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Ɇɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɜ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟ
Ɍ ɚ ɛ ɥ ɢ ɰ ɚ 7
Ʉ3 |
ɚ1 |
|
ɚ2 |
ɚ3 |
ɚ4 |
ɚ5 |
ɚ6 |
|
ɚ7 |
Wk3 (ɜɟɫ) |
ɚ1 |
1 |
|
3 |
1 |
3 |
1 |
1/4 |
|
3 |
0,140 |
ɚ2 |
1/3 |
|
1 |
1/5 |
1 |
1/3 |
1/9 |
|
1 |
0,045 |
ɚ3 |
1 |
|
5 |
1 |
2 |
1 |
1/4 |
|
3 |
0,142 |
ɚ4 |
1/3 |
|
1 |
0,5 |
1 |
1/3 |
1/9 |
|
1 |
0,051 |
ɚ5 |
1 |
|
3 |
1 |
3 |
1 |
1/2 |
|
1/3 |
0,105 |
ɚ6 |
4 |
|
9 |
4 |
9 |
2 |
1 |
|
9 |
0,444 |
ɚ7 |
1/3 |
|
1 |
1/3 |
1 |
3 |
1/9 |
|
1 |
0,072 |
|
Omax = |
7,7 |
|
|
|
|
ɂɋ = 0,11 |
|
|
|
ɉɪɨɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɜ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɵ ɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɤɚɤ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɵ ɢ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɵ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɞɟɥɚɟɦ ɜɵɜɨɞ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɵ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɵ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɞɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɝɨ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ. ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 6, 7 ɂɋ = 0,11 > ɂɋɧ = 0,1, ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦ ɤ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɭ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɛɥɢɡɤɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ.
Ɂɚɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɷɬɚɩɨɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ – ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɟɫɨɜ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɟɞɭɳɟɣ ɰɟɥɢ. ȼɟɫ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɦɚɬɪɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɭɦɧɨɠɟɧɢɹ [4]:
W = [W1 W2 … Wn] Wk, |
(3) |
ɝɞɟ [W1 W2 … Wn] – ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɵ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɜɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ
W1, W2 … Wn.
ȼ ɧɚɲɟɦ (ɱɚɫɬɧɨɦ) ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɝɞɟ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ 3, ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ (3) ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ:
W = [W1 W2 W3] Wk, |
(4) |
ɝɞɟ W1, W2, W3 – ɜɟɤɬɨɪɵ ɜɟɫɨɜ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɟɜ Ʉ1, Ʉ2, Ʉ3, ɧɚɣɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 5–7; Wk – ɜɟɤɬɨɪ ɜɟɫɨɜ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɟɜ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɟɞɭɳɟɣ ɰɟɥɢ, ɧɚɣɞɟɧɧɵɣ ɜɵɲɟ.
Ⱦɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ, ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɦ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɭ ɢɡ ɜɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɜɟɫɨɜ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜ, ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 5–7, ɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɧɨɠɚɟɦ ɫ ɜɟɤɬɨɪɨɦ ɜɟɫɨɜ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ.
ȼ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɯ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ (3) ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ:
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ɘ.ɋ. Ʌɨɝɢɧɨɜɚ, Ɉ.ȼ. ɉɟɬɪɟɧɟɜɚ
ɚ |
W1 |
W2 |
W3 |
|
Wk |
|
W |
ɚ1 |
0,206 |
0,039 |
0,140 |
* |
0,484 |
= |
0,130 |
ɚ2 |
0,029 |
0,344 |
0,045 |
0,415 |
0,161 |
||
ɚ3 |
0,098 |
0,103 |
0,142 |
|
0,100 |
|
0,104 |
ɚ4 |
0,154 |
0,189 |
0,051 |
|
|
|
0,158 |
ɚ5 |
0,082 |
0,041 |
0,105 |
|
|
|
0,067 |
ɚ6 |
0,050 |
0,129 |
0,444 |
|
|
|
0,122 |
ɚ7 |
0,381 |
0,156 |
0,072 |
|
|
|
0,257 |
ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɭ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɜɵɲɟ, ɫɟɞɶɦɚɹ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɢɣ ɜɟɫ (0,257). Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɟɜ ɜɵɛɨɪ ɫɟɞɶɦɨɣ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɵ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɢɟɦɥɟɦɵɦ.
ɋɟɞɶɦɚɹ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɚ Ȼɟɧɨɬɟɯ ɉɆɉ-1 ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɰɟɧɵ, ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɢ ɫɪɨɤɨɜ ɫɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɞɨ –25 °ɋ.
ȼɵɜɨɞɵ:
1.ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɨɜ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɯ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɵ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɧɢɠɧɢɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ.
2.ɋɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɱɟɫɤɢ, ɬ.ɟ. ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɦɨɞɭɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɫɛɨɪɤɢ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ, ɫɬɪɨɹɬɫɹ ɧɚɦɧɨɝɨ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɟɟ, ɱɟɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɫɨɛɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ.
3.ɉɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɜɵɹɜɢɥɚ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɭɸ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɦɨɪɨɡɧɭɸ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɭ ɢɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɟɜ – Ȼɟɧɨɬɟɯ ɉɆɉ-1, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɚ ɞɥɹ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɝɨ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ.
4.ɂɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɚɹ ɬɟɦɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɩɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɦ:
– ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯɉɆȾɢɫɯɨɞɹɢɡɞɪɭɝɢɯɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɯɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ;
– ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ.
Ȼɢɛɥɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ
1.Ɇɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ / Ƚɨɫɫɬɪɨɣ ɊɎ. – Ɇ., 1999. – 623 ɫ.
2.Ɋɟɡɧɢɱɟɧɤɨ ȼ.ɋ., Ɂɭɪɚɛɨɜ ɗ.Ƚ. Ɉɰɟɧɤɚ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ ɜ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ // ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɚ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ. – 2001. – ʋ 12. – ɋ. 37–44.
3.ɋɚɚɬɢ Ɍ. ɉɪɢɧɹɬɢɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ. Ɇɟɬɨɞ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɣ: ɩɟɪ. ɫ ɚɧɝɥ. – Ɇ.: Ɋɚɞɢɨ ɢ ɫɜɹɡɶ, 1989. – 316 ɫ.
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Моделирование механизма решения задач в строительстве
4. Ʉɚɲɟɜɚɪɨɜɚ Ƚ.Ƚ., ɉɟɪɦɹɤɨɜɚ Ɍ.Ȼ. ɑɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɧɚ ɗȼɆ: ɭɱɟɛ. ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ. – ɉɟɪɦɶ: ɂɡɞ-ɜɨ ɉɟɪɦ.
ɝɨɫ. ɬɟɯɧ. ɭɧ-ɬɚ, 2007. – 352 ɫ.
Yu.S. Loginova, O.V. Petreneva
MODELING OF MECHANISM SOLVING MULTI-CRITERIA PROBLEMS IN BUILDING PROJECTS TO CHOICE
OF ALTERNATIVES
On the basis research presented one of the variation of solving multi-criteria problems, when we choose alternatives. Method basis on processing matrix. Submitted practical application of this method. Ⱥs an example, we choose technology of winter concreting – antifreeze additive. Basic idea of this method is formed. Concluded about effectiveness and application this method for solving difficult problems, when determining the cost-effectiveness main variation in building projects.
Keywords: assessment, hierarchy, criteria, alternative, effectiveness.
ɋɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɛ ɚɜɬɨɪɚɯ
Ʌɨɝɢɧɨɜɚ ɘɥɢɹ ɋɟɪɝɟɟɜɧɚ (ɉɟɪɦɶ, Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ) – ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɧɬ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ «ɋɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɝɟɨɬɟɯɧɢɤɚ» ɎȽȻɈɍ ȼɉɈ ɉɇɂɉɍ (e-mail: spstf@pstu.ru).
ɉɟɬɪɟɧɟɜɚ Ɉɥɶɝɚ ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪɨɜɧɚ (ɉɟɪɦɶ, Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ) – ɞɨɰɟɧɬ ɤɚ-
ɮɟɞɪɵ «ɋɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɝɟɨɬɟɯɧɢɤɚ» ɎȽȻɈɍ ȼɉɈ ɉɇɂɉɍ (e-mail: spstf@pstu.ru).
About the authors
Loginova Yuliya Sergeevna (Perm, Russia) – graduate student, Department of Building production and geotechnics, Perm National Research Polytechnic University (e-mail: spstf@pstu.ru).
Petreneva Olga Vladimirovna (Perm, Russia) – Associate Professor, Department of Building production and geotechnics, Perm National Research Polytechnic University (e-mail: spstf@pstu.ru).
ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɨ 20.03.2013
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ȼɟɫɬɧɢɤ ɉɇɂɉɍ. ɋɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ. ʋ 2. 2013
ɍȾɄ 624.139
Ⱥ.ȼ. Ɇɚɳɟɧɤɨ, Ⱥ.Ȼ. ɉɨɧɨɦɚɪɟɜ
ɉɟɪɦɫɤɢɣ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ
ɉɅȺɇɂɊɈȼȺɇɂȿ ɗɄɋɉȿɊɂɆȿɇɌɈȼ ɉɈ ɍɅɍɑɒȿɇɂɘ ɉɍɑɂɇɂɋɌɕɏ ɋȼɈɃɋɌȼ ɋȿɁɈɇɇɈɉɊɈɆȿɊɁȺɘɓɂɏ ȽɊɍɇɌɈȼ ɋ ɉɈɆɈɓɖɘ ȽȿɈɋɂɇɌȿɌɂɑȿɋɄɂɏ ɆȺɌȿɊɂȺɅɈȼ
ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜ. Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɵ ɩɥɚɧ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɩɭɱɢɧɢɫɬɵɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɫɟɡɨɧɧɨɩɪɨɦɟɪɡɚɸɳɢɯ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɚɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɝɟɨɫɢɧɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɦɢ.
Ʉɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ: ɫɟɡɨɧɧɨɩɪɨɦɟɪɡɚɸɳɢɟ ɝɪɭɧɬɵ, ɦɨɪɨɡɧɨɟ ɩɭɱɟɧɢɟ, ɚɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɝɟɨɫɢɧɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ, ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɵ.
Ɂɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ ɉɟɪɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ, ɫɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɟɫɱɚɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɝɥɢɧɢɫɬɵɦɢ ɝɪɭɧɬɚɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɠɟɧɵ ɫɟɡɨɧɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɦɟɪɡɚɧɢɸ. Ɏɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɵ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɝɪɭɧɬɵ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɵɦ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹɦ, ɜɵɡɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɦɨɪɨɡɧɵɦ ɩɭɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɦɟɪɡɚɧɢɢ. ɉɪɨɦɟɪɡɚɧɢɟ ɩɭɱɢɧɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨ ɜɵɡɜɚɬɶ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɦɚɥɨɧɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ – ɡɞɚɧɢɣ ɦɚɥɨɣ ɷɬɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ. ɂɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɫɧɢɡɢɬɶ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɨɜ. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɝɟɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɹ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɝɟɨɫɢɧɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɚɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜɵɯ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɨɜ. ɇɚ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɦ ɪɵɧɤɟ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɢ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɝɟɨɫɢɧɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ. Ɉɧɢ ɢɡɝɨɬɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɢɡ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɨɜ. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɢɧɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɚɪɦɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɬɶ ɧɟɫɭɳɭɸ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɠɟɫɬɤɨɫɬɶ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜɵɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ. ɂɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɫɟɡɨɧɧɨɩɪɨɦɟɪɡɚɸɳɢɯ ɝɪɭɧɬɚɯ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɬɶ ɧɟɫɭɳɭɸ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɠɟɫɬɤɨɫɬɶ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜɵɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɧɢɡɢɬɶ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɩɭɱɢɧɢɫɬɵɯ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜ [1].
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ɉɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɨ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɸ ɩɭɱɢɧɢɫɬɵɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ
ɑɬɨɛɵ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɧɵɯ, ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɭɱɢɧɢɫɬɵɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜ ɝɟɨɫɢɧɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɦɢ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɪɹɞ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɣ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɰɟɥɢ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ:
1)ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɦɟɪɡɥɨɝɨ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ;
2)ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɨɞɧɨɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɪɟɡɚ ɜ ɦɟɪɡɥɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɫ ɚɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɛɟɡ ɚɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ;
3)ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɠɚɬɢɹ ɜ ɦɟɪɡɥɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɢ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɨɬɬɚɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɫ ɚɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɛɟɡ ɚɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ;
4)ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɦɨɪɨɡɧɨɝɨ ɩɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ ɫ ɚɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ
ɢɛɟɡ ɚɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
ɇɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɢɨɧɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ ɜɡɹɬ ɦɟɥɤɨɡɟɪɧɢɫɬɵɣ ɩɟɫɨɤ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɧɟ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɹɪɤɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɭɱɢɧɢɫɬɵɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɩɪɢ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɜ ɜɨɞɨɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ (ɬɚɛɥ. 1) [2].
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Ɍ ɚ ɛ ɥ ɢ ɰ ɚ 1 |
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Ɏɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɩɟɫɱɚɧɨɝɨ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ |
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ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ |
ȿɞ. ɢɡɦ. |
ɋɭɯɨɣ ɝɪɭɧɬ |
ȼɨɞɨɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɵɣ ɝɪɭɧɬ |
|
ɉɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ |
ɝ/ɫɦ3 |
1,62 |
2,00 |
|
ɉɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ |
ɝ/ɫɦ3 |
2,64 |
2,64 |
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ɝɪɭɧɬɚ |
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ȼɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ |
% |
0,02 |
23 |
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Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ |
ɞ.ɟ. |
0,0008 |
0,98 |
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ɜɨɞɨɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɢɹ |
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Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ |
ɞ.ɟ. |
0,63 |
0,62 |
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ɩɨɪɢɫɬɨɫɬɢ |
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Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɞɥɹ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɧɵɟ ɢ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɨɞɧɨɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɪɟɡɚ ɢ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɠɚɬɢɹ. ȼɨɞɨɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜ ɩɟɫɱɚɧɨɝɨ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɟ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɦ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɹ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɣ ɛɵɥɢ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ ɧɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ: 25, 50, 100, 200 ɤɉɚ. Ɂɚɞɚɧɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɨ 4 ɱ. Ⱦɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɞɨ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ.
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А.В. Мащенко, А.Б. Пономарев
ɉɪɢ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɹɯ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɡ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ ɫɪɟɡɭ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɥɨɫɶ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɟ ɤɚɫɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɟɰ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ ɫɪɟɡɚɥɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɭɝɥɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɬɪɟɧɢɹ, ɫɰɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɭɝɥɚ ɞɢɥɚɬɚɧɫɢɢ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɬɪɢ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɯ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ. ɂɫɩɵɬɵɜɚɟɦɵɣ ɝɪɭɧɬ ɩɟɫɱɚɧɵɣ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɩɵɬɵ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɩɨ ɤɨɧɫɨɥɢ- ɞɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ-ɞɪɟɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ [3].
ɉɟɪɟɞɚɱɚ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɥɚ ɜ ɨɞɧɭ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɶ. ȼɵɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 5 ɦɢɧɭɬ. Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɵ 100, 150 ɢ 200 ɤɉɚ.
ȼ ɯɨɞɟ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɚɫɶ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɩɨ ȽɈɋɌ 20522–96, ɜɫɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 2, 3.
Ɍ ɚ ɛ ɥ ɢ ɰ ɚ 2
Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɣ (ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ)
ɇɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ |
Ɉɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ |
ȿɞ. ɢɡɦ. |
ɋɭɯɨɣ |
ȼɨɞɨɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɵɣ |
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ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ |
ɝɪɭɧɬ |
ɝɪɭɧɬ |
|||
Ʉɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɦɨɞɭɥɶ |
Eoed |
Ɇɉɚ |
17,97 |
13,43 |
|
ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ |
|||||
|
|
|
|
||
ɋɰɟɩɥɟɧɢɟ |
C |
ɤɇ/ɦ2 |
0,03 |
0 |
|
ɍɝɨɥ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɬɪɟɧɢɹ |
M |
ɝɪɚɞ |
41 |
39,89 |
|
ɍɝɨɥ ɞɢɥɚɬɚɧɫɢɢ |
ȥ |
ɝɪɚɞ |
17,61 |
–20,37 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ɍ ɚ ɛ ɥ ɢ ɰ ɚ 3
Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɣ (ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ)
ɇɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ |
Ɉɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ |
ȿɞ. ɢɡɦ. |
ɋɭɯɨɣ |
ȼɨɞɨɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɵɣ |
|
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ |
ɝɪɭɧɬ |
ɝɪɭɧɬ |
|||
Ʉɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɦɨɞɭɥɶ |
Eoed |
Ɇɉɚ |
17,06 |
10,64 |
|
ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ |
|||||
|
|
|
|
||
ɋɰɟɩɥɟɧɢɟ |
C |
ɤɇ/ɦ2 |
0,01 |
0 |
|
ɍɝɨɥ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɬɪɟɧɢɹ |
M |
ɝɪɚɞ |
34,95 |
33,25 |
|
ɍɝɨɥ ɞɢɥɚɬɚɧɫɢɢ |
ȥ |
ɝɪɚɞ |
14,89 |
–19,14 |
26
elib.pstu.ru
ɉɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɨ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɸ ɩɭɱɢɧɢɫɬɵɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ
Ⱦɚɧɧɵɣ ɝɪɭɧɬ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɢɫɩɵɬɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɦɟɪɡɥɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ. ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ȽɈɋɌ 5180–84 ɛɭɞɭɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɦɟɪɡɥɨɝɨ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ, ɤɚɤ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɪɡɥɨɝɨ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ – ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɜɡɜɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ (ɤɟɪɨɫɢɧɟ), ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɚɹ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɪɡɥɨɝɨ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ.
ȼ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɧɵɟ ɢ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɨɞɧɨɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɪɟɡɚ ɢ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɠɚɬɢɹ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ȽɈɋɌ 12248–96. ɂɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɹ ɦɟɪɡɥɨɝɨ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɣ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ.
Ʉɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɹ ɦɟɪɡɥɨɝɨ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɫɠɢɦɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ mf, ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɨɬɬɚɢɜɚɧɢɹ Ath ɢ ɫɠɢɦɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɬɚɢɜɚɧɢɢ m. ɂɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɹ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɟɥɚɤɫɨɦɟɬɪɟ ȺɄɊ-2. Ɋɟɥɚɤɫɨɦɟɬɪ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧ ɞɥɹ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɹ ɦɟɪɡɥɵɯ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜ. Ƚɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɧɨɝɨɤɪɚɬɧɨɟ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɫ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɦɨɣ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢɫɤɨɦɵɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ. ɉɟɪɟɞ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɦ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɛɨɪ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 2 ɱ. ɂɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ. ɇɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɩɪɢ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɹɯ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɜɧɨɣ 50 ɤɉɚ. ɇɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ – 950 ɤɉɚ. ȼɫɟɝɨ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɟɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɩɹɬɢ, ɫ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɧɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ 400 ɤɉɚ – 50, 200, 400, 700, 950 ɤɉɚ. ȼɪɟɦɹɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɬ6 ɱ[4].
ɉɪɢ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɢ ɦɟɪɡɥɨɝɨ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ ɧɚ ɫɠɚɬɢɟ ɜ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɨɬɬɚɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ ɧɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ (50 ɤɉɚ) ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɨɬɬɚɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɜ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɢ. Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɟ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɨɬɬɚɹɜɲɟɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ. ɉɪɢɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɹɯ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ 75 ɤɉɚ. ɇɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ ɧɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɫɧɢɦɚɬɶɫɹ ɨɬɫɱɟɬɵ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ 5, 10, 20, 30 ɢ 60 ɦɢɧ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ [4].
ɂɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɡ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ ɨɞɧɨɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɪɟɡɚ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɪɟɡɭ ɦɟɪɡɥɨɝɨ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ ɩɨ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɟɝɨ ɫɦɟɪɡɚɧɢɹ ɫ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɦ (ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɨɦ). ɉɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɜ ɬɟɱɟ-
27
elib.pstu.ru
А.В. Мащенко, А.Б. Пономарев
ɧɢɟ 2 ɱ. Ɉɛɪɚɡɟɰ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ (ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚ) ɛɭɞɟɬ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧ ɢɡ ɧɟɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɨɣ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ ɫ ɨɬɫɬɪɭɝɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ. ȼ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɡɚɦɨɪɚɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɦ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɜ ɜɨɞɨɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ.
ɂɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɹ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɦ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɦ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɢ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɤ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɭ. ȼɪɟɦɹ ɨɬ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɹ ɞɨ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɬ 30 ɫ, ɩɪɢ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚɯ 100, 200, 300 ɤɉɚ. ȼ ɯɨɞɟ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɵ ɞɨ 600–950ɤɉɚ [4].
ɋɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɩɭɱɢɧɢɫɬɨɫɬɢ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɚ ɩɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɸ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɦɨɪɨɡɧɨɝɨ ɩɭɱɟɧɢɹ fh, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɩɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɣ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ ɜ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚɯ. ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɞɥɹ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɹ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɦɨɪɚɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɦ ɟɝɨ ɬɨɪɰɟ –4 °ɋ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɦɨɧɨɬɨɧɧɨɦ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɧɚ ɧɢɠɧɟɦ ɬɨɪɰɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ ɨɬ +1 ɞɨ 0 °ɋ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɬɟɪɦɨɫɬɚɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɥɢɬɵ +1 °ɋ [5].
Ɉɛɪɚɡɟɰ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ ɜ ɨɛɨɣɦɟ ɩɨɦɟɳɚɸɬ ɜ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɭ ɧɚ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɨ-ɩɨɪɢɫɬɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɩɨɞɞɨɧɚ. ɇɚ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɣ ɬɨɪɟɰ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɬɟɪɦɨɫɬɚɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɩɥɢɬɭ, ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɩɪɢɛɨɪ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɣ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ ɢ ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɬɨɤɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɤ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɭ. Ʉ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɭ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ ɩɥɚɜɧɨ, ɧɟ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɹ ɭɞɚɪɨɜ, ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɭ, ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɹ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ 50 ɤɉɚ [5].
ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɭ ɩɨɦɟɳɚɸɬ ɜ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɭɸ ɤɚɦɟɪɭ ɢ ɜɵɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ +1 °ɋ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 24 ɱ. ȼ ɯɨɞɟ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɚɠɞɵɟ 12 ɱ ɫɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɬɟɪɦɨɫɬɚɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɥɢɬɵ. ȼɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɭ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɬɨɤ ɜɨɞɵ [5].
ɂɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɡɚɤɨɧɱɟɧɨ ɩɪɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ 0 °ɋ ɧɚ ɧɢɠɧɟɦ ɬɨɪɰɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ. ɋɪɚɡɭ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɹ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɟɰ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɢɡɜɥɟɱɟɧ ɢɡ ɨɛɨɣɦɵ ɢ ɪɚɡɪɟɡɚɧ ɜɞɨɥɶ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɫɢ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɵ ɩɪɨɦɟɪɡɲɟɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ [5].
Ɉɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɦɨɪɨɡɧɨɝɨ ɩɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ ɝɪɭɧɬɚfh ɜɵɱɢɫɥɹɸɬ ɫ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ 0,01 ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ [5]
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ɉɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɨ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɸ ɩɭɱɢɧɢɫɬɵɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ
Hfh |
hf |
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di |
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ɝɞɟ h f – ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɹ, ɦɦ; di – ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɪɡɲɟɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ, ɦɦ.
ɂɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɹ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ ɜ ɦɟɪɡɥɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ, ɜ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɨɬɬɚɢɜɚɧɢɹ, ɜ ɜɨɞɨɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɢ ɧɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɦɨɪɨɡɧɨɝɨ ɩɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɛɟɡ ɚɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɫ ɚɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ. ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɚɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɝɟɨɫɢɧɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ [6]:
– ɝɟɨɬɟɤɫɬɢɥɶ – ɫɚɦɵɣ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɝɟɨɫɢɧɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɣ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɝɟɨɬɤɚɧɶ (ɬɤɚɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɬɧɨ), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɟɬɤɚɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɬɧɨ, ɢɡɝɨɬɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɦɨɟ ɢɝɥɨɩɪɨɛɢɜɧɵɦ, ɬɟɪɦɨɫɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɢɥɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɫɤɪɟɩɥɺɧɧɵɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ ɢɡ ɩɨɥɢɩɪɨɩɢɥɟɧɨɜɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɥɢɷɮɢɪɧɵɯ ɧɢɬɟɣ (ɪɢɫ. 1);
–ɝɟɨɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɬ ɉɨɥɢɗɮ-ɌɄ – ɧɨɜɵɣ ɦɧɨɝɨɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɣ ɢɡ ɩɨɥɢɷɮɢɪɧɨɣ ɝɟɨɫɟɬɤɢ ɢ ɧɟɬɤɚɧɨɝɨ ɝɟɨɬɟɤɫɬɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɨɬɧɚ, ɫɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ (ɪɢɫ. 2);
–ɝɟɨɫɟɬɤɚ – ɩɥɨɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɧɵɣ ɪɭɥɨɧɧɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɫɟɬɱɚɬɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ, ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɦɢ
(ɪɢɫ. 3);
–ɮɢɛɪɨɜɨɥɨɤɧɨ – ɬɨɧɱɚɣɲɟɟ ɫɢɧɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɨ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɟ ɡɚɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɚɪɦɚɬɭɪɭ ɜ ɠɟɥɟɡɨɛɟɬɨɧɟ, ɜɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɩɟɪɟɞɨɜɵɯ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɬɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ (ɪɢɫ. 4).
ɚɛ
Ɋɢɫ. 1. Ƚɟɨɬɟɤɫɬɢɥɶ: ɚ – ɬɤɚɧɵɣ; ɛ – ɧɟɬɤɚɧɵɣ
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Ɋɢɫ. 2. Ƚɟɨɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɬ ɉɨɥɢɗɮ-ɌɄ |
Ɋɢɫ. 3. Ƚɟɨɫɟɬɤɚ |
Ɋɢɫ. 4. Ɏɢɛɪɨɜɨɥɨɤɧɨ
Ⱥɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜ ɝɟɨɬɟɤɫɬɢɥɟɦ, ɝɟɨɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɬɨɦ ɢ ɝɟɨɫɟɬɤɨɣ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ. ȼ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɹɯ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɡ ɫɥɨɣ ɝɟɨɫɢɧɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧ ɩɨ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɪɟɡɚ, ɜ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɹɯ ɫɥɨɣ ɝɟɨɫɢɧɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧ ɩɨ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ. ɉɪɢ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɹɯ ɧɚ ɦɨɪɨɡɧɨɟ ɩɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɝɟɨɫɢɧɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɜ ɝɪɭɧɬɟ ɫɥɨɹɦɢ, ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɥɨɟɜ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɨ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɣ. Ɏɢɛɪɨɜɨɥɨɤɧɨ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɦɟɲɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɦ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɧɨɦ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ.
ȼ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɟ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɹ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɝɪɭɧɬɚɦɢ ɫ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɹɪɤɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɭɱɢɧɢɫɬɵɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ, ɬɚɤɢɦɢ ɤɚɤ: ɩɵɥɟɜɚɬɵɟ ɩɟɫɤɢ, ɫɭɩɟɫɢ, ɝɥɢɧɵ ɪɚɡɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɫɢɫɬɟɧɰɢɢ. ȼ ɯɨɞɟ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɣ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɚɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɫɧɢɡɢɬɶ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɦɨɪɨɡɧɨɝɨ ɩɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɥɭɱɲɢɬɶ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɧɵɟ ɢ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɨɬɬɚɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɜ ɜɨɞɨɧɨɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ.
Ȼɢɛɥɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ
1. Ɇɚɳɟɧɤɨ Ⱥ.ȼ., ɉɨɧɨɦɚɪɟɜ Ⱥ.Ȼ. Ʉ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɭ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɚɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɟɡɨɧɧɨɩɪɨɦɟɪɡɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɭɱɢɧɢɫɬɵɯ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɨɫ-
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