VIII. Match the sentence halves. Make complete sentences:

1.	The stems of most plants are foremost organs of support because	A.	upwards from the ground.
2.	Most stems point	B.	parenchyma cells for storage or it may be devoid of cells.
3.	Some stems have an unusual shape of location which	C.	vascular bundles embedded in undifferentiated cells.
4.	All stems of whatever size, shape or location are distinguishable as such by	D.	gaseous exchange takes place.
5.	The epidermis is covered with	E.	they lift terrestrial plants above the ground rising their leaves towards the sun.
6.	Bark is penetrated by small pores called lenticels through which	F.	waxy cuticle to reduce water loss.
7.	The inner parts of the stems of most non-woody plants consist of	G.	makes them more difficult to identify.
8.	Vascular tissue in the stem take the form of	H.	the presence of nods and internodes.
9.	The stem centre is called pitch. It may consist of	I.	bundles containing phloem and xylem and reinforces with strong fibres.

IX. Read and translate the short text without any dictionary:

Fact of life:

The stems of woody plants have a layer of protective tissue called cork, just below the epidermis. Cork is made of dead cells coated with a waxy substance (suberin) which makes them waterproof. The exceptionally thick cork layer of the oak (quercus suber) is removed for commercial use. If cork formed a complete layer, stem cells would die because they wouldn’t be able to exchange respiration gases with the environment. However, slit-like openings called lenticels develop in the cork. The lenticels contain loosely packed thin-walled dead cells which lack suberin, and they have large intercellular spaces to allow gaseous exchange.

X. Food for thought:

Cacti live in hot dry American deserts. To conserve water and deter herbivores, their leaves lose their photosynthesising function and are modified into spines. Nevertheless, cacti may lose as much as 20 per cent of their tissue fluids in a severe drought. Suggest how the stem is adapted to:

a) carry out photosynthesis

b) minimise water losses and minimise the effect on the plant of water-losses.

XI. Translate into English using all the active possible.

1. Стебель удерживает плоды и цветы в таком положении, чтобы происходило эффективное опыление и рассеяние семян.

2. Клубни картофеля кажутся похожими на корень, но на самом деле они представляют собой разбухшие подземные стебли.

3. Эпидермис помогает поддерживать форму стебля.

4. Внутри эпидермиса находится слой колленхимных клеток, который придает стеблю как поддержку, так и гибкость.

5. При полном наполнении водой (тургесцентный) парехимные клетки давят на эпидермис и колленхим, укрепляя (усиливая) стебель.

6. Древесная ткань состоит из ксилемных и ассоциированных клеток, таких как волокна, сформированных посредством процесса, называемого вторичным ростом.

7. Такое расположение придает стеблю силу и гибкость, делая его хорошо приспособленным к сопротивлению наклонам из стороны в сторону при сильном ветре.