sbornik zadach po neorganicheskoj chimii

2.DZd \ ]jmiiZo V-we_f_glh\ baf_gyxlky jZ^bmku Zlhfh\ wg_j]by bhgbaZpbb kjh^kl\h d we_dljhgm we_dljhhljbpZl_evghklv" DZd wlb Zlhfgu_ oZjZdl_jbklbdb baf_gyxlky ijb i_j_oh^_ hl ,dh,, ]jmii_ \ ij_^_eZo h^gh]h i_jbh^Z"

3.Ijb\_klb ijbf_ju kh_^bg_gbc s_ehqguo f_lZeeh\ k jZaebqgufb lbiZfb obfbq_kdhc k\yab

4.HoZjZdl_jbamcl_ kihkh[ghklv s-we_f_glh\ h[jZah\u\Zlv dhhj^b gZpbhggu_ kh_^bg_gby

5.H[tykgbl_ \aZbfgh_ jZkiheh`_gb_ s_ehqguo f_lZeeh\ \ we_d ljhobfbq_kdhf jy^m gZijy`_gbc f_lZeeh\

6.Bkoh^y ba iheh`_gby%Hb0J\ we_dljhobfbq_kdhf jy^m gZijy `_gbc f_lZeeh\ hoZjZdl_jbamcl_ bo kihkh[ghklv d \aZbfh^_ckl \bx k \h^hc

7.H[hkgmcl_ \hafh`ghklv ihemq_gby s_ehqguo f_lZeeh\ obfbq_ kdbf iml_f GZibrbl_ khhl\_lkl\mxsb_ mjZ\g_gby j_Zdpbc

8.DZd baf_gyxlky hkgh\gu_ k\hckl\Z hdkb^h\ b ]b^jhdkb^h\ s-we_- f_glh\ ih f_j_ m\_ebq_gby ihjy^dh\h]h ghf_jZ we_f_glZ"GZib rbl_ j_Zdpbb oZjZdl_jbamxsb_ Zfnhl_jgu_ k\hckl\Z hdkb^Z b ]b^jhdkb^Z [_jbeeby

9.JZkkfhljbl_ obfbq_kdb_ k\hckl\Z ]b^jb^h\ s-we_f_glh\ DZdb_ hkh[_gghklb kljh_gby ]b^jb^Z [_jbeeby" GZibrbl_ mjZ\g_gby j_Zdpbc \aZbfh^_ckl\by/L+b%D+2 k \h^hc b jZa[Z\e_gghc+&O

10.DZdb_ ijhp_kku ijhl_dZxl ijb we_dljheba_ jZkieZ\Z 1D&O ijb we_dljheba_ jZkl\hjZ1D&l?

11.DZdb_ kh_^bg_gby h[jZamxlky ijb \aZbfh^_ckl\bbV-we_f_glh\ k dbkehjh^hf"DZdb_ bhgu gZoh^ylky \ maeZo djbklZeebq_kdbo j_ r_lhd /L2O, Na2O2, KO2, KO3, BaO, BaO2" Hij_^_ebl_ kl_i_gv hdbke_gby we_f_glh\ \ wlbo kh_^bg_gbyo HoZjZdl_jbamcl_ hdbk ebl_evgh-\hkklZgh\bl_evgu_ k\hckl\Z kh_^bg_gbc s-we_f_glh\ k dbkehjh^hf

12.KieZ\ gZljby k g_ba\_klguf s_ehqguf f_lZeehf h[s_c fZkkhc

] jZkl\hjbeb \ \h^_ fZkkhc ] < j_amevlZl_ j_Zdpbb \u^_ ebeky ]Za h[t_fhf e g m b h[jZah\Zeky jZkl\hj \ dhlhjhf fZkkh\Zy ^hey NaOH jZ\gZ Hij_^_eblv g_ba\_klguc f_lZee

13.Kf_rZeb fhev hdkb^Z dZevpby fhev dZj[b^Z dZevpby b fhev nhknb^Z dZevpby DZdhc h[t_f \h^u ijhj_Z]bjm_l k ] lZdhc kf_kb"Q_fm jZ\gZ fZkkZ h[jZah\Z\r_]hky hkgh\Zgby"

14.AZdhgqbl_ mjZ\g_gby ke_^mxsbo ijhp_kkh\

Z) Na2O + H2SO4 →

131

[) Na2O2 + H2SO4 (j) →

\) BaO2 + KMnO4 + H2SO4 →

]1+4Cl + Mg(OH)2 →

^) BeCl2 + KOH →

_) Ca(HCO3)2 t →

`) Be + KOH + H2O → .

15.GZibrbl_ mjZ\g_gby j_Zdpbc ijb ihfhsb dhlhjuo fh`gh hkm s_kl\blv ke_^mxsb_ ij_\jZs_gby

Z) Na → NaH → NaOH → NaHCO3 → Na2CO3 → NaOH; [) K → KO2 → K2O2 → K2O → KHSO4 → KCl.

H;S:Y O:J:DL?JBKLBD: D-WE?F?GLH<

1.KhihklZ\vl_ baf_g_gb_ Zlhfguo jZ^bmkh\ wg_j]bb bhgbaZpbb b we_dljhhljbpZl_evghklb we_f_glh\ \ ]eZ\guo b ih[hqguo ih^ ]jmiiZo

2.Q_f h[tykgy_lky [ebahklv Zlhfguo jZ^bmkh\ d-we_f_glh\9i_jb- h^Z b d-we_f_glh\9,i_jbh^Z h^ghc ]jmiiu"

3.JZkkfhljbl_ hkh[_gghklb baf_g_gby hkgh\guo oZjZdl_jbklbd ZlhfZ ^ey d-we_f_glh\,,,]jmiiu

4.Ihq_fm fgh]b_ ba d-we_f_glh\ ijhy\eyxl i_j_f_ggmx kl_i_gv hdbke_gby"DZdb_ ba d-we_f_glh\ ijhy\eyxl ihklhyggmx kl_i_gv hdbke_gby"

5.DZd baf_gyxlky mklhcqb\hklv b hdbkebl_evgu_ k\hckl\Z kh_^b g_gbc d-we_f_glh\ \ \ukrbo kl_i_gyo hdbke_gby \ ih^]jmiiZo"

6.JZkkfhljbl_ hkh[_gghklb obfbb d-we_f_glh\ \ kjZ\g_gbb k obfb _c s- bS-we_f_glh\

7.DZd baf_gyxlky dbkehlgh-hkgh\gu_ k\hckl\Z ]b^jhdkb^h\ h^gh]h b lh]h `_ d-we_f_glZ \ aZ\bkbfhklb hl kl_i_gb hdbke_gby"

8.DZd baf_gyxlky dbkehlgu_ k\hckl\Z dbkehl d-we_f_glh\ 9–VIII ]jmii \ \ukrbo kl_i_gyo hdbke_gby"

9.Q_f h[mkeh\e_gZ [hevrZy kdehgghklv d dhfie_dkhh[jZah\Zgbx m d-we_f_glh\" >ey dZdbo ba d-we_f_glh\ hgZ ijhy\ey_lky \ gZb [hevr_c gZbf_gvr_c kl_i_gb"

10.JZkkfhljbl_ dhhj^bgZpbhgguc bhgbaZpbhgguc ]b^jZlguc pbk- ljZgk- b hilbq_kdbc a_jdZevguc lbiu bahf_jbb dhfie_dkguo kh_^bg_gbc

11.DZdb_ dZlbhggu_ beb Zgbhggu_ nhjfu [he__ oZjZdl_jgu ^ey d- we_f_glh\

Z \ gbarbo kl_i_gyo hdbke_gby [ \ \ukrbo kl_i_gyo hdbke_ gby"

132

D-WE?F?GLU 9,,, =JMIU

1.DZdb_ kl_i_gb hdbke_gby oZjZdl_jgu ^ey `_e_aZ dh[ZevlZ b gb d_ey"Ijb\_^bl_ ih ^\Z ijbf_jZ kh_^bg_gbc wlbo we_f_glh\ \ oZ jZdl_jguo kl_i_gyo hdbke_gby b gZah\bl_ bo

2.DZd \aZbfh^_ckl\mxl `_e_ah dh[Zevl b gbd_ev k Zahlghc k_jghc b kheyghc dbkehlZfb"DZd wlb f_lZeeu \aZbfh^_ckl\mxl k \h^hc k \h^gufb jZkl\hjZfb khe_c"

3.JZkkfhljbl_ ijhp_kku dhjjhabb hpbgdh\Zggh]h b em`_gh]h `_e_ aZ <eby_l eb gZ dhjjhabx ijbkmlkl\b_ 22 b &22 \ hdjm`Zxs_c kj_^_"

4.H[tykgbl_ agZqbl_evgh_ mf_gvr_gb_ klZg^Zjlgh]h we_dljh^gh]h ihl_gpbZeZ kbkl_fu&R3+ + e = Co2+ \ s_ehqguo kj_^Zo b jZkl\h jZo kh^_j`Zsbo&1-.

5.Bkihevamy agZq_gby dhgklZgl g_klhcdhklb bhgh\ >&R 1+3)6]3+ b [Co(CN)6]3+ hij_^_ebl_ \hafh`ghklv ijhl_dZgby ijhp_kkZ

[Co(NH3)6]3+ + 6CN- [Co(CN)6]3- + 6NH3

6.JZkkfhljbl_ khklhygb_ bhgh\ )H3+ \ \h^guo jZkl\hjZo ijb jZa ebqguo jG

7.IjhZgZebabjmcl_ ]b^jhebam_fhklv )H6 b )H624 >ey )H624 gZ ibrbl_ mjZ\g_gby i_j\hc klmi_gb ]b^jhebaZ

8.Qlh [hevr_ ]b^jhebam_lky

Z)H&O3 beb)H&O2;

[) FeCl3 beb K3[Fe(CN)6];

\)H&O3 beb.3[Fe(OH)6]; ])H&O3 beb.2FeO4.

9.IjhZgZebabjmcl_ k lhqdb aj_gby l_jfh^bgZfbdb Zexfhl_jfbq_ kdbc kihkh[ ihemq_gby `_e_aZ =^_ gZoh^bl ijbf_g_gb_ wlhl kih kh["Fh`gh eb bkihevah\Zlv pbgd b fZ]gbc ^ey \hkklZgh\e_gby `_e_aZ"

10.DZd baf_gy_lky mklhcqb\hklv d hdbke_gbx \ jy^m)H ,,– Co(II) – 1L ,, "DZd baf_gy_lky hdbkebl_evgZy kihkh[ghklv \ jy^m)H ,,,– Co(III) – 1L ,,, " HoZjZdl_jbamcl_ mkeh\by ihemq_gby ]b^jhdkb ^h\0H 2+2 b0H 2+3 .

11.GZibrbl_ mjZ\g_gby j_Zdpbc ijb ihfhsb dhlhjuo fh`gh hkm s_kl\blv ij_\jZs_gby

Z) Fe → FeCl2 → Fe(OH)2 → Fe(OH)3 → Na2FeO4 ;

[) Na2FeO4 → Fe(OH)3 → NaFeO2 → Fe(OH)3 → Fe2O3 → FeO; \) Fe3O4 → Fe → FeCl3 → FeS → Fe(NO3)3.

133

12. AZdhgqbl_ mjZ\g_gby j_Zdpbc Z) Fe + O2 + H2O →

[) Fe(OH)2 + O2 + H2O →

\) FeSO4 + O2 + H2O →

]) FeSO4 + KBrO3 + H2SO4 → ^) Fe(OH)3 + HCl →

_) Co(OH)3 + HCl →

`) Ni(OH)3 + HCl → a) FeCl3 + KI →

b)H 2+3 + Cl2 + KOH →

d)H62 + HNO3 dhgp →

e) K4[Fe(CN)6] + KMnO4 + H2O → f) K2FeO4 + H2O → g.2FeO4+&Odhgp →

h) K2FeO4 + HNO3 →

13.Ijb\_^bl_ oZjZdl_jgu_ j_Zdpbb gZ bhgu)H2+ b)H3+.

14.DZdb_ j_Zdpbb e_`Zl \ hkgh\_ ^_fhgkljZpbhggh]h hiulZ ©ihj_a jmdbª ©bkp_e_gb_ª"

15.JZkkfhljbl_ kljmdlmjm ]_fh]eh[bgZ DZdh\ ijbgpbi ^_ckl\by ]_ fh]eh[bgZ \ `b\hf hj]Zgbaf_"

D-WE?F?GLU9,,=JMIIU

1.DZdb_ kl_i_gb hdbke_gby oZjZdl_jgu ^ey d-we_f_glh\ 9,, ]jmi iu"Ijb\_^bl_ ih ^\Z ijbf_jZ kh_^bg_gbc wlbo we_f_glh\ \ oZ jZdl_jguo kl_i_gyo hdbke_gby b gZah\bl_ bo

2.Ijb\_^bl_ ijbf_ju dZlbhgghc b Zgbhgghc nhjf kh_^bg_gbc fZj]ZgpZ,,,b fZj]ZgpZ,9

3.MdZ`bl_ jZaebqby \ kljh_gbb Zlhfh\ we_f_glh\ ih^]jmiiu fZj ]ZgpZ b ]Zeh]_gh\ < dZdhc kl_i_gb hdbke_gby fZj]Zg_p b oehj ijhy\eyxl gZb[hevr__ koh^kl\h \ k\hckl\Zo"Ijb\_^bl_ khhl\_l kl\mxsb_ ijbf_ju

4.GZibrbl_ mjZ\g_gby j_Zdpbc \ dhlhjuo kh_^bg_gby fZj]ZgpZ ijhy\eyxl

Z hdbkebl_evgu_ [ \hkklZgh\bl_evgu_ k\hckl\Z \ hdbkebl_ev gu_ b \hkklZgh\bl_evgu_ h^gh\j_f_ggh DZdb_ kh_^bg_gby fZj ]ZgpZ fh]ml ijhy\eylv hdbkebl_evgh-\hkklZgh\bl_evgmx ^\hckl \_gghklv"

134

5.HoZjZdl_jbamcl_ iheh`_gb_ 0Q7F5H\ jy^m gZijy`_gbc b bo hlghr_gb_ d \h^_ dbkehlZf s_ehqZf

6.IjhZgZebabjmcl_ dbkehlgh-hkgh\gu_ k\hckl\Z ]b^jhdkb^h\ hd kb^h\ fZj]ZgpZ II, IV, VII).

7.JZkkfhljbl_ hdbkebl_evgu_ k\hckl\Z.0Q24 \ jZaebqguo kj_^Zo Qlh ij_^klZ\eyxl kh[hc ijh^mdlu \hkklZgh\e_gby.0Q24 \ dbk euo g_cljZevguo b s_ehqguo kj_^Zo" DZd baf_gy_lky hdjZkdZ jZkl\hjh\ \ ijhp_kk_ \hkklZgh\e_gby.0Q24?

8.HoZjZdl_jbamcl_ \aZbfh^_ckl\b_ kheyghc dbkehlu k hdkb^Zfb fZj]ZgpZ0Q2 0Q22, Mn2O7.

9.Qlh [hevr_ ]b^jhebam_lky

Z MnCl2 beb MnCl4; [ K2MnO4 beb KMnO4.

10.GZibrbl_ mjZ\g_gby j_Zdpbc ijb ihfhsb dhlhjuo fh`gh hkm

s_kl\blv ij_\jZs_gby

Z) KMnO4 → MnO2 → MnCl2 → HMnO4 → KMnO4; [) KMnO4 → MnSO4 → MnCO3 → MnO → Na2MnO4;

\) Na2MnO4 → NaMnO4 → Na2MnO4 → MnO2 → Na2MnO4.

11.AZdhgqbl_ mjZ\g_gby j_Zdpbc mdZ`bl_ hdbkebl_ev \hkklZgh\b

l_ev b lbi hdbkebl_evgh-\hkklZgh\bl_evghc j_Zdpbb

Z) MnCl2 + Br2 + KOH →

[) MnSO4 + NaBiO3 + H2SO4 → \) MnO2 + PbO2 + HNO3 →

]) MnO2 + KI + H2SO4 →

^) KMnO4 + SO2 + H2SO4 → _) KMnO4 + K2S + KOH → `) KMnO4 + FeSO4 + H2O →

a) KMnO4 + C3H5(OH)3 + H2SO4 → b) KMnO4 + H2O2 + H2SO4 →

d) KMnO4 + MnCl2 + H2O → e) KMnO4 t→

f) K2MnO4 + H2O →

12.JZkkfhljbl_ [bheh]bq_kdmx jhev fZj]Zg_pkh^_j`Zsbo kh_^bg_ gbc MdZ`bl_ [bheh]bq_kdb_ wnn_dlu bhgh\ Mn2+.

D-WE?F?GLU9,=JMIU

135

1.DZdb_ kl_i_gb hdbke_gby oZjZdl_jgu ^eyG-we_f_glh\9,]jmiiu" Ijb\_^bl_ ih ^\Z ijbf_jZ kh_^bg_gbc wlbo we_f_glh\ \ oZjZd l_jguo kl_i_gyo hdbke_gby b gZah\bl_ bo

2.KjZ\gbl_ we_dljhggmx kljmdlmjm Zlhfh\ ojhfZ b k_ju DZdb_ kl_i_gb hdbke_gby j_Zebamxlky ^ey wlbo we_f_glh\"< dZdhc kl_ i_gb hdbke_gby wlb we_f_glu ijhy\eyxl koh^kl\h \ k\hckl\Zo"

3.DZdb_ hdkb^u h[jZamxlky ijb ijhdZeb\Zgbb ojhfZ fheb[^_gZ b \hevnjZfZ gZ \ha^mo_"

4.HoZjZdl_jbamcl_ hlghr_gb_ ojhfZ fheb[^_gZ b \hevnjZfZ d \h

^_ dbkehlZf b s_ehqZf Ihq_fm ojhf g_ jZkl\hjy_lky \ \h^_ oh

ly(oCr3+/Cr = -0.74 B?

5.DZd baf_gyxlky dbkehlgh-hkgh\gu_ k\hckl\Z hdkb^h\ \ jy^m

CrO – CrO3" Ijb\_^bl_ j_Zdpbb ihdZau\Zxsb_ Zfnhl_jghklv ]b^jhdkb^Z ojhfZ,,,DZd \aZbfh^_ckl\mxl hdkb^u ojhfZ,, ,,, 9,k kheyghc b k_jghc dbkehlZfb"

6.DZd baf_gyxlky dbkehlgu_ k\hckl\Z \ jy^m+2CrO4 – H2WO4?

7.GZibrbl_ dhhj^bgZpbhggu_ nhjfmeu kh_^bg_gbc

CrCl3Â .&1Â1+3; Cr(NO3)3Â 1D,Â1D%U

K2SO3Â&U2(SO3)3Â +2O.

GZah\bl_ wlb dhfie_dkgu_ kh_^bg_gby GZibrbl_ mjZ\g_gby i_j\bqghc b \lhjbqghc we_dljheblbq_kdhc ^bkkhpbZpbb wlbo kh _^bg_gbc GZibrbl_ \ujZ`_gb_ dhgklZglu g_klhcdhklb ^ey bhgZ

[Cr(NO3)3BrI2]3- .

8.< dZdbo nhjfZo gZoh^blky &U3+ \ \h^guo jZkl\hjZo ijb jZaebq

guo jG"Ijb\_^bl_ b gZah\bl_ \hafh`gu_ dhfie_dkgu_ kh_^bg_ gby&U3+ dhlhju_ fh]ml ijb wlhf h[jZah\u\Zlvky

9.GZibrbl_ mjZ\g_gby ]b^jhebaZ&U2(SO4)3 ih i_j\hc b \lhjhc klm i_gyf DZdb_ mkeh\by g_h[oh^bfh kh[ex^Zlv ijb ijb]hlh\e_gbb jZkl\hjh\ khe_c &U3+ qlh[u mf_gvrblv ]b^jhebam_fhklv dZlbh gZ"Fh`gh eb ihemqblv \ \h^guo jZkl\hjZo&U2S3?

10.Ihq_fm \h^gu_ jZkl\hju ^bojhfZlZ s_ehqgh]h f_lZeeZ bf_xl dbkemx kj_^m"DZd baf_gblky hdjZkdZ lZdh]h jZkl\hjZ ijb ^h[Z\ e_gbb s_ehqb" Ijhbeexkljbjmcl_ khhl\_lkl\mxsbfb mjZ\g_ gbyfb j_Zdpbc khklhygb_ jZ\gh\_kby

Cr2O72- + H2O 2CrO42- +2H+?

11.Ihq_fm ijb \aZbfh^_ckl\bb khe_c [Zjby k jZkl\hjZfb ojhfZlZ b ^bojhfZlZ dZeby \uiZ^Zxl hkZ^db h^bgZdh\h]h khklZ\Z" JZk kfhljbl_ hdbkebl_evgu_ k\hckl\Z.2Cr2O7 ijb jZaebqguo jG jZk l\hjh\

136

12. Ijh\_^bl_ l_jfh^bgZfbq_kdbc ZgZeba j_Zdpbb

(NH4)2Cr2O7 → N2 + Cr2O3 + H2O.

IjhZgZebabjmcl_ mkeh\by ijh\_^_gby wlhc j_Zdpbb

13.GZibrbl_ mjZ\g_gby j_Zdpbc ijb ihfhsb dhlhjuo fh`gh hkm s_kl\blv ij_\jZs_gby

Z) Cr(NO3)3 → Cr(OH)3 → K3[Cr(OH)6] → K3CrO3 → Cr(H2PO4)3 → CrPO4;

14.Qlh [hevr_ ih^\_j]Z_lky ]b^jhebam: CrCl2 beb CrCl3; CrCl3 beb

Na3[Cr(OH)6]; CrCl3 beb Cr(CH3COO)3; CrCl3 beb MoCl3; K2CrO4 beb K2WO4.

15.AZdhgqbl_ mjZ\g_gby khhl\_lkl\mxsbo j_Zdpbc

Z) K2Cr2O7 + HCl →

[) CrCl3 + Na2S + H2O →

\0R +123 →

]) Cr + KClO3 + KOH →

^) Cr2(SO4)3 + Cl2 + KOH → _) NaCrO2 + PbO2 + NaOH → `) Cr2O3 + NaNO3 + NaOH → a) K2Cr2O7 + H2S + H2SO4 → b) Na2CrO4 + NaBr + HCl → d0R62 + HNO3 dhgp → e&U23+&Odhgp →

f) K2Cr2O7 + H2O2 + HCl →

16.DZdmx jhev \uihegy_l fheb[^_g \ khklZ\_ fheb[^_gkh^_j`Zsbo n_jf_glh\"

D-WE?F?GLU,,=JMIU

1.HoZjZdl_jbamcl_ kljh_gb_ Zlhfh\ d-we_f_glh\ II ]jmiiu DZdh\u bo we_dljhggu_ dhgnb]mjZpbb \ hkgh\ghf b \ha[m`^_gghf kh klhygbyo"D dZdbf we_dljhgguf k_f_ckl\Zf fh`gh hlg_klb ^Zg gu_ we_f_glu b ihq_fm"

2.IjhZgZebabjmcl_ oZjZdl_j baf_g_gby Zlhfguo jZ^bmkh\ wg_j]bc bhgbaZpbb kjh^kl\Z d we_dljhgm we_dljhhljbpZl_evghklb Zlhfh\ \ jy^m Zn – Hg Q_f h[mkeh\e_gZ g_fhghlhgghklv baf_g_gby mdZ aZgguo Zlhfguo oZjZdl_jbklbd" Ihq_fm jZ^bmk ZlhfZ pbgdZ (Z f_gvr_ Zlhfgh]h jZ^bmkZ dZevpby Z = 20)?

137

3.DZdb_ hj[blZeb \ ZlhfZo jZkkfZljb\Z_fuo we_f_glh\ fh]ml ijb gbfZlv mqZklb_ \ h[jZah\Zgbb obfbq_kdbo k\ya_c" DZdb_ lbiu k\ya_c oZjZdl_jgu ^ey Zn, Cd b Hg \ bo kh_^bg_gbyo"

4.DZdb_ agZq_gby \Ze_glghklb b dZdb_ kl_i_gb hdbke_gby oZjZdl_j gu ^ey mdZaZgguo we_f_glh\"DZd fh`gh h[tykgblv ihq_fm hgb

g_ ijhy\eyxl kl_i_g_c hdbke_gby [hevr_ " Q_fm jZ\gu \Z e_glghklv b kl_i_gv hdbke_gby jlmlb \ bhgZo Hg2)2+ b Hg3)2+?

5.DZd baf_gyxlky \hkklZgh\bl_evgu_ f_lZeebq_kdb_ k\hckl\Z ijhkluo \_s_kl\ \ jy^m Zn – Hg" DZdh\u h[sb_ obfbq_kdb_ k\hckl\Z wlbo f_lZeeh\ b \ q_f bo jZaebqb_"HoZjZdl_jbamcl_ hl ghr_gb_ f_lZeeh\ d \h^_ jZkl\hjZf dbkehl s_ehq_c b khe_c gZ ibrbl_ mjZ\g_gby khhl\_lkl\mxsbo j_Zdpbc

6.Ihq_fm lZd kbevgh hlebqZxlky agZq_gby klZg^Zjlguo we_dljh^ guo ihl_gpbZeh\ f_^b b pbgdZ ohly \ lZ[ebp_ i_jbh^bq_kdhc kbkl_fu we_f_glu Cu b Zn jZkiheh`_gu jy^hf"

7.DZd baf_gyxlky dbkehlgh-hkgh\gu_ b hdbkebl_evgh-\hkklZ- gh\bl_evgu_ k\hckl\Z hdkb^h\ b ]b^jhdkb^h\ \ jy^m Zn – Hg? GZibrbl_ mjZ\g_gby j_Zdpbc oZjZdl_jbamxsbo Zfnhl_jgu_ k\hckl\Z hdkb^Z b ]b^jhdkb^Z pbgdZ

8.DZd baf_gy_lky l_jfbq_kdZy mklhcqb\hklv hdkb^h\ ]b^jhdkb^h\ b khe_c dbkehjh^kh^_j`Zsbo dbkehl \ jy^m Zn – Hg"GZibrbl_ mjZ\g_gby j_Zdpbc ijhl_dZxsbo ijb ^h[Z\e_gbb ba[uldZ jZk l\hjZ NaOH d jZkl\hjm Hg(NO3)2 d jZkl\hjm Hg2(NO3)2.

9.GZibrbl_ mjZ\g_gby j_Zdpbc l_jfbq_kdh]h jZaeh`_gby

Hg(NO3)2; Hg2(NO3)2; HgSO4.

10.DZd baf_gy_lky dhfie_dkhh[jZamxsZy Zdlb\ghklv dZlbhgh\ \ jy ^m Zn2+ – Hg2+" GZibrbl_ mjZ\g_gby j_Zdpbc \aZbfh^_ckl\by oehjb^h\ pbgdZ dZ^fby b jlmlb I b II k dhgp_gljbjh\Zgguf jZkl\hjhf ZffbZdZ < dZdbo mkeh\byo h[jZamxlky ZffbZqgu_ dhfie_dku jlmlb"

11.GZibrbl_ mjZ\g_gb_ j_Zdpbb \aZbfh^_ckl\by hdkb^Z jlmlb II k bh^b^hf dZeby \ \h^ghf jZkl\hj_ GZah\bl_ ihemq_ggh_ kh_^bg_ gb_

12.< q_f aZdexqZ_lky hkh[_gghklv we_dljheblbq_kdhc ^bkkhpbZpbb ]Zeh]_gb^h\ pbgdZ dZ^fby b jlmlb II"Ihq_fm we_dljhijh\h^b fhklv jZkl\hjZ HgCl2 y\ey_lky hq_gv gbadhc ^Z`_ \ jZa[Z\e_gguo jZkl\hjZo"

13.DZd b ihq_fm baf_gy_lky kl_i_gv ]b^jhebaZ gbljZlh\ pbgdZ dZ^ fby b jlmlb II \ jZkl\hjZo k bo h^bgZdh\ufb dhgp_gljZpbyfb"

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Ihq_fm ijb ijb]hlh\e_gbb jZkl\hjZ Hg(NO3)2 j_dhf_g^m_lky \ghkblv khev \ aZjZg__ ih^dbke_ggmx \h^m"GZibrbl_ mjZ\g_gby khhl\_lkl\mxsbo j_Zdpbc ]b^jhebaZ

14.HoZjZdl_jbamcl_ [bheh]bq_kdmx jhev kh_^bg_gbc pbgdZ dZ^fby b jlmlb DZdb_ f_ju ij_^hklhjh`ghklb g_h[oh^bfh kh[ex^Zlv ijb jZ[hl_ kh jlmlvx b __ kh_^bg_gbyfb"DZdb_ kihkh[u ^_aZdlb \Zpbb jlmlb <u agZ_l_"DZdb_ j_Zdpbb e_`Zl \ bo hkgh\_"

15.=^_ bkihevamxlky kh_^bg_gby pbgdZ dZ^fby b jlmlb" DZdb_ ba gbo gZoh^yl ijbf_g_gb_ \ f_^bpbg_"Qlh lZdh_ kme_fZQdZehfQ _ev dbgh\ZjvQ " DZdh_ ba wlbo \_s_kl\ qj_a\uqZcgh y^h\blh Z dZdh_ kh\_jr_ggh g_y^h\blh"Q_f wlh fh`gh h[tykgblv"

16.Kf_kv hdkb^Z b kmevnb^Z pbgdZ h[s_c fZkkhc ] ihf_klbeb \ jZkl\hj fZkkhc ] kh^_j`Zsbc ba[ulhd GKl Ihke_ hdhgqZ gby j_Zdpbc h[jZah\Zeky jZkl\hj \ dhlhjhf fZkkh\Zy ^hey kheb pbgdZ jZ\gZ <uqbkeblv agZq_gby fZkkh\uo ^he_c kh_^b g_gbc pbgdZ \ bkoh^ghc kf_kb

17.Kf_kv pbgdZ b dZ^fby jZa^_ebeb gZ jZ\gu_ qZklb I_j\mx ba gbo h[jZ[hlZeb ba[uldhf jZkl\hjZ HCl \ j_amevlZl_ q_]h \u^_ ebeky ]Za h[t_fhf e g m <lhjmx qZklv kf_kb ihf_klbeb \ ]hjyqbc jZkl\hj kh^_j`Zsbc ba[ulhd DHG Ijb wlhf \u^_ebeky ]Za h[t_fhf e g m JZkkqblZlv h[t_f \ha^moZ g m g_h[oh ^bfh]h ^ey ihegh]h k]hjZgby bkoh^ghc kf_kb f_lZeeh\

18.AZdhgqblv mjZ\g_gby j_Zdpbc jZkklZ\blv dhwnnbpb_glu

Z Zn + KOH + H2O :

[ Zn + NaOH jZkieZ\ :

\) ZnO + K2CO3 t →

]) ZnO + H2O + Ba(OH)2 : ^) K2[Zn(OH)4] + CO2 :

_) Na2ZnO2 + H2SO4 (ba[ulhd) : `) Zn + HNO3 (hq. jZa[.) :

a) Zn(OH)2 + NH3(ba[ulhd) : b) Zn(OH)2 + Zn(NO3)2 : d) ZnSO4 + NH3 + H2O : e) Na2[Zn(OH)4] + ZnSO4 : f) ZnSO4 + K2CO3 + H2O : g Cd(NO3)2 t →

h Cd + H2SO dhgp t →

i CdCl2 + NH4I ba[ulhd :

j Hg + HNO dhgp + HCl dhgp :

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k HgCl2 + NH3 :

l) Hg2Cl2 + NH3 :

m) Hg(NO3)2 t →

n) Hg(NO3)2 + KOH :

o) Hg2(NO3)2 + NaOH :

p) HgO + KI + H2O :

19.GZibrbl_ mjZ\g_gby j_Zdpbc ijb ihfhsb dhlhjuo fh`gh hkm s_kl\blv ke_^mxsb_ ij_\jZs_gby

Z Zn(OH)2 : Zn : Zn(OH)NO3 :K2ZnO2 :Zn(OH)2; [ Na2[Zn(OH)4] : ZnO :>Zn(OH)]2SO4 : Zn : Na2ZnO2;

\) CdSO4 :&G:>&G 1+3)6]SO4 :&G6:&G 2+2;

]) HgO :+J2Cl2 :+J 123)2 :+J&O2 :.2[HgI4] :+J6

D-WE?F?GLU,=JMIIU

1.HoZjZdl_jbamcl_ kljh_gb_ Zlhfh\ d-we_f_glh\ I ]jmiiu DZdh\Z we_dljhggZy dhgnb]mjZpby bo ij_^\g_rgbo b \g_rgbo wg_j]_lb q_kdbo mjh\g_c \ hkgh\ghf khklhygbb"DZdb_ hj[blZeb \ ZlhfZo f_^b k_j_[jZ b ahehlZ y\eyxlky \Ze_glgufb"

2.JZkkfhljbl_ baf_g_gb_ Zlhfguo jZ^bmkh\ wg_j]bc bhgbaZpbb kjh^kl\Z d we_dljhgm b we_dljhhljbpZl_evghklb \ jy^m Cu – Au. Ihq_fm jZ^bmk ZlhfZ f_^b Z f_gvr_ jZ^bmkZ ZlhfZ dZeby

(Z " Ihq_fm jZ^bmku Zlhfh\ k_j_[jZ Z b ahehlZ Z=79) ijZdlbq_kdb h^bgZdh\u"

3.DZdb_ kl_i_gb hdbke_gby ba\_klgu ^ey Zlhfh\ jZkkfZljb\Z_fuo we_f_glh\"DZdb_ ba gbo gZb[he__ oZjZdl_jgu ^ey f_^b ^ey k_ j_[jZ ^ey ahehlZ"

4.Hp_gbl_ \hkklZgh\bl_evgu_ k\hckl\Z ijhkluo \_s_kl\ DZd hgb baf_gyxlky \ jy^m Cu – Au?

5.DZdb_ k\hckl\Z ahehlZ iha\heyxl hlghkblv _]h d [eZ]hjh^guf f_ lZeeZf" JZkkfhljbl_ hlghr_gb_ mdZaZgguo f_lZeeh\ d dbkehjh ^m ]Zeh]_gZf k_j_

6.H[tykgbl_ ihq_fm f_^v g_ j_Z]bjm_l k qbklhc \h^hc gh \ul_k gy_l \h^hjh^ ba \h^gh]h jZkl\hjZ pbZgb^Z dZeby"Ihq_fm k_j_[jh b ahehlh jZkl\hjyxlky \ \h^guo jZkl\hjZo pbZgb^h\ ebrv \ ijb kmlkl\bb hdbkebl_e_c gZijbf_j dbkehjh^Z"DZdh_ ijZdlbq_kdh_ ijbf_g_gb_ gZoh^bl wlh k\hckl\h ahehlZ"

7.HoZjZdl_jbamcl_ hlghr_gb_ f_^b k_j_[jZ b ahehlZ d jZa[Z\e_g guf b dhgp_gljbjh\Zgguf jZkl\hjZf dbkehl d jZkl\hjZf s_eh

140