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Ɉ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜ

ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɦɢ ɢɡɵɫɤɚɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɲɥɵɯ ɥɟɬ ɜ ɡɚɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɫɵɩɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ, ɬ.ɟ. ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɥɫɹ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɦɨɳɧɵɣ, ɧɨ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɧɟɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ. ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɛɨɪɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɨ-ɝɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɡɵɫɤɚɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɲɥɵɯ ɥɟɬ, ɯɪɚɧɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɮɨɧɞɚɯ ɈȺɈ «ȼɟɪɯɧɟɤɚɦɌɂɋɂɁ», ɛɵɥɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɚ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɫɵɩɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜ, ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɚɹ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 2.

Ɋɢɫ. 2. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɫɵɩɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜ

ȼɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɟɣ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɣ ɡɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ

ɜɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɝ. ɉɟɪɦɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɝɟɧɧɵɟ ɝɪɭɧɬɵ ɜɫɟ ɱɚɳɟ ɜɨɜɥɟɤɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɭ ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ. Ɂɚ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɫɪɨɤ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɪɟɥɶɟɮ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧ. ɂɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɟ ɫɥɨɢ, ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɨɬɜɚɥɵ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜ, ɜɨɡɜɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɩɥɨɬɢɧɵ ɢ ɞɚɦɛɵ, ɤɨɬɥɨɜɚɧɵ

ɢɜɨɞɨɯɪɚɧɢɥɢɳɚ, ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɩɨɥɢɝɨɧɵ ɛɵɬɨɜɵɯ ɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ, ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɚɥɢɫɶ ɢ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɵɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɨɝɪɨɦ-

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ɋ.Ⱥ. ɋɚɡɨɧɨɜɚ, Ⱥ.Ȼ. ɉɨɧɨɦɚɪɟɜ

ɧɵɟ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɩɨɪɨɞ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɡɚɱɚɫɬɭɸ ɡɚɫɵɩɚɥɢɫɶ ɨɜɪɚɝɢ ɢ ɩɪɭɞɵ.

ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚ ɭɤɥɚɞɤɢ, ɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɢ ɫɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ, ɜɢɞɚ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ, ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɫɚɦɨɭɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɫɚ ɧɚɫɵɩɧɵɟ ɝɪɭɧɬɵ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɢ ɜɢɞɵ (ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚ) [4].

Ɍɟɯɧɨɝɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɝ. ɉɟɪɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɧɚɫɵɩɧɵɦ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɦ, ɨɬɫɵɩɚɧɧɵɦ ɫɭɯɢɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɩɟɫɬɪɭɸ ɫɦɟɫɶ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɛɵɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɦɭɫɨɪɚ, ɛɢɬɨɝɨ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɚ, ɤɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɲɥɚɤɚ, ɤɨɤɫɚ, ɝɪɚɜɢɣɧɨɣ ɨɬɫɵɩɤɢ, ɝɥɢɧɵ, ɩɟɫɤɚ, ɫɭɝɥɢɧɤɚ, ɧɟɪɟɞɤɨ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɨɦɨɜ, ɡɚɜɚɥɟɧɧɵɯ

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Ɉ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜ

ɜɵɝɪɟɛɧɵɯ ɹɦ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɵɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɨɦ ɢ ɫɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ, ɧɟɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɫɠɢɦɚɟɦɨɫɬɶɸ. ɇɢɠɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɬɟɯɧɨɝɟɧɧɵɣ ɝɪɭɧɬ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧ ɜɨɞɨɣ (ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɟɪɯɨɜɨɞɤɚ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɬɟɯɧɨɝɟɧɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ) [5].

ȼɨɡɪɚɫɬ ɨɬɫɵɩɤɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɣ – ɨɬ 5 ɞɨ 50 ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɥɟɬ (ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɚɦɨɭɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 10–30 ɥɟɬ). ɍɱɢɬɵɜɚɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɢ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɝɪɭɧɬɵ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɧɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɧɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɫɜɚɥɤɚɦ, ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɤ ɨɬɜɚɥɚɦ.

ɉɨ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚ ɪɟɥɶɟɮ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɡɨɧɵ:

–ɡɨɧɚ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜ ɞɨ 2 ɦ. ɂɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɡɨɧɟ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ. Ɍɟɯɧɨɝɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɩɥɨɲɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ;

–ɡɨɧɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɨɬ 2 ɞɨ 4 ɦ. ɂɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɵ ɜ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨɦ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɡɚɫɵɩɤɟ ɤɨɥɨɞɰɟɜ, ɜɨɞɨɬɨɤɨɜ, ɨɜɪɚɝɨɜ, ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɤɟ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜ, ɜɨɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɞɚɦɛ, ɩɪɨɤɥɚɞɤɟ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɣ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ. ɇɚɫɵɩɧɵɟ ɝɪɭɧɬɵ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɩɥɨɲɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ;

–ɡɨɧɚ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ 4 ɦ. ɇɚɫɵɩɧɵɦɢ ɝɪɭɧɬɚɦɢ ɡɚɫɵɩɚɧɵ ɨɜɪɚɝɢ, ɥɨɝɚ, ɞɨɥɢɧɵ ɪɟɤ ɢ ɪɭɱɶɟɜ.

ɇɚɫɵɩɧɵɟ ɝɪɭɧɬɵ ɭɠɟ ɞɚɜɧɨ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɢɫɫɥɟ-

ɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ɉɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɨɜ-ɝɟɨɥɨɝɨɜ, ɩɢɫɚɜɲɢɯ ɨ ɬɟɯɧɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɧɬɚɯ ɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɛɵɥ Ɏ.ɂ. ɋɚɜɚɪɟɧɫɤɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɟɳɟ ɜ 1938 ɝ. ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɥ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɫɥɨɢ ɩɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɞɪɟɜɧɢɟ ɢ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ [6]. ȼ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɬɟɯɧɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɥɢɫɶ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɭɱɟɧɵɟ, ɤɚɤ Ɏ.ȼ. Ʉɨɬɥɨɜ, Ɇ.ɂ. ɏɚɡɚɧɨɜ, ɘ.Ɇ. Ⱥɛɟɥɟɜ, ȼ.ɂ. Ʉɪɭɬɨɜ, ɘ.Ɇ. Ʌɢɱɤɨ ɢ ɞɪ. Ɉɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɡɚɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɘ.Ɇ. Ⱥɛɟɥɟɜɚ ɢ ȼ.ɂ. Ʉɪɭɬɨɜɚ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɫɵɩɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ, ɱɬɨ ɞɨ ɫɢɯ ɩɨɪ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ. Ⱥɜɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɛɵɥɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɚ ɱɚɫɬɧɚɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɧɚɫɵɩɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜ ɤɚɤ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ, ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɵ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɟɫɭɳɟɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɫɵɩɧɨɣ ɬɨɥɳɢ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜ ɧɚ ɢɯ ɫɚɦɨɭɩɥɨɬɧɟ-

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ɋ.Ⱥ. ɋɚɡɨɧɨɜɚ, Ⱥ.Ȼ. ɉɨɧɨɦɚɪɟɜ

ɧɢɟ ɢ ɭɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɞ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɨɣ. Ʉ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɠɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɘ.Ɇ. Ʌɵɱɤɨ, ɧɚɝɥɹɞɧɨ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɜɲɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɧɚ ɬɟɯɧɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɧɬɚɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɝɟɧɟɡɢɫɚ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ [6].

Ʉɚɤ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɚ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɫɵɩɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ ɩɵɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɢɡɛɟɠɚɬɶ ɜɜɢɞɭ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ. Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ [7] ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɨ-ɝɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɡɵɫɤɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɫɵɩɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɨɛɳɢɦ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɯ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚ ɢ ɞɚɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬɫɵɩɤɢ, ɬɨɥɳɢɧɵ ɧɚɫɵɩɢ ɢ ɟɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɡɚɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɟɦɨɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɟ, ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɫɠɢɦɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɬ.ɞ., ɱɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɢɡɵɫɤɚɧɢɣ.

Ⱦɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɟɞɴɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɤ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɫɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚɫɵɩɧɵɦɢ ɝɪɭɧɬɚɦɢ. ɉɨɥɧɚɹ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɫɭɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɨɫɚɞɨɤ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɢ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɫɚɞɨɤ ɨɬ ɫɚɦɨɭɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɫɵɩɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɫɚɞɨɤ (ɩɪɨɫɚɞɨɤ) ɩɨɞɫɬɢɥɚɸɳɢɯ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜ ɨɬ ɜɟɫɚ ɧɚɫɵɩɢ ɢ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɨɤ ɨɬ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚ.

ɉɪɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɯ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɫɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɵɩɧɵɦɢ ɝɪɭɧɬɚɦɢ, ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɧɟɫɭɳɟɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ: ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɟ ɭɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɬɹɠɟɥɵɦɢ ɬɪɚɦɛɨɜɤɚɦɢ, ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɦɚɲɢɧɚɦɢ, ɤɚɬɤɚɦɢ; ɝɥɭɛɢɧɧɨɟ ɭɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɢɟ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜɵɦɢ ɫɜɚɹɦɢ, ɝɢɞɪɨɜɢɛɪɨɭɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɢɟ; ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɞɭɲɟɤ; ɩɪɨɪɟɡɤɚ ɧɚɫɵɩɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɫɜɚɣɧɵɦɢ; ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ.

Ʉɪɚɣɧɹɹ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ, ɧɟɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɚɹ ɫɠɢɦɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ, ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɳɢɣ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɫɚɦɨɭɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɫɚɞɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ, ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɥɢɧɡ ɥɶɞɚ, ɡɚɫɨɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ, ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ – ɬɢɩɢɱɧɵɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜ ɢɡɭɱɚɟɦɨɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ, ɜɫɟ ɱɚɳɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɯ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɟɯɧɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɚ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɨɛɴɟɦɚɦɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶɸ (ɪɢɫɤɨɦ) ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɫɬɨɥɶ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ, ɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ.

ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɭɟɦɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɣ ɡɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɨɣ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɝ. ɉɟɪɦɢ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜ ɫɬɚɧɟɬ ɟɳɟ

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Ɉ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜ

ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨɣ. ɗɬɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɜɢɠɭɳɟɣ ɫɢɥɨɣ ɜ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɧɚɫɵɩɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜ. Ɍɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɢ ɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɟ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɚɦɟɬɨɞɨɜɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɜɞɚɧɧɵɯɝɪɭɧɬɨɜɵɯɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ.

Ȼɢɛɥɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ

1.Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɩɨ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɧɚ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ ɉɟɪɦɢ. Ʉɪɚɬɤɚɹ ɩɨɹɫɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɡɚɩɢɫɤɚ / Ɇɭɧɢɰɢɩɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɚɜɬɨɧɨɦɧɨɟ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɟ «Ȼɸɪɨ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ». –

ɉɟɪɦɶ, 2012.

2.Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɢ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɭ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɜɨɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ ɜɛɥɢɡɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɣ ɡɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ ɜ ɝ. Ɇɨɫɤɜɟ. – Ɇ., 1999.

3.ȽɈɋɌ 25100–95. Ƚɪɭɧɬɵ. Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ. – Ɇ., 1995.

4.Ɉɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɵ ɢ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɵɟ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ / Ɇ.ɂ. Ƚɨɪ- ɛɭɧɨɜ-ɉɨɫɚɞɨɜ, ȼ.Ⱥ. ɂɥɶɢɱɟɜ, ȼ.ɂ. Ʉɪɭɬɨɜ [ɢ ɞɪ.]; ɩɨɞ ɨɛɳ. ɪɟɞ. ȿ.Ⱥ. ɋɨɪɨɱɚɧɚ ɢ ɘ.Ƚ. Ɍɪɨɮɢɦɟɧɤɨɜɚ. – Ɇ.: ɋɬɪɨɣɢɡɞɚɬ, 1985. – 480 ɫ. – (ɋɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɢɤ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɳɢɤɚ).

5.Ɉɬɱɟɬ ɨɛ ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɵɯ ɢɡɵɫɤɚɧɢɹɯ ɧɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɟ «Ʉɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɚɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɝɟɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɭɥ. Ɍɢɦɢɪɹɡɟɜɚ, ɭɥ. ɉɭɲɤɢɧɚ, Ʉɨɦɫɨɦɨɥɶɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɨɫɩɟɤɬɨɦ, ɭɥ. Ɋɚɛɨɱɟ-Ʉɪɟɫɬɶɹɧɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɛɭɥɶɜɚɪɨɦ Ƚɚɝɚɪɢɧɚ ɝ. ɉɟɪɦɢ» / ɈȺɈ «ȼɟɪɯɧɟɤɚɦɌɂɋɂɁ». – ɉɟɪɦɶ, 2012.

6.ɇɢɤɨɥɚɟɜɚ ɋ.Ʉ., ȼɢɤɬɨɪɨɜɚ Ɇ.Ⱥ. Ƚɪɭɧɬɵ ɧɟɫɚɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɜɚɥɨɤ ɤɚɤ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɨ-ɝɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ // ȼɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɨɣ ɢ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɝɟɨɥɨɝɢɢ: ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɢɹ ɤ 25-ɥɟɬɢɸ ɫɟɤɰɢɢ ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɨɣ ɝɟɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɆɈɂɉ. – Ɇ.: ɂɡɞ-ɜɨ ɆȽɍ, 2004. – ɋ. 50–53.

7.ɋɉ 22.13330.2011. Ɉɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ. Ⱥɤɬɭɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɪɟɞɚɤɰɢɹ ɋɇɢɉ 2.02.01–83*. – Ɇ., 2011.

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ɋ.Ⱥ. ɋɚɡɨɧɨɜɚ, Ⱥ.Ȼ. ɉɨɧɨɦɚɪɟɜ

S.Ⱥ. Sazonova, A.B. Ponomarev

ON THE NECESSITY OF A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY OF THE TECHNOGENIC SOIL PROPERTIES AND USING IT AS A BASE OF THE BUILDINGS

This paper proves the actuality of the made ground soil research to use it as the bases of buildings. According to the general plan of Perm analysis author concludes that it is necessary to increase urban density of downtown, where geotechnical conditions are not always favorable for the construction due to made ground soils.

Keywords: urban density, made ground, bases of buildings, geotechnical conditions, urban density.

ɋɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɛ ɚɜɬɨɪɚɯ

ɋɚɡɨɧɨɜɚ ɋɜɟɬɥɚɧɚ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɨɜɧɚ (ɉɟɪɦɶ, Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ) – ɚɫɫɢɫɬɟɧɬ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ «ɋɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɝɟɨɬɟɯɧɢɤɚ» ɎȽȻɈɍ ȼɉɈ ɉɇɂɉɍ (e-mail: spstf@pstu.ru).

ɉɨɧɨɦɚɪɟɜ Ⱥɧɞɪɟɣ Ȼɭɞɢɦɢɪɨɜɢɱ (ɉɟɪɦɶ, Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ) – ɞ-ɪ ɬɟɯɧ.

ɧɚɭɤ, ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪ, ɡɚɜɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɨɣ «ɋɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɝɟɨɬɟɯɧɢɤɚ» ɎȽȻɈɍ ȼɉɈ ɉɇɂɉɍ (e-mail: spstf@pstu.ru).

About the authors

Sazonova Svetlana Aleksandrovna (Perm, Russia) – Assistant Lecturer, Department of Building production and geotechnics, Perm National Research Polytechnic University (e-mail: spstf@pstu.ru).

Ponomarev Andrey Budimirovich (Perm, Russia) – Doctor of Technics, Professor, Head of Department of Building production and geotechnics, Perm National Research Polytechnic University (e-mail: spstf@pstu.ru).

ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɨ 18.03.2013

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ȼɟɫɬɧɢɤ ɉɇɂɉɍ. ɋɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ. ʋ 2. 2013

ɍȾɄ 697.94

ȼ.Ɏ. ɋɨɧɢɱ, Ⱥ.ɂ. Ȼɭɪɤɨɜ

ɉɟɪɦɫɤɢɣ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ

Ʉ ȼɈɉɊɈɋɍ Ɉ ɉɊɂɆȿɇȿɇɂɂ ɉɊȿɐɂɁɂɈɇɇɕɏ ɄɈɇȾɂɐɂɈɇȿɊɈȼ ȼ ɉȿɊɆɋɄɈɆ ɄɊȺȿ

ɂɡɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɜ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɧɵɯ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɹɯ. Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɵ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɪɟɰɢɡɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɤɨɧɞɢɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɨɩɢɫɚɧɵ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɟ ɜ ɫɟɪɜɟɪɧɵɯ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɹɯ. Ɉɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɩɪɟɰɢɡɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɞɢɰɢɨɧɟɪɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɢɡɤɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɞɥɹ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ.

Ʉɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ: ɤɨɧɞɢɰɢɨɧɟɪɵ ɫɩɥɢɬ-ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɩɪɟɰɢɡɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɞɢɰɢɨɧɟɪɵ, ɫɟɪɜɟɪɧɵɟ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ, ɫɯɟɦɵ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɟɪɜɟɪɧɵɯ, ɮɪɢɤɭɥɢɧɝ.

ȼɫɜɹɡɢ ɫɨ ɫɥɨɠɢɜɲɟɣɫɹ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɣ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɟɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɟɠɟɝɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɨɛ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɟɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɣ, ɝɞɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɨɫɨɛɨ ɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɦɢɤɪɨɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ. Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢ ɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ ɬɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɤɨɧɞɢɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ. ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɵ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɵ ɤ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɸ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚ.

ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɬɢɩ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɣ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɤɪɭɝɥɨɝɨɞɢɱɧɨ, ɤɪɭɝɥɨɫɭɬɨɱɧɨ ɢ ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɬɶ ɦɢɤɪɨɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ. Ʉ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɹɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɦɭɡɟɢ, ɮɚɪɦɚɰɟɜɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɢɢ, ɬɟɥɟɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ, ɫɟɪɜɟɪɧɵɟ, ȺɌɋ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɫɤɥɚɞɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ [1, 2].

ȼɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɧɵɟ (ɢɥɢ ɫɟɪɜɟɪɧɵɟ) ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɹɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɚɹ ɢɡ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɯɟɦ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɭɪɚ (ɬɟɥɟɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɜɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɚɲɢɧɵ, ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ ɛɟɫɩɟɪɟɛɨɣɧɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ, ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɨ-ɢɡɦɟɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɵ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ), ɞɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɥɝɨɣ ɢ ɛɟɡɨɬɤɚɡɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɬɪɨɝɨɟ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɟɟ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɚɠɧɵɦɢ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɝɨ

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ȼ.Ɏ. ɋɨɧɢɱ, Ⱥ.ɂ. Ȼɭɪɤɨɜ

ɦɢɤɪɨɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ (ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨ-ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ) ɜ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɧɨɦ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɢ.

ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ [3] ɜ ɫɟɪɜɟɪɧɵɯ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɹɯ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɵɞɟɪɠɚɧɵɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵɦɢɤɪɨɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ(ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚ).

Ɉɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɦɢɤɪɨɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ ɜ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɹɯ ɞɥɹ ɗȼɆ

Ɇɟɧɟɟ ɠɟɫɬɤɢɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦ ɦɢɤɪɨɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɵ ɜ [4]: ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɣ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ 18–24 °C, ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ – 30–55 %; ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɚ ɡɚɳɢɬɚ ɨɬ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɣ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɜ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ, ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɢɢ ɢ ɤɨɧɞɢɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ – 24 ɱɚɫɚ ɜ ɫɭɬɤɢ, 365 ɞɧɟɣ ɜ ɝɨɞɭ.

Ɉɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɨɬ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɸ ɫɪɨɤɚ ɫɥɭɠɛɵ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɚɤɤɭɦɭɥɹɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɛɚɬɚɪɟɣ), ɭɯɭɞɲɟɧɢɸ ɟɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ, ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɛɨɹɦ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɢɥɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɜɵɯɨɞɭ ɢɡ ɫɬɪɨɹ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɜɟ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ). ɇɢɡɤɚɹ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɢ ɜɟɞɟɬ ɤ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɸ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ, ɪɚɡɪɹɞ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɟɧ ɜɵɜɟɫɬɢ ɢɡ ɫɬɪɨɹ ɥɸɛɵɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ. ɋɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɬɚɬɶ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɚ, ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɸ ɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɟ ɡɚɦɵɤɚɧɢɟ ɩɟɱɚɬɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɢɤɨɜ ɢ, ɤɚɤ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ, ɜɵɯɨɞ ɢɡ ɫɬɪɨɹ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɡɥɨɜ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɭɪɵ.

ɉɨɦɢɦɨ ɫɬɪɨɝɢɯ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɤ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɸ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜ ɫɟɪɜɟɪɧɵɯ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɹɯ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɱɢɫɬɨɬɵ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ. ɇɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɩɵɥɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɰɟɥɨɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɉɵɥɶ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɚɤɤɭɦɭɥɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɡɚɪɹɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɹɯ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ, ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɸɳɢɯ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ. ɗɬɨ ɜɟɞɟɬ ɤ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɸ ɫɪɨɤɚ ɫɥɭɠɛɵ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɟɠɞɟɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɜɵɯɨɞɭ ɟɝɨ ɢɡ ɫɬɪɨɹ [5].

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Ʉ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɭ ɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɤɨɧɞɢɰɢɨɧɟɪɨɜ ɜ ɉɟɪɦɫɤɨɦ ɤɪɚɟ

Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɦɢɤɪɨɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ ɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɨɣ ɱɢɫɬɨɬɵ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɫɟɪɜɟɪɧɵɯ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɫɩɥɢɬ-ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢ ɩɪɟɰɢɡɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɞɢɰɢɨɧɟɪɵ.

Ʉɨɧɞɢɰɢɨɧɟɪɵ ɫɩɥɢɬ-ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɧɵɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɨɧɢ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɚ- ɧɢɬɚɪɧɨ-ɝɢɝɢɟɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɜ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɹɯ, ɝɞɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ ɥɸɞɢ. ȼ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɧɵɯ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɹɯ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɵɯ ɦɢɤɪɨɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɤɨɧɞɢɰɢɨɧɟɪɨɜ ɧɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ

ɤɧɚɢɥɭɱɲɟɦɭ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɩɨ ɪɹɞɭ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ:

1.Ɉɧɢ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 8 ɱɚɫɨɜ ɜ ɫɭɬɤɢ.

2.Ɉɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɢɹ. Ʌɸɛɚɹ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɚ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɬɶ ɥɢɛɨ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɬɶ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɟɝɨ ɨɫɭɲɤɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɞɢɰɢɨɧɟɪɚɯ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɥɟɠɢɬ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɤɟ.

3.Ɉɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ. ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ ɷɬɨɬ ɫɱɟɬ ɧɟɬ ɟɞɢɧɨɝɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɨɞɧɢɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɯ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɛɵɬɨɜɵɟ ɤɨɧɞɢɰɢɨɧɟɪɵ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɫ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ 5 °ɋ [6, 7], ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɠɟ ɨɩɪɨɜɟɪɝɚɸɬ ɷɬɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦɢ ɡɚɦɟɪɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɹɬ ɨɬ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɨɬ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɸɬ 1,5 °ɋ. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɢ ɫɩɥɢɬ-ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɜ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɢ ɤɨɧɞɢɰɢɨɧɟɪɚ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵɜɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ0,5–1 °ɋ[8].

4.ɇɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɪɢ ɧɢɡɤɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɤɨɧɞɢɰɢɨɧɟɪɨɜ ɧɚɫɬɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɩɥɢɬ-ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɧɢɠɟ –5 °ɋ. ɑɬɨɛɵ ɢɡɛɟɠɚɬɶ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɚ, ɜ ɛɵɬɨɜɵɯ ɤɨɧɞɢɰɢɨɧɟɪɚɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ – ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɣ ɡɢɦɧɢɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɬ. ɗɬɨɬ ɧɚɛɨɪ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɣ ɢɡ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɚ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɰɢɢ (ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɞɥɹ ɛɵɬɨɜɵɯ ɤɨɧɞɢɰɢɨɧɟɪɨɜ ɱɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɦɟɞɥɢɬɟɥɶ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɬɨɪɚ), ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɹ ɤɚɪɬɟɪɚ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɚ, ɞɪɟɧɚɠɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɹ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɩɪɢ ɧɢɡɤɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ (ɜɩɥɨɬɶ ɞɨ –30 °ɋ). ɇɨ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɨɜ ɫ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɭɪɨɜɵɦɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦɢ ɷɬɨɬ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ ɭɠɟ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɹɳɢɦ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɉɟɪɦɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɹɬɢɞɧɟɜɤɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ –35 °ɋ [9].

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ȼ.Ɏ. ɋɨɧɢɱ, Ⱥ.ɂ. Ȼɭɪɤɨɜ

5.ɇɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɬɨɪɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɛɥɨɤɚ. ɉɨ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ ɜ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɢ, ɝɞɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ ɤɨɧɞɢɰɢɨɧɟɪ ɫɩɥɢɬ-ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɡɚɫɬɨɣɧɵɯ ɡɨɧ ɫ ɬɟɩɥɵɦ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɦ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɧɟɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ. Ⱦɥɹ ɛɵɬɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɣ ɷɬɨ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɧɟɡɚɦɟɬɧɨ, ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɫɟɪɜɟɪɧɵɯ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɟ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ.

6.Ɇɟɧɶɲɚɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ. ȼ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɨɞɧɨɪɚɡɨɜɵɟ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ, ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɟ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɛɵɬɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɚɯ. ɂɯ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɤɨɥɨ 10 %.

7.Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɫɥɚɛɨ. ɉɪɟɰɢɡɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɞɢɰɢɨɧɟɪɵ – ɷɬɨ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ, ɢɡɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɫ-

ɫɱɢɬɚɧɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɜɵɝɨɞɧɵɯ ɦɢɤɪɨɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ: ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ, ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɱɢɫɬɨɬɵ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ. Ɉɧɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɲɤɚɮɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɞɢɰɢɨɧɟɪɨɜ. ɉɪɟɰɢɡɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɞɢɰɢɨɧɟɪɵ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɵ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɬɢɩɚɦɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɦɢɤɪɨɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɢ ɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ, ɧɨ ɢ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ.

ɋɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɪɟɰɢɡɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɞɢɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ:

–ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ (±1 °ɋ) ɢ ɜɥɚɠ-

ɧɨɫɬɢ (±2 %);

–ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ;

–ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɜ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɦ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ;

–ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɫ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦɢ ɞɢɫɩɟɬɱɟɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɢɤɪɨɤɥɢɦɚɬɨɦ ɡɞɚɧɢɹ [2].

Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɚɦɢ ɩɪɟɰɢɡɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɞɢɰɢɨɧɟɪɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɢɯ ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɝɪɨɦɨɡɞɤɨɫɬɶ.

ɂɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɟɪɜɵɦ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɨɦ ɤ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɸ ɫɟɪɜɟɪɧɵɯ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɞɢɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɡɚɥɚ (ɪɢɫ. 1). ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɞɢɰɢɨɧɟɪɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɬ ɧɚɝɪɟɬɵɣ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɨɛɴɟɦɟ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ.

ɉɨɬɨɤɢ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɡɚɥɚ ɥɢɛɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɵɟ ɤɨɪɢɞɨɪɵ ɢɥɢ ɤ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɦ ɫɬɨɣɤɚɦ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɮɚɥɶɲɩɨɥɚ

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