VII. Find synonyms among the pool of words:

Pool of words	Synonyms
1) 1.occur /2.scatter /3. take place /4. spread
2) 1.cavity /2.sap /3.juice /4.contents /5.hole /6.ingredients
3) 1.nucleus/2.division/3.core/4.naked/5.separation/6. bare
4) 1.unit /2.part /3.fluid /4.grain /5.solution /6.corn

VIII. Answer the following questions. Use all information given before:

1. When were cells discovered?

2. How did Robert Hooke discover cells?

3. What is called the cell theory?

4. What are the main ideas of the cell theory?

5. What is the structure of a typical animal cell?

6. How do plant cells differ from animal cells?

IX. Match the sentence halves. Make complete sentences:

1.	Hooke designed his own compound light microscope	A.	a membrane is called the tonoplast.
2.	The concept that cells are the basic units of life	B.	of living organisms.
3.	Cells form the building blocks	C.	which controls their activities.
4.	Cells arise only by	D.	to observe structures too small to be seen with the naked eye.
5.	Cells contain inherited information	E.	called chromatin.
6.	The contents consist of a central ball-shaped nucleus	F.	the division of existing cells.
7.	The nucleus contains a fibrous material	G.	called the vacuole.
8.	Chromatin contains DNA, the material which controls	H.	became embodied in a theory called the cell theory.
9.	Most plant cells have a large sap-filled cavity	I.	surrounded by material called cytoplasm.
10.	The vacuole surrounded by	J.	in the cytoplasm.
11.	Many plant cells have chloroplasts	K.	the various activities inside the cell.
12.	Chloroplasts occur only in the parts of plants	L.	exposed to light – the green parts.

X. Read and translate the short text without any dictionary:

Fact of life:

Robert Hooke described his observations of the cork cells: “I counted several lines of these pores, and found that there were usually about three-score of these small Cells placed end-ways in the eighteenth part of an inch in length, whence I concluded that there must be near eleven hundred of them, or somewhat more than a thousand in length of an inch and therefore in a square inch above a Million, or 1 166 400, and in a Cubick Inch, above twelve hundred million, or 1 259 712 000, a thing almost incredible, did not our Microscope assure us of it by ocular demonstration.

XI. Food for thought: Suggest why red blood cells appear to contradict the cell theory.

7. Text 2.2. Introduction To Cell Division

■Essential targets:

By the end of this text you should be able to:

● describe the main stages of the cell cycle

● distinguish between mitosis and meiosis.

Pre-reading

■ Working in pairs discuss these questions with your partner. Then scan the text to find the answers and compare them with your discussion.

1. Is cell division essential to life?

2. What is the basis of reproduction in every organism?

3. What provides continuity between one generation of cells and the next?

4. How many chromosomes does each human cell have?

■ Read the given text and make your essential assignments:

One of the most important concepts in biology is that cells arise only by the division of existing cells. Cell division is essential to all life. It enables a multicellular organism to grow and to replace worn out or damaged cells. It is also the basis of reproduction in every organism. Cell division starts with the division of the nucleus. There are two forms of nuclear division: mitosis and meiosis.

Chromosomes: carrying information

Chromosomes are the structures that provide continuity between one generation of cells and the next. Their name comes from the Greek: chroma = coloured, soma = body, because of their affinity for certain stains used in microscopy. Chromosomes consist of DNA, the genetic material of the cell, wrapped in protein. They become visible in the nucleus where the more dispersed chromatin existed before. Whole chromosomes can be examined microscopically after breaking a dividing cell open and staining it with a suitable dye.