ,

<ZH−21 Iheh`bl_evgu_ kl_i_gb hdbke_gby dbkehjh^ ijhy\ey_l ebrv \ kh_^bg_gbyo k nlhjhf gZijbf_j H+2F2.

Nlhj \ kh_^bg_gbyo \k_]^Z ijhy\ey_l lhevdh h^gm kl_i_gv hdbke_gby jZ\gmx –1.

We_f_glu ]jmiiu,-$ s_ehqgu_ f_lZeeu \ kh_^bg_gbyo \k_ ]^Z ijhy\eyxl kl_i_gv hdbke_gby jZ\gmx

We_f_glu ]jmiiu,,-$%H 0Js_ehqgha_f_evgu_ f_lZeeu Z lZd`_ =Q b &G \ kh_^bg_gbyo ijhy\eyxl \k_]^Z kl_i_gv hdbke_gby jZ\gmx

:exfbgbc \ kh_^bg_gbyo ijhy\ey_l kl_i_gv hdbke_gby

Kl_i_gb hdbke_gby ^jm]bo we_f_glh\ fh]ml bf_lv i_j_f_ggu_ agZq_gby b jZkkqblu\Zxlky bkoh^y ba lh]h qlh kmffZ kl_i_g_c hdbk e_gby we_f_glh\ \ fhe_dme_ beb nhjfmevghc _^bgbp_ jZ\gZ Z \ bh g_ – _]h aZjy^m

Ijbf_j JZkkqblZlv kl_i_gv hdbke_gby nhknhjZ \ hjlhnhknZl_ dZevpby KZ3 JH4)2.

P_r_gb_

H[hagZqbf bkdhfmx kl_i_gv hdbke_gby nhknhjZ q_j_a o Mqblu \Zy qbkeh Zlhfh\ dZ`^h]h we_f_glZ \ nhjfmevghc _^bgbp_ b agZq_gby kl_i_g_c bo hdbke_gby khklZ\bf mjZ\g_gb_

3 · (+2) + 2 · o + 8 · (– hldm^Z o = +5.

< oh^_ ex[hc H<J h^gh\j_f_ggh ijhl_dZxl ijhp_kkZ – hdbk e_gb_ b \hkklZgh\e_gb_ K lhqdb aj_gby we_dljhgghc l_hjbb hdbke_ gb_ – ijhp_kk hl^Zqb we_dljhgh\ \ oh^_ dhlhjh]h kl_i_gv hdbke_gby ZlhfZ ih\urZ_lky Z \hkklZgh\e_gb_ – ijhp_kk ijbkh_^bg_gby we_d ljhgh\ \ oh^_ dhlhjh]h kl_i_gv hdbke_gby ZlhfZ ihgb`Z_lky

86

QZklbpu dhlhju_ \ oh^_ j_Zdpbb hl^Zxl we_dljhgu gZau\Zxl ky \hkklZgh\bl_eyfb QZklbpu dhlhju_ \ oh^_ j_Zdpbb ijbkh_^bgy xl we_dljhgu gZau\Zxlky hdbkebl_eyfb.

LZdbf h[jZahf \ oh^_ H<J \hkklZgh\bl_ev hl^Z\Zy we_dljh gu hdbkey_lky Z hdbkebl_ev ijbgbfZy we_dljhgu \hkklZgZ\eb\Z _lky Ijb wlhf qbkeh we_dljhgh\ hl^Zgguo \hkklZgh\bl_e_f \k_]^Z jZ\gh qbkem we_dljhgh\ ijbgyluo hdbkebl_e_f

Hdbkebl_evgh-\hkklZgh\bl_evgu_ k\hckl\Z \_s_kl\ fh`gh hij_ ^_eblv bkoh^y ba agZq_gbc kl_i_g_c hdbke_gby we_f_glh\ \oh^ysbo \ bo khklZ\

?keb \ khklZ\ \_s_kl\Z \oh^yl Zlhfu we_f_glZ \ fbgbfZevghc kl_i_gb hdbke_gby lh hgh fh`_l ijhy\eylv lhevdh \hkklZgh\bl_ev gu_ k\hckl\Z

?keb \ khklZ\ \_s_kl\Z \oh^yl Zlhfu we_f_glZ \ fZdkbfZevghc kl_i_gb hdbke_gby lh hgh fh`_l ijhy\eylv lhevdh hdbkebl_evgu_ k\hckl\Z

?keb \ khklZ\ \_s_kl\Z \oh^yl Zlhfu we_f_glZ \ ijhf_`mlhq ghc kl_i_gb hdbke_gby lh hgh fh`_l ijhy\eylv dZd \hkklZgh\bl_ev gu_ lZd b hdbkebl_evgu_ k\hckl\Z

<Z`g_crb_ \hkklZgh\bl_eb

Z ijhklu_ \_s_kl\Z – \k_ f_lZeeu b g_dhlhju_ g_f_lZeeu gZ ijbf_j G2 K6L 34 b ^j

[ \h^hjh^gu_ kh_^bg_gby s_ehqguo b s_ehqgha_f_evguo f_ lZeeh\ Z lZd`_ \h^hjh^gu_ kh_^bg_gby g_dhlhjuo g_f_lZeeh\ gZ ijbf_j+, +%U +2O2, H2S, H2Se, H2Te, NH3, PH3, AsH3, SbH3, SiH4, SnH4;

\ hdkb^u we_f_glh\ Zlhfu dhlhjuo gZoh^ylky \ ijhf_`mlhqghc kl_i_gb hdbke_gby Wlh hdkb^u jy^Z g_f_lZeeh\ – KH622, NO, P2O3, Z lZd`_ gbarb_ hdkb^u g_dhlhjuo j- b d-we_f_glh\ –6Q2 )H2KU2 92b khhl\_lkl\mxsb_ bf kheb gZijbf_j6Q&O2, FeSO4 b ^j

] g_dhlhju_ dbkehjh^kh^_j`Zsb_ dbkehlu b bo kheb \ khklZ\ dhlhjuo \oh^yl Zlhfu we_f_glh\ \ ijhf_`mlhqguo kl_i_gyo hdbke_ gby gZijbf_j+2SO3, H3PO2, H3PO3 b bo kheb Z lZd`_ lbhkmevnZlu (Na2S2O3 ^bkmevnblu1D2S2O5 ^blbhgblu1D2S2O4 gbljblu

^ g_dhlhju_ hj]Zgbq_kdb_ \_s_kl\Z gZijbf_j kibjlu Zev^_ ]b^u g_dhlhju_ dZj[hgh\u_ dbkehlu+–COOH, HOOC–&22+m] e_\h^u K6H12O6).

87

<Z`g_crb_ hdbkebl_eb

Z ijhklu_ \_s_kl\Z – ]Zeh]_gu hahg dbkehjh^ k_jZ

[ hdkb^u g_dhlhjuo j- b d-we_f_glh\ \ \ukhdbo kl_i_gyo hdbk e_gby gZijbf_j&O2O7, ClO2, I2O5, SO3, SeO3, SeO2, N2O5, NO2, PbO2, Mn2O7, MnO2, CrO3, V2O5;

\ Dbkehjh^kh^_j`Zsb_ dbkehlu g_dhlhjuo j- b d-we_f_glh\ \ \ukhdbo kl_i_gyo hdbke_gby gZijbf_j +&O23, H5IO6, HIO3, HBrO4, HBrO3, H2SO4, H2SeO4, H2SeO3, HNO3, H2CrO4, H2Cr2O7, HMnO4 b kheb wlbo dbkehl D hdbkebl_eyf hlghkylky lZd`_ dbkehjh^kh^_j`Zsb_

dbkehlu ]Zeh]_gh\ \ dhlhjuo hgb ijhy\eyxl b [he__ gbadb_ kl_i_gb hdbke_gby gZijbf_j+&O+1O, HCl+3O2 Z lZd`_ bo kheb

] i_jhdkb^ \h^hjh^Z G2H2 i_jhdkb^u s_ehqguo b s_ehqgha_ f_evguo f_lZeeh\ Na2O2, BaO2).

DeZkkbnbdZpby hdbkebl_evgh-\hkklZgh\bl_evguo j_Zdpbc

DeZkkbnbdZpby ih kh^_j`Zgbx \hkklZgh\bl_ey b hdbkebl_ey \ h^ghf beb \ g_kdhevdbo bkoh^guo \_s_kl\Zo

Z _keb \hkklZgh\bl_ev b hdbkebl_ev kh^_j`Zlky \ h^ghf bkoh^ ghf \_s_kl\_ lh H<J hlghkblky d j_Zdpbyf \gmljbfhe_dmeyjgh]h hdbke_gby-\hkklZgh\e_gby gZijbf_j

(N–3H4)2Cr2+6O7 :12+0 + Cr+32O3 + H2O.

< ^Zgghc j_Zdpbb hdbkebl_ev Cr+6 b \hkklZgh\bl_ev N–3 kh ^_j`Zlky \ h^ghf \_s_kl\_

[ _keb \hkklZgh\bl_ev b hdbkebl_ev kh^_j`Zlky \ jZaguo bkoh^ guo \_s_kl\Zo lh H<J hlghkblky d j_Zdpbyf f_`fhe_dmeyjgh]h hdbke_gby-\hkklZgh\e_gby gZijbf_j

N–3H3 + KCl+5O3 :120 + KCl– + H2O.

< wlhc j_Zdpbb hdbkebl_ev Cl+5 b \hkklZgh\bl_ev N–3 gZoh- ^ylky \ jZaguo \_s_kl\Zo

DeZkkbnbdZpby ih oZjZdl_jm baf_g_gby kl_i_gb hdbke_gby Zlhfh\ h^gh]h we_f_glZ

Z _keb \ bkoh^ghf \_s_kl\_ Zlhfu we_f_glZ gZoh^ylky \ h^ghc kl_i_gb hdbke_gby Z \ ijh^mdlZo j_Zdpbb – \ ^\mo ^jm]bo [he__ \u khdhc b [he__ gbadhc ih hlghr_gbx d bkoh^ghc kl_i_gb hdbke_gby

lh khhl\_lkl\mxsb_ H<J hlghkylky d j_Zdpbyf ^bkijhihjpbhgbjh \Zgby beb ^bkfmlZpbb gZijbf_j

N+4O2 + H2O :+1+5O3 + HN+3O2;

88

[ _keb \ bkoh^guo \_s_kl\Zo h^bg b lhl `_ we_f_gl gZoh^blky \ ^\mo jZaguo kl_i_gyo hdbke_gby Z \ ijh^mdl_ j_Zdpbb – lhevdh \ h^ ghc ijhf_`mlhqghc ih hlghr_gbx d bkoh^guf kl_i_gyf hdbke_gby

lh khhl\_lkl\mxsb_ H<J hlghkylky d j_Zdpbyf dhfijhihjpbhgbjh \Zgby beb dhgfmlZpbb gZijbf_j

H2S–2 + H2S+6O dhgp :6+4O2 + H2O

JZkklZgh\dZ dhwnnbpb_glh\ \ mjZ\g_gbyo H<J

f_lh^hf we_dljhggh]h [ZeZgkZ

H[jZlbl_ \gbfZgb_ gZ lh qlh \ kemqZ_ j_Zdpbc f_`fhe_dmeyjgh ]h hdbke_gby-\hkklZgh\e_gby jZkklZgh\dZ dhwnnbpb_glh\ ijh\h^blky ke_\Z gZijZ\h ijbf_j Z \ kemqZ_ j_Zdpbc \gmljbfhe_dmeyjgh]h hdbke_gby-\hkklZgh\e_gby – kijZ\Z gZe_\h ijbf_j

Ijbf_j F_lh^hf we_dljhggh]h [ZeZgkZ jZkklZ\blv dhwnnbpb _glu \ mjZ\g_gbb j_Zdpbb ijhl_dZxs_c ih ko_f_

H2O-12 + K2Cr+62O7 + H2SO4 :202 + Cr+32(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + H2O

J_r_gb_

1.>ZggZy H<J hlghkblky d j_Zdpbyf f_`fhe_dmeyjgh]h hdbke_ gby-\hkklZgh\e_gby ihwlhfm jZkklZgh\dm dhwnnbpb_glh\ ijh\h^bf ke_\Z gZijZ\h

2.Hij_^_ey_f we_f_glu Zlhfu dhlhjuo \ oh^_ j_Zdpbb baf_gb eb kl_i_gv hdbke_gby < ^Zgghf kemqZ_ wlh dbkehjh^ b ojhf Dbkeh jh^ baf_gbe kl_i_gv hdbke_gby hl – ^h Z ojhf – hl ^h

3.AZibku\Z_f we_dljhggu_ mjZ\g_gby ijhp_kkh\ hdbke_gby b \hkklZgh\e_gby < wlbo mjZ\g_gbyo qbkeh Zlhfh\ dZ`^h]h we_f_glZ jZ\gh bo qbkem \ nhjfmeZo khhl\_lkl\mxsbo bkoh^guo \_s_kl\ GZ oh^bf gZbf_gvr__ h[s__ djZlgh_ qbkeZ hl^Zgguo b qbkeZ ijbgyluo

we_dljhgh\ b khklZ\ey_f ko_fm we_dljhggh]h [ZeZgkZ

4.GZoh^bf qbkeh Zlhfh\ dbkehjh^Z b ojhfZ mfgh`b\ dZ`^h_ ba mjZ\g_gbc gZ khhl\_lkl\mxsbc fgh`bl_ev i_j\h_ mjZ\g_gb_ – gZ

\lhjh_ – gZ IhemqZ_f qbkeh Zlhfh\ dbkehjh^Z baf_gb\rbo kl_ i_gv hdbke_gby dhlhjh_ jZ\gh Z qbkeh Zlhfh\ ojhfZ jZ\gh

2 · 1=2.

5.JZkklZgh\dm dhwnnbpb_glh\ ijh\h^bf \ ke_^mxs_f ihjy^d_ Z mjZ\gb\Z_f qbkeZ Zlhfh\ ojhfZ ihklZ\b\ i_j_^ nhjfmeZfb

K2Cr2O7 b Cr2(SO4)3 dhwnnbpb_gl© ª

89

[ mjZ\gb\Z_f qbkeZ Zlhfh\ dbkehjh^Z baf_gb\rbo kl_i_gv hdbke_gby ihklZ\b\ i_j_^ nhjfmeZfb O2 b H2O2 dhwnnbpb _glu© ª

\ mjZ\gb\Z_f qbkeZ Zlhfh\ dZeby ihklZ\b\ i_j_^ nhjfmehc K2SO4 dhwnnbpb_gl© ª

] mjZ\gb\Z_f qbkeZ dbkehlguo hklZldh\62 24− ihklZ\b\ i_j_^ nhjfmehc k_jghc dbkehlu dhwnnbpb_gl© ª

^ mjZ\gb\Z_f qbkeZ Zlhfh\ \h^hjh^Z ihklZ\b\ i_j_^ nhjfm ehc \h^u dhwnnbpb_gl© ª

_ ijh\_jy_f h^bgZdh\u eb qbkeZ Zlhfh\ dbkehjh^Z \ e_\hc b ijZ\hc qZklyo mjZ\g_gby

3H2O2 + K2Cr2O7 + 4H2SO4 = 3O2 + Cr2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + 7H2O

Ijbf_j F_lh^hf we_dljhggh]h [ZeZgkZ jZkklZ\blv dhwnnbpb _glu \ mjZ\g_gbb j_Zdpbb

Fe+3(N+5O3−2 )3 :)H +23 O3 + N+4O2 + O02

J_r_gb_

>ZggZy H<J hlghkblky d j_Zdpbyf \gmljbfhe_dmeyjgh]h hdbk e_gby-\hkklZgh\e_gby ihwlhfm jZkklZgh\dm dhwnnbpb_glh\ ijh\h ^bf kijZ\Z gZe_\h

Hij_^_ey_f we_f_glu Zlhfu dhlhjuo baf_gbeb kl_i_gv hdbk e_gby < ^Zgghf kemqZ_ wlh Zahl b dbkehjh^ :ahl baf_gbe kl_i_gv hdbke_gby hl ^h dbkehjh^ – hl – ^h

AZibku\Z_f we_dljhggu_ mjZ\g_gby ijhp_kkh\ hdbke_gby b \hkklZgh\e_gby < wlbo mjZ\g_gbyo qbkeh Zlhfh\ dZ`^h]h we_f_glZ jZ\gh bo qbkem \ nhjfmeZo ijh^mdlh\ j_Zdpbb GZoh^bf gZbf_gvr__ h[s__ djZlgh_ qbkeZ hl^Zgguo b ijbgyluo we_dljhgh\ b khklZ\ey_f ko_fm we_dljhggh]h [ZeZgkZ

GZoh^bf qbkeh Zlhfh\ ZahlZ b dbkehjh^Z mfgh`b\ dZ`^h_ ba we_dljhgguo mjZ\g_gbc gZ khhl\_lkl\mxsbc fgh`bl_ev i_j\h_ mjZ\g_gb_ mfgh`Z_f gZ \lhjh_ – gZ IhemqZ_f qlh qbkeh Zlhfh\ dbkehjh^Z baf_gb\rbo kl_i_gv hdbke_gby jZ\gh Z khhl\_l kl\mxs__ qbkeh Zlhfh\ ZahlZ jZ\gh  Gh ihkdhevdm \ nhj fmevghc _^bgbp_ Fe(NO3)3 kh^_j`blky ZlhfZ ZahlZ i_j_^ ^Zgghc nhjfmehc ijb^_lky ihklZ\blv ^jh[guc dhwnnbpb_gl qlh g_ kh \k_f m^h[gh Ihwlhfm ^ey ba[Z\e_gby hl ^jh[gh]h dhwnnbpb_glZ

90