};

CVAccess cva; cva.func(); // Good. cva.func_c(); // Good. cva.func_v(); // Good. cva.func_cv(); // Good.

const CVAccess c_cva; c_cva.func(); // Error. c_cva.func_c(); // Good. c_cva.func_v(); // Error. c_cva.func_cv(); // Good.

volatile CVAccess v_cva; v_cva.func(); // Error. v_cva.func_c(); // Error. v_cva.func_v(); // Good. v_cva.func_cv(); // Good.

const volatile CVAccess cv_cva; cv_cva.func(); // Error. cv_cva.func_c(); // Error. cv_cva.func_v(); // Error. cv_cva.func_cv(); // Good.

Section 32.5: this Pointer Ref-Qualifiers

Version ≥ C++11

Similarly to this cv-qualifiers, we can also apply ref-qualifiers to *this. Ref-qualifiers are used to choose between normal and rvalue reference semantics, allowing the compiler to use either copy or move semantics depending on which are more appropriate, and are applied to *this instead of this.

Note that despite ref-qualifiers using reference syntax, this itself is still a pointer. Also note that ref-qualifiers don't actually change the type of *this; it's just easier to describe and understand their e ects by looking at them as if they did.

struct RefQualifiers { std::string s;

RefQualifiers(const std::string& ss = "The nameless one.") : s(ss) {}

};

// ...

RefQualifiers rf("Fred");

rf.func(); // Output: Accessed on normal instance Fred RefQualifiers{}.func(); // Output: Accessed on temporary instance The nameless one

A member function cannot have overloads both with and without ref-qualifiers; the programmer has to choose

between one or the other. Thankfully, cv-qualifiers can be used in conjunction with ref-qualifiers, allowing const correctness rules to be followed.

void func() const volatile&& {}

};