sbornik zadach po neorganicheskoj chimii

FZkkZ+2SO4 \ wlhf jZkl\hj_ – m(H2SO4) = 15110 = 16,5 ]

100

GZc^_f fZkkm jZkl\hjZ+2SO4 kh^_j`Zs_]h ]+2SO4:

<uqbkebf fZkkm \h^u g_h[oh^bfmx ^ey ijb]hlh\e_gby jZkl\hjZ

m(H2O) = m j-jZ – m1 j-jZ – ]

LZd dZd iehlghklv \h^u ijb dhfgZlghc l_fi_jZlmj_ [ebadZ d _^bgbp_ lh h[t_f ^h[Z\e_gghc \h^u \uqbkey_lky

V(H2O) = m(H2O) = 92,81 = 92,81 fe ρ(H2O) 1

Ijbf_j DZdhc h[t_f jZkl\hjZ k fZkkh\hc ^he_c k_jghc dbkehlu

b iehlghklvx ] fe ihlj_[m_lky ^ey ijb]hlh\e_gby fe jZkl\hjZ fheyjghc dhgp_gljZpbb wd\b\Ze_glZ H2SO4 fhev e"

J_r_gb_

FheyjgZy fZkkZ wd\b\Ze_glZ k_jghc dbkehlu

Dhebq_kl\h wd\b\Ze_glZ H2SO4 \ jZkl\hj_ dhlhjuc g_h[oh^bfh ijb]hlh\blv

fhev wd\b\Ze_glh\ H2SO4 kh^_j`blky \ fe jZkl\hjZo fhev wd\b\Ze_glh\ H2SO4 kh^_j`blky \ fe jZkl\hjZ o = 0,125 fhev FZkkZ H2SO4 \ jZkl\hj_ dhlhjuc g_h[oh^bfh ijb]hlh\blv

m(H2SO4) = 0,125 ]

FZkkZ bkoh^gh]h jZkl\hjZ kh^_j`Zs_]h ] H2SO4: \ ] jZkl\hjZ kh^_j`blky ] H2SO4,

<uqbkebf h[t_f bkoh^gh]h jZkl\hjZ k_jghc dbkehlu

= m(j − jZ) = 7,66 =

V 4,4 fe ρ(j - jZ 1,732

61

Ijbf_j . Dhwnnbpb_glu jZkl\hjbfhklb gbljZlZ dZeby ijb 60 hK b hK khhl\_lkl\_ggh jZ\gu b ] \ ] \h^u DZdh\Z fZkkZ gbljZlZ dZeby \u^_eb\r_]hky \ hkZ^hd ijb hoeZ`^_gbb hl

^h hK gZkus_ggh]h ijb hK jZkl\hjZ wlhc kheb fZkkhc ]"

J_r_gb_

FZkkZ gZkus_ggh]h jZkl\hjZ ijb hK jZ\gZ

m j-jZ ]

FZkkZ gbljZlZ dZeby \ wlhf jZkl\hj_ \ jZkl\hj_ fZkkhc ] kh^_j`blky KNO3 fZkkhc ]

-«- ] -«- o ]

o = m(KNO3) = 110,1 40 = 20,96 ] 210,1

FZkkZ \h^u \ ] jZkl\hjZ [m^_l jZ\gZ m(H2O) = 40 – ]

<uqbkebf fZkkm KNO3 \ gZkus_gghf jZkl\hj_ ijb hK \ ]

H2O:

\ ] H2O jZkl\hjy_lky ] KNO3,

\ ] -«- y ] KNO3, y = m(KNO3 ]

Ijb hoeZ`^_gbb \u^_eblky gbljZl dZeby fZkkhc

m(KNO3) = 20,96 – ]

<hijhku ^ey kZfhklhyl_evghc ih^]hlh\db

1.>Zcl_ hij_^_e_gb_ ihgylby jZkl\hj.

2.H[tykgbl_ k lhqdb aj_gby fhe_dmeyjgh-dbg_lbq_kdbo ij_^klZ\e_ gbc ijhp_kk jZkl\hj_gby l\_j^uo `b^dbo b ]Zahh[jZaguo \_ s_kl\ \ \h^_

3.Q_f hlebqZ_lky jZkl\hj hl f_oZgbq_kdhc kf_kb" Hl obfbq_kdbo kh_^bg_gbc"

4.Fh`gh eb kqblZlv qlh h[t_f jZkl\hjZ jZ\_g kmff_ h[t_fh\ jZk l\hjbl_ey b jZkl\hjy_fh]h \_s_kl\Z"

5.DZdb_ nZdlhju hij_^_eyxl l_ieh\hc wnn_dl jZkl\hj_gby"

6.DZd \eby_l ijbjh^Z jZkl\hj_ggh]h \_s_kl\Z b jZkl\hjbl_ey gZ jZkl\hjbfhklv"DZdb_ _s_ nZdlhju \ebyxl gZ jZkl\hjbfhklv \_ s_kl\"

7.Ijb\_^bl_ ijbf_ju ]Zah\ bf_xsbo g_agZqbl_evgmx b hq_gv [hevrmx jZkl\hjbfhklv \ \h^_ Q_f wlh h[tykgy_lky"

62

8.DZd \ebyxl l_fi_jZlmjZ b ^Z\e_gb_ gZ jZkl\hjbfhklv ]Zah\ \ \h^_"

9.Fh`_l eb [ulv gZkus_gguc jZkl\hj jZa[Z\e_gguf Z dhgp_gljb jh\Zgguc jZkl\hj - g_gZkus_gguf"

10.DZd fh`gh ihemqblv b khojZgblv i_j_kus_gguc jZkl\hj"

11.Qlh ijhbahc^_l k gZkus_gguf i_j_kus_gguf b g_gZkus_gguf jZkl\hjZfb kmevnZlZ f_^b ijb \g_k_gbb \ dZ`^uc ba gbo g_ kdhevdbo djbklZeeh\ f_^gh]h dmihjhkZ"

12.Qlh lZdh_ djbklZeeh]b^jZlu"Ijb\_^bl_ ijbf_ju

13.Qlh ij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hc dhwnnbpb_gl jZkl\hjbfhklb \_s_kl\Z b \ dZdbo _^bgbpZo _]h \ujZ`Zxl"

14.DZd baf_gy_lky jZkl\hjbfhklv \_s_kl\ k baf_g_gb_f l_fi_jZlmju"

15.DZdh\u hkgh\gu_ kihkh[u \ujZ`_gby khklZ\Z jZkl\hjh\"

16.Qlh lZdh_ fZkkh\Zy ^hey \_s_kl\Z \ jZkl\hj_"

17.DZdZy dhgp_gljZpby gZau\Z_lky fheyjghc wd\b\Ze_glghc"

18.DZd gZclb wd\b\Ze_gl dbkehlu hkgh\Zgby kheb"

19.DZd i_j_kqblZlv fheyjgmx dhgp_gljZpbx gZ fZkkh\mx ^hex \_

s_kl\Z \ jZkl\hj_"GZc^bl_ fZkkh\mx ^hex+3PO4 \ -fheyjghf jZkl\hj_ _keb _]h iehlghklv jZ\gZ d] f3.

20.DZd i_j_kqblZlv fZkkh\mx ^hex \_s_kl\Z \ jZkl\hj_ gZ _]h wd\b \Ze_glgmx dhgp_gljZpbx"GZc^bl_ wd\b\Ze_glgmx dhgp_gljZpbx jZkl\hjZ +&O k fZkkh\hc ^he_c _keb _]h iehlghklv jZ\gZ

] fe

21.DZd hlghkylky wd\b\Ze_glgu_ dhgp_gljZpbb j_Z]bjmxsbo jZkl\h jh\ d bo h[t_fZf"

AZ^Zqb ^ey j_r_gby

149.DZdhc h[t_f jZkl\hjZ k_jghc dbkehlu k fheyjghc dhgp_gljZpb_c

fhev e fh`gh ijb]hlh\blv ba fe fheyjgh]h jZkl\hjZ"

150.Iehlghklv jZkl\hjZ k fZkkh\hc ^he_c+2SO4 jZ\gZ ] kf3. <uqbkeblv Z fheyjgmx dhgp_gljZpbx [ wd\b\Ze_glgmx dhgp_g- ljZpbx \ fheyevghklv jZkl\hjZ

151.<uqbkeblv fZkkm kZoZjhau g_h[oh^bfmx ^ey ijb]hlh\e_gby jZkl\hjZ fZkkhc ] fheyevghklv dhlhjh]h fhev d]

152.<uqbkebl_ obfbq_kdh_ dhebq_kl\h ]_dkZ]b^jZlZ oehjb^Z dZev pby dhlhjh_ g_h[oh^bfh \aylv ^ey ijb]hlh\e_gby jZkl\hjZ oeh

jb^Z dZevpby h[t_fhf fe k fZkkh\hc ^he_c kheb b iehlghklvx ] kf3.

153.< dZdhf h[t_f_ jZkl\hjZ kmevnZlZ f_^b ρ ] kf3 k fZkkh \hc ^he_c kheb ke_^m_l jZkl\hjblv ] f_^gh]h dmihjhkZ qlh[u ihemqblv jZkl\hj kmevnZlZ f_^b"

63

154.D fe jZkl\hjZ ρ ] kf3 kmevnZlZ gZljby k wd\b\Ze_gl

ghc dhgp_gljZpb_c fhev e ^h[Z\beb fe jZkl\hjZ (ρ = ] kf3 wlhc kheb k fheyjghc dhgp_gljZpb_c fhev e <uqbkeblv fheyjgmx b wd\b\Ze_glgmx dhgp_gljZpbb kheb \ ih emq_gghf jZkl\hj_

155.>h dZdh]h h[t_fZ g_h[oh^bfh jZa[Z\blv fe jZkl\hjZ kheyghc dbkehlu k fZkkh\hc ^he_c ρ ] kf3 qlh[u ihemqblv

jZkl\hj ρ ] kf3 b dZdh\Z [m^_l _]h fheyjgZy dhgp_g ljZpby"

156.DZdhc h[t_f ZffbZdZ g m g_h[oh^bfh jZkl\hjblv \ fe \h ^u ^ey ihemq_gby jZkl\hjZ k fZkkh\hc ^he_c ZffbZdZ

157.<uqbkebl_ k(HNO3 _keb gZ g_cljZebaZpbx wlh]h jZkl\hjZ h[t _fhf fe jZkoh^m_lky kf_kv dZj[hgZlh\ khklhysZy ba K2CO3 fZkkhc ] b Na2CO3 fZkkhc ]

158.DZdhc h[t_f ih^dbke_ggh]h jZkl\hjZ i_jfZg]ZgZlZ dZeby k wd\b \Ze_glghc dhgp_gljZpb_c fhev e ihlj_[m_lky ^ey dhebq_kl

\_ggh]h hij_^_e_gby `_e_aZ \ gZ\_kd_ djbklZeeh]b^jZlZ

(NH4)2SO4 FeSO4 6H2O fZkkhc ]"

159.DZdhc h[t_f jZkl\hjZ Zahlghc dbkehlu ρ ] fe k __ fZkkh \hc ^he_c g_h[oh^bfh ^h[Z\blv d fe jZkl\hjZ ρ = 1,05 ] kf3 k fheyjghc ^he_c dbkehlu qlh[u ihemqblv jZkl\hj k fZkkh\hc ^he_c HNO3 20 %?

160.Kf_rZeb fe jZkl\hjZ k_jghc dbkehlu ρ ] kf3 k wd\b\Z

e_glghc dhgp_gljZpb_c fhev e b fe __ jZkl\hjZ k fheyj ghc ^he_c ρ ] kf3 <uqbkeblv fZkkh\mx ^hex H2SO4 \ ihemq_gghf jZkl\hj_

161.DZdb_ h[t_fu jZkl\hjZ gbljZlZ fZ]gby k fheyjghc dhgp_gljZpb_cfhev e b jZkl\hjZ gbljZlZ ojhfZ k fheyjghc dhgp_gljZpb_c 1 fhev e g_h[oh^bfh \aylv ^ey ijb]hlh\e_gby kf_kb hdkb^h\ fZ] gby b ojhfZ fZkkhc ] c fheyjghc ^he_c Cr2O3 jZ\ghc"

162.Kf_kv f_^b b hdkb^Z f_^b II k fZkkh\hc ^he_c f_lZeebq_kdhc f_^b h[jZ[hlZeb jZkl\hjhf Zahlghc dbkehlu k fZkkh\hc ^he_c b iehlghklvx jZkl\hjZ ] fe Ijb wlhf \u^_ebeky hdkb^ ZahlZ II h[t_fhf e g m <uqbkebl_ fZkkm kf_kb b h[t_f bajZkoh^h\Zggh]h jZkl\hjZ dbkehlu

163.<uqbkebl_ h[t_f g m hdkb^Z k_ju IV ba dhlhjh]h fh`gh ih

emqblv fe jZkl\hjZ k_jghc dbkehlu k fZkkh\hc ^he_c

(ρ ] kf3).

64

164.>ey i_j_djbklZeebaZpbb gbljZl dZeby [ue jZkl\hj_g \ \h^_ fZk khc ] ijb hK ^h ihemq_gby gZkus_ggh]h jZkl\hjZ dhlhjuc aZl_f hoeZ^beb ^h hK <uqbkebl_ fZkkm \udjbklZeebah\Z\r_cky kheb DZdh\u g_ba[_`gu_ ihl_jb gbljZlZ dZeby hlghkbl_evgh bk oh^gh]h h[jZapZ _keb dhwnnbpb_gl jZkl\hjbfhklb gbljZlZ dZeby ijb hK jZ\_g ] Z ijb hK – ] \ ] \h^u"

165.Dhwnnbpb_glu jZkl\hjbfhklb Pb(NO3)2 ijb b hK khhl\_l kl\_ggh jZ\gu ] b ] \ ] \h^u DZdmx fZkkm qbklh]h gbl jZlZ k\bgpZ fh`gh ihemqblv ijb hoeZ`^_gbb _]h gZkus_ggh]h jZkl\hjZ hl ^h hK _keb gZ ijb]hlh\e_gb_ gZkus_ggh]h jZk l\hjZ [ueh aZljZq_gh fe \h^u"DZdh\Z [m^_l fZkkh\Zy ^hey kheb \ fZlhqghf jZkl\hj_"

166.< gZkus_gghf jZkl\hj_ ijb hK fZkkh\Zy ^hey K2Cr2O7 khklZ\ ey_l DZdh\ dhwnnbpb_gl jZkl\hjbfhklb ^bojhfZlZ dZeby ijb wlhc l_fi_jZlmj_"

167.GZc^bl_ fZkkm KKlO3 \u^_eb\r_]hky ba jZkl\hjZ fZkkhc ] k fZkkh\hc ^he_c kheb ijb hoeZ`^_gbb _]h ^h hK DZdh\Z [m^_l fZkkh\Zy ^hey kheb \ fZlhqghf jZkl\hj_ _keb dhwnnbpb _gl jZkl\hjbfhklb kheb ijb hK jZ\_g ]"

168.JZkkqblZcl_ fheyjgmx dhgp_gljZpbx oehjb^Z gZljby \ nbabheh]bq_kdhf jZkl\hj_ ! ] kf3).

169.H[sZy fZkkZ ZahlZ \ kmlhqghc fhq_ \ ghjf_ jZ\gZ ] <ujZab l_ dhebq_kl\h ZahlZ \ kmlhqghc fhq_ \ fheyo

170.Bf__lky jZkl\hj kh^_j`Zsbc h^gh\j_f_ggh k_jgmx b Zahlgmx dbkehlu Hij_^_ebl_ fZkkh\mx ^hex dZ`^hc ba dbkehl \ jZkl\h

j_ _keb ijb g_cljZebaZpbb ] wlh]h jZkl\hjZ jZkoh^m_lky

fe ! ] kf3 jZkl\hjZ ]b^jhdkb^Z gZljby k fZkkh\hc ^he_c Z ijb ijb[Z\e_gbb d ] lZdh]h `_ jZkl\hjZ ba[uldZ oehjb^Z [Zjby h[jZam_lky hkZ^hd fZkkhc ]

171.DZdhc fZkku ]_dkZ]b^jZl oehjb^Z dZevpby g_h[oh^bfh ^h[Z\blv d jZkl\hjm dZj[hgZlZ gZljby h[t_fhf fe ! ] fe k fZk kh\hc ^he_c kheb qlh[u ihemqblv jZkl\hj \ dhlhjhf fZk kh\Zy ^hey dZj[hgZlZ gZljby jZ\gZ"

172.KieZ\ jZ\guo ih fZkk_ f_^b `_e_aZ b pbgdZ h[s_c fZkkhc ] ihf_klbeb \ jZkl\hj fZkkhc ] k fZkkh\hc ^he_c kheyghc db kehlu JZkkqblZcl_ fZkkh\u_ ^heb \k_o \_s_kl\ \ ihemqb\ r_fky jZkl\hj_

173.Kf_rZeb jZkl\hj h[t_fhf fe ! ] kf3 ^b]b^jhnhknZlZ dZeby k fheyjghc dhgp_gljZpb_c kheb fhev e b jZkl\hj fZk khc ] ]b^jhdkb^Z gZljby k fZkkh\hc ^he_c s_ehqb JZk kqblZcl_ fZkkh\u_ ^heb \_s_kl\ \ ihemq_gghf jZkl\hj_

65

174.D jZkl\hjm fZkkhc ] k fZkkh\hc ^he_c oehjb^Z dZevpby

^h[Z\beb dZj[hgZl gZljby fZkkhc ] Q_j_a h[jZah\Z\rmxky kf_kv ijhimklbeb m]e_dbkeuc ]Za h[t_fhf e baf_j_gguc ijb ghjfZevguo mkeh\byo Hij_^_ebl_ fZkkm ihemq_ggh]h hkZ^dZ b fZkkh\u_ ^heb \_s_kl\ \ h[jZah\Z\r_fky jZkl\hj_

175. D jZkl\hjm h[t_fhf fe ! ] kf3 k fZkkh\hc ^he_c Zahlghc dbkehlu ijb[Z\beb jZkl\hj ]b^jhdkb^Z dZeby k fZkkh\hc ^he_c DHG ^h iheghc g_cljZebaZpbb DZdh\Z fZkkZ kheb \uiZ\r_c \ hkZ^hd ijb hoeZ`^_gbb jZkl\hjZ ^h hK _keb \ gZkus_gghf jZkl\hj_ ijb wlhc l_fi_jZlmj_ fZkkh\Zy ^hey kheb khklZ\ey_l"

176.>ey ihemq_gby kl_deZ kf_kv ihlZrZ b ba\_klgydZ ijhdZebeb k

dj_fg_a_fhf Z \u^_eb\rbcky ]Za ih]ehlbeb jZkl\hjhf ]b^jh dkb^Z [Zjby h[t_fhf fe iehlghklvx ] kf3 Ijb wlhf \u iZe hkZ^hd fZkkhc ] ijbq_f ]Z kh s_ehqvx j_Z]bjh\Ze \ khhlghr_gbyo Hij_^_ebl_ fZkkh\mx ^hex s_ehqb b h[t_f ih]ehlb\r_]hky ]ZaZ

177.GZ jZkl\hj_gb_ kf_kb f_^b b hdkb^Z f_^b II fZkkhc ] bajZk oh^h\Zgh ] jZkl\hjZ k w(H2SO4) = 90 <uqbkebl_ fZkkm f_^b \ bkoh^ghc kf_kb

= E : < : V I

J:<GH<?KBY < J:KL<HJ:O WE?DLJHEBLH<

We_dljheblu ^bkkhpbbjmxsb_ \ jZkl\hjZo g_ iheghklvx gZ au\Zxlky keZ[ufb we_dljheblZfb < bo jZkl\hjZo mklZgZ\eb\Z_lky jZ\gh\_kb_ f_`^m g_ijh^bkkhpbbjh\Z\rbfb fhe_dmeZfb bkoh^gh]h \_s_kl\Z b bhgZfb h[jZah\Z\rbfbky \ j_amevlZl_ ^bkkhpbZpbb GZ ijbf_j \ \h^ghf jZkl\hj_ mdkmkghc dbkehlu mklZgZ\eb\Z_lky jZ\gh \_kb_

KG3KHHG < G+ KG3KHH–,

dhgklZglZ dhlhjh]h dhgklZglZ ^bkkhpbZpbb k\yaZgZ k dhgp_gljZ- pbyfb khhl\_lkl\mxsbo qZklbp khhlghr_gb_f

K = c(H+ ) c(CH3COO− ) . cg_^bk (CH3COOH)

Kl_i_gvx ^bkkhpbZpbb . we_dljheblZ gZau\Z_lky ^hey _]h fh e_dme ih^\_j]rboky ^bkkhpbZpbb l _ hlghr_gb_ qbkeZ fhe_dme

66

jZkiZ\rboky gZ bhgu N^bk d h[s_fm qbkem fhe_dme \\_^_gguo \ jZk l\hj Nh[s.:

α = N^bk . Nh[s

G_ljm^gh ihdZaZlv qlh hlghr_gb_ qbkeZ fhe_dme fh`gh aZf_ gblv hlghr_gb_f fheyjghc dhgp_gljZpbb ijh^bkkhpbbjh\Z\rbo fh e_dme k^bk d h[s_c fheyjghc dhgp_gljZpbb keZ[h]h we_dljheblZ k:

< p_eyo mijhs_gby \b^Z nhjfme h[hagZqbf h[smx dhgp_gljZ pbx mdkmkghc dbkehlu [md\hc k l _ k KG3KHHG k

Lh]^Z ke_^m_l qlh

k G+) = k KG3KHH–) = . · k, Z kg_^bk KG3KHHG k – . · k = (1 – .)k.

Ihke_ ih^klZgh\db k^bk b kg_^bk ihemqZ_f mjZ\g_gb_ dhlhjh_ gZ au\Zxl aZdhghf jZa[Z\e_gby Hkl\Zev^Z

?keb kl_i_gv ^bkkhpbZpbb agZqbl_evgh f_gvr_ _^bgbpu lh ijb ijb[eb`_gguo \uqbke_gbyo fh`gh ijbgylv qlh – .§Lh]^Z \u jZ`_gb_ aZdhgZ jZa[Z\e_gby mijhsZ_lky

Ihke_^g__ khhlghr_gb_ ihdZau\Z_l qlh ijb jZa[Z\e_gbb jZk l\hjZ l _ ijb mf_gvr_gbb dhgp_gljZpbb we_dljheblZ c kl_i_gv ^bkkhpbZpbb we_dljheblZ \hajZklZ_l

?keb \ jZkl\hj_ we_dljheblZ AX kl_i_gv _]h ^bkkhpbZpbb jZ\gZ

. lh dhgp_gljZpbb bhgh\ A+ b X– \ jZkl\hj_ h^bgZdh\u b khklZ\eyxl k(:+) = k(O–) = . · k.

67

Ih^klZ\b\ kx^Z agZq_gb_ . ba ij_^u^ms_]h khhlghr_gby gZoh^bf

k :+) = k O–) = c K = Kc .

c

Ijbf_j . Hij_^_ebl_ dhgp_gljZpbb bhgh\ b g_ijh^bkkhpbbjh \Zgguo fhe_dme \ \h^ghf jZkl\hj_+)k k(HF) = fhev e Kl_i_gv ^bkkhpbZpbb+)\ wlbo mkeh\byo jZ\gZ

J_r_gb_

AZibr_f mjZ\g_gb_ we_dljheblbq_kdhc ^bkkhpbZpbb+)

HF ↔ H+ + F–.

Ih mkeh\bx aZ^Zqb kl_i_gv ^bkkhpbZpbb+)jZ\gZ ihwlh

= 7,5 ·10–3 fhev e

Ijbf_j Q_fm jZ\gZ kl_i_gv we_dljheblbq_kdhc ^bkkhpbZpbb mdkmkghc dbkehlu \ __ F \h^ghf jZkl\hj_"DZdh\Z dhgp_gljZpby bhgh\ G+ \ wlhf jZkl\hj_"D^bk(CH3COOH) = 1,80 ·10–5.

J_r_gb_

AZibr_f fZl_fZlbq_kdh_ \ujZ`_gb_ aZdhgZ jZa[Z\e_gby Hkl

Dhgp_gljZpby bhgh\ G+ [m^_l jZ\gZ

k G+) = α · k = 9,5 · 10-3 · 0,2 = 1,9 · 10-3 fhev e

Bhggh_ ijhba\_^_gb_ \h^u

<h^hjh^guc ihdZaZl_ev

<h^Z [m^mqb hq_gv keZ[uf we_dljheblhf \ g_agZqbl_evghc kl_ i_gb ^bkkhpbbjm_l h[jZamy bhgu \h^hjh^Z b ]b^jhdkb^-bhgu

G2H < G+ HG–. Wlhfm ijhp_kkm khhl\_lkl\m_l dhgklZglZ ^bkkhpbZpbb

K = c(H+ ) c(OH− ) = 1,8 · 10–16 ijb hK c(H2O)

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Ihkdhevdm kl_i_gv ^bkkhpbZpbb \h^u hq_gv fZeZ lh jZ\gh\_kgZy dhgp_gljZpby g_^bkkhpbbjh\Zgguo fhe_dme \h^u k G2H k ^hklZlhq ghc lhqghklvx jZ\gZ h[s_c dhgp_gljZpbb \h^u fhev e Lh]^Z \ujZ`_gb_ ^ey dhgklZglu ^bkkhpbZpbb \h^u fh`gh ij_h[jZah\Zlv ke_^mxsbf h[jZahf

k G+) · k HG–) = D · k G2H –14 = DW.

DhgklZglZ DW gZau\Z_lky bhgguf ijhba\_^_gb_f \h^u

>ey \h^u b jZa[Z\e_gguo \h^guo jZkl\hjh\ ijb g_baf_gghc l_fi_jZlmj_ DW – \_ebqbgZ ihklhyggZy Ijb hK DW =10–14.

Ihkdhevdm ^bkkhpbZpby \h^u – wg^hl_jfbq_kdbc ijhp_kk lh k jhklhf l_fi_jZlmju ^bkkhpbZpby mkbeb\Z_lky b agZq_gb_ DW \hajZk lZ_l

< qbklhc \h^_ dhgp_gljZpbb bhgh\ \h^hjh^Z b ]b^jhdkb^-bhgh\ h^bgZdh\u b ijb hK khklZ\eyxl –7 fhev e

JZkl\hju \ dhlhjuo dhgp_gljZpbb bhgh\ \h^hjh^Z b ]b^jhdkb^-

bhgh\ h^bgZdh\u gZau\Zxlky g_cljZevgufb jZkl\hjZfb < g_c ljZevguo jZkl\hjZo k G+ k HG–) = 10–7 fhev e

< dbkeuo jZkl\hjZo k G+) > 10–7 fhev e b k G+!k HG– Z \ s_ ehqguo jZkl\hjZo k G+) < 10–7 fhev e b k G+ k HG–).

<f_klh dhgp_gljZpbc bhgh\ G+ b HG– m^h[g__ ihevah\Zlvky bo ^_kylbqgufb eh]ZjbnfZfb \aylufb k h[jZlguf agZdhf wlb \_ebqb gu h[hagZqZxlky kbf\heZfbS+bS2+b gZau\Zxlky khhl\_lkl\_ggh \h^hjh^guf b ]b^jhdkb^guf ihdZaZl_eyfb

pH = –lg c(H+); pOH = –lg c(OH–).

< qZklghklb ^ey \h^u ijb hK

jG –lg10–7 = 7, pOH = –lg10–7 = 7.

Ke_^h\Zl_evgh \ g_cljZevguo jZkl\hjZo

pH = pOH Z kmffZ pH + pOH = 14.

< dbkeuo jZkl\hjZo jG < Z \ s_ehqguo jZkl\hjZoS+ ! Ijbf_j Hij_^_ebl_S+\h^gh]h jZkl\hjZ+2SO4 k k+2SO4) =

= fhev e

J_r_gb_

LZd dZd k_jgZy dbkehlZ \ jZa[Z\e_gghf jZkl\hj_ ^bkkhpbbjm_l iheghklvx+2SO4 → 2H+ + SO42–, lh dhgp_gljZpby bhgh\ G+ [m^_l jZ\-

gZ k G+ . · k · 2 = 1 · 0,02 · fhev e Hlkx^ZS+ –OJk++) = = –lg 0,04 = –lg 4 ·10–2 = –lg 4 – lg10–2 = –0,6 +2 = 1,4.

Bkoh^y ba jZ\_gkl\ZS+ S2+ ke_^m_l qlhS2+ – 1,4 = = 12,6.

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Ijbf_j JZkkqblZcl_ fheyjgmx dhgp_gljZpbx+&O_keb \h^h jh^guc ihdZaZl_ev \h^gh]h jZkl\hjZ oehjh\h^hjh^Z jZ\_g

J_r_gb_

LZd dZdS+ ke_^h\Zl_evgh –OJk++) = 1,85; lg c(H+) = –1,85 =

−

= 2,15 l _ –2 + 0,15 = – Hlkx^Z k++) = 1,4 · 10–2 LZd dZd khey

gZy dbkehlZ y\ey_lky kbevghc h^ghhkgh\ghc dbkehlhc lh b k+&O = 1,4 · 10–2 fhev e

Ijhba\_^_gb_ jZkl\hjbfhklb

JZkkfhljbf ]_l_jh]_ggmx kbkl_fm – gZkus_gguc jZkl\hj fZehjZk- l\hjbfh]h we_dljheblZ gZoh^ysbcky \ jZ\gh\_kbb kh k\hbf hkZ^dhf

KnAm(d) < nKm+(j) + mAn–(j).

>ey l\_j^hc nZau hkZ^dZ k(DnAm) = const b fZl_fZlbq_kdh_ \ujZ`_gb_ dhgklZglu ^Zggh]h jZ\gh\_kby bf__l \b^

Ds = kn(Dm+) km(:n–)

LZdZy dhgklZglZ jZ\gh\_kby gZau\Z_lky ijhba\_^_gb_f jZkl\h jbfhklb IJ beb dhgklZglhc jZkl\hjbfhklb (Ds):

Ds IJ k n(Dm+) k m(:n–)

LZdbf h[jZahf \ gZkus_gghf jZkl\hj_ fZehjZkl\hjbfh]h we_dljheblZ ijhba\_^_gb_ dhgp_gljZpbc _]h bhgh\ \ kl_i_gyo jZ\ guo kl_obhf_ljbq_kdbf dhwnnbpb_glZf ijb ^Zgghc l_fi_jZlmj_ – \_ebqbgZ ihklhyggZy

Ijhba\_^_gb_ jZkl\hjbfhklb oZjZdl_jbam_l kjZ\gbl_evgmx jZk l\hjbfhklv h^ghlbiguo \_s_kl\ q_f [hevr_ IJ ^Zggh]h \_s_kl\Z l_f [hevr_ _]h jZkl\hjbfhklv

Mkeh\by h[jZah\Zgby hkZ^dZ

ID k(Dm+)n k(:n–)m!IJKnAm,

]^_ ID – ijhba\_^_gb_ dhgp_gljZpbc bhgh\ gZoh^ysboky \ ^Zgghf jZkl\hj_

JZkl\hj \ dhlhjhf kha^Z_lky wlh mkeh\b_ – i_j_kus_gguc hl ghkbl_evgh ^Zggh]h we_dljheblZ ba g_]h [m^_l \uiZ^Zlv hkZ^hd

>Zggh_ mkeh\b_ fh`_l ^hklb]Zlvky gZijbf_j \\_^_gb_f h^gh bf_ggh]h bhgZ \ gZkus_gguc jZkl\hj KnAm.

Mkeh\b_ jZkl\hj_gby hkZ^dZ ID < IJKnAm.

JZkl\hj \ ^Zgghf kemqZ_ – g_gZkus_gguc djbklZeeu fZehjZk l\hjbfh]h we_dljheblZ KnAm ijb \\_^_gbb \ g_]h [m^ml jZkl\hjylvky

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