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ȼɟɫɬɧɢɤ ɉɇɂɉɍ. ɋɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ. ʋ 2. 2013

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ɉɟɪɦɫɤɢɣ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ

ɂɋɋɅȿȾɈȼȺɇɂȿ ɈɋɇɈȼɇɕɏ ɉɊɈȻɅȿɆ ȻɅȺȽɈɍɋɌɊɈɃɋɌȼȺ ɉɊɂȾɈɆɈȼɕɏ ɌȿɊɊɂɌɈɊɂɃ ɊȺɃɈɇɈȼ ɋ ɉəɌɂɗɌȺɀɇɈɃ ɁȺɋɌɊɈɃɄɈɃ

ɇɚ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɨɫɬɪɚɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɭɠɟ ɫɥɨɠɢɜɲɟɣɫɹ ɡɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ. ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɷɬɨ ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ ɛɥɚɝɨɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɢɞɨɦɨɜɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ ɩɹɬɢɷɬɚɠɧɨɝɨ ɠɢɥɨɝɨ ɮɨɧɞɚ. Ɉɬɪɚɠɟɧɵ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɵ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟɦ «ɛɥɚɝɨɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ». ɉɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɟ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ, ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɉɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧ ɨɬɛɨɪ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɧɵɯ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ ɫ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɣ ɩɪɨɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɫɨɰɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɩɪɨɫɚ ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɟ.

Ʉɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ: ɛɥɚɝɨɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ, ɩɪɢɥɟɝɚɸɳɢɟ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ, ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɟɡɞɵ, ɚɜɬɨɫɬɨɹɧɤɢ, ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɟ, ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ.

ɑɬɨ ɦɵ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɟɦ ɩɨɞ «ɛɥɚɝɨɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨɦ ɩɪɢɞɨɦɨɜɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ»? ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɬɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɨɤ ɞɥɹ ɢɝɪ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɰɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɞɵɯɚ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɵɯ. Ⱦɪɭɝɢɟ ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɛɥɚɝɨɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ – ɷɬɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɟɥɟɧɵɯ ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɚ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ. Ɉɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɦɧɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɛɥɚɝɨɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɩɨ ɛɨɪɶɛɟ ɫ ɡɚɯɥɚɦɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɡɚɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɟɦ ɞɜɨɪɚ. Ȼɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ, ɜɫɟ ɷɬɢ ɦɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɟɪɧɵ. ɋɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɵ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɬɪɚɤɬɭɸɬ ɷɬɨɬ ɬɟɪɦɢɧ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ: ɛɥɚɝɨɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɞɜɨɪɨɜɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ – ɷɬɨ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɢɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɵɯ, ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨ-ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɵɯ, ɥɟɫɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɢɧɵɯ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɸ ɫɪɟɞɨɜɵɯ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ ɠɢɥɨɣ ɡɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ [1].

ɇɚ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɠɢɥɨɝɨ ɞɨɦɚ ɪɚɡɞɟɥ, ɤɚɫɚɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɛɥɚɝɨɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɢɞɨɦɨɜɨɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ, ɩɨɞɥɟɠɢɬ ɞɟɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ. Ɍɚɤ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɧɚ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɨɡɟɥɟɧɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɩɭɬɟɣ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɲɟɯɨɞɨɜ, ɪɚɫɱɟɬ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɢɝɪɨɜɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɨɤ ɢ ɦɟɫɬ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɨɹɧɤɢ ɚɜɬɨɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ

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ɞɨɦɨɜɥɚɞɟɥɶɰɟɜ. ɇɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɛɥɚɝɨɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɢɯ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɦɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɧɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɟ, ɩɨɞɥɟɠɚɳɟɦ ɡɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɟ. ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɡɟɦɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɧɟɜɟɥɢɤɚ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɬɶ ɪɚɡɦɟɫɬɢɬɶ ɜɫɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɛɥɚɝɨɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ, ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɬɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɟ ɢ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɛɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧ ɧɚ ɞɜɨɪɨɜɨɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ [2].

ɇɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɢɧɚɹ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ ɫɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɭɠɟ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɜɲɟɣɫɹ ɡɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ. Ɉɫɨɛɵɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɠɢɥɨɣ ɮɨɧɞ, ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɵɣ ɜ 60–80-ɯ ɝɨɞɚɯ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɹ. Ⱥɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ ɜɪɹɞ ɥɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɡɜɚɬɶ ɹɪɤɢɦ ɢ ɜɵɪɚɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ. ɗɬɨ ɧɟ ɭɞɢɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɜɟɞɶ ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɪɟɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɫɨɜɫɟɦ ɢɧɚɹ ɰɟɥɶ – ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧ ɯɨɬɶ ɢ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ, ɧɨ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɠɢɥɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶɸ [3]. ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɨɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɞɟɮɢɰɢɬɚ ɠɢɥɶɹ, ɫɥɨɠɢɜɲɚɹɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɜɨɟɧɧɵɟ ɝɨɞɵ, ɡɚɬɦɢɥɚ ɜɫɟ ɢɞɟɢ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟɦ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨ ɜɵɪɚɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɧɟɩɨɜɬɨɪɢɦɨɝɨ ɨɛɥɢɤɚ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ. Ɍɨɝɞɚ ɧɢɤɬɨ ɧɟ ɦɨɝ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɚɹ ɡɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɚ ɬɢɩɨɜɵɦɢ ɞɨɦɚɦɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɟɫɹɬɤɨɜ ɥɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɬ ɤ ɝɥɭɛɨɱɚɣɲɟɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɟ, ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɜ ɨɛɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɠɢɥɨɝɨ ɮɨɧɞɚ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɢ ɫɪɟɞɨɜɵɯ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜ ɩɪɢɥɟɝɚɸɳɢɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ.

ɉɪɢɱɢɧɚ ɧɟɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɥɟɝɚɸɳɢɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɤɪɨɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɫɬɢɯɢɣɧɨɦ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɟ ɡɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ ɬɟɯ ɥɟɬ. ɇɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɸɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɤ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɭ ɠɢɥɨɝɨ ɮɨɧɞɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɥɟɝɚɸɳɢɦ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɦ, ɢɡɦɟɧɹɥɢɫɶ ɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɪɟɞɴɹɜɥɹɟɦɵɟ ɤ ɧɢɦ. ɋɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɩɪɟɞɴɹɜɥɹɟɦɵɦ ɤ ɦɟɫɬɚɦ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɟɣ. ȼ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɪɹɞ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɧɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɋɇɢɉ II-60–75, ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɦ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɩɹɬɢɷɬɚɠɟɤ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɧɵɧɟ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɧɨɦ ɋɉ 42.13330.2011.

ɍɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɪɚɫɬɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜɥɟɱɟɬ ɡɚ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɦ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɨɹɧɤɢ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɟɣ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɞɨɦɨɜɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɯ. ɋɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɡɚɱɚɫɬɭɸ ɧɟ ɞɨɝɚɞɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɨɫɬɚɜɢɜ ɫɜɨɣ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɶ ɜ ɧɟɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɦ ɦɟɫɬɟ, ɨɧɢ ɬɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɦɟɲɚɸɬ ɛɟɫɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɩɟɲɟɯɨɞɨɜ, ɩɪɨɟɡɞɭ ɷɤɫɬɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɚɜɚɪɢɣɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɠɛ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɪɬɹɬ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɝɚɡɨɧɨɜ ɢ ɰɜɟɬɧɢɤɨɜ.

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ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɛɥɚɝɨɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ

ɋɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɛɥɚɝɨɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɦɢɤɪɨɪɚɣɨɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ

Ɉɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɚɪɤɨɜɨɱɧɵɯ ɦɟɫɬ – ɷɬɨ ɞɚɥɟɤɨ ɧɟ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ, ɤɚɫɚɸɳɚɹɫɹ ɛɥɚɝɨɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɢɞɨɦɨɜɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ. ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ ɫ ɩɹɬɢɷɬɚɠɧɨɣ ɡɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɨɣ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ:

–ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ (ɩɨɥɧɨɟ ɢɥɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɟ) ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɩɭɬɹɯ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɲɟɯɨɞɨɜ;

–ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɫɟɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟɝɨ ɩɨɞɴɟɡɞɚ ɤ ɠɢɥɨɦɭ ɞɨɦɭ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ: ɩɨɠɚɪɧɵɯ, ɝɚɡɨɜɵɯ ɫɥɭɠɛ;

–ɧɟɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɩɪɨɟɡɞɨɜ ɜɞɨɥɶ ɞɨ-

ɦɨɜ;

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ɉ.Ⱥ. Ɍɪɟɬɶɹɤɨɜɚ, Ɉ.Ⱥ. ɒɭɬɨɜɚ

–ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɡɚɯɥɚɦɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ (ɫɥɨɦɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɹ, ɪɚɡɪɨɫɲɢɟɫɹ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɯɲɢɟ ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɢ, ɜɵɤɨɪɱɟɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɧɢ, ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɡɚɪɨɫɥɢ ɪɟɩɟɣɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɬɪɚɜ);

–ɧɟɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɩɟɲɟɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɞɨɪɨɠɟɤ ɧɚ ɞɜɨɪɨɜɨɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ.

ȼɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɝɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ:

1)ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɟ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɞɜɨɪɨɜɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ;

2)ɞɨɪɨɠɧɨ-ɬɪɨɩɢɧɨɱɧɚɹ ɫɟɬɶ;

3)ɦɟɫɬɚ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɨɹɧɤɢ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɟɣ.

ȼɵɛɨɪ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɧɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɧ: ɜɫɟ ɷɬɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɹɦɵɦ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɫɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɜɥɢɹɸɬ ɧɚ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɟɛɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɞɨɦɨɜɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɯ. Ɉɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɜɨ ɞɜɨɪɚɯ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɪɢɫɤ ɯɭɥɢɝɚɧɫɬɜɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ, ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɹ ɤɪɚɣɧɟ ɧɟɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɩɟɲɟɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɞɨɪɨɠɟɤ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɬɪɚɜɦ ɥɸɞɟɣ. ɂɡɪɟɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɪɧɹɦɢ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜɵɟ ɩɟɲɟɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɞɨɪɨɠɤɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟ ɪɚɡ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɥɢɫɶ «ɪɟɦɨɧɬɭ» ɫɢɥɚɦɢ ɫɚɦɢɯ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ (ɥɢɫɬɵ ɮɚɧɟɪɵ, ɞɨɫɤɢ, ɛɨɣ ɤɢɪɩɢɱɚ), ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɥɨɦɚɧɧɵɯ ɤɚɛɥɭɤɨɜ ɢ ɭɲɢɛɨɜ, ɧɨ ɢ ɹɜɧɨɣ ɩɪɟɝɪɚɞɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɥɨɞɵɯ ɦɚɦ ɢ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɨɬɧɨɫɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɤ ɦɚɥɨɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɵɦ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɦ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ. ɑɬɨ ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ ɚɜɬɨɫɬɨɹɧɨɤ, ɬɨ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɭ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɚ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɚɪɤɨɜɨɱɧɵɯ ɦɟɫɬ ɧɟ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɤɚɤ ɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɶ ɧɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɞɜɨɪɨɦ ɩɪɨɟɡɞɟ ɫ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɵɦ ɡɚɟɡɞɨɦ ɧɚ ɝɚɡɨɧ ɢɥɢ ɬɪɨɬɭɚɪ (ɟɫɥɢ ɷɬɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ).

Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɫɨɰɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɩɪɨɫɚ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɛɥɚɝɨɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɞɜɨɪɨɜ. ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɨɩɪɨɫɟ ɦɨɝ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɠɟɥɚɸɳɢɣ, ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ ɢ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ.

Ɉɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ ɡɜɭɱɚɥ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ: «Ʉɚɤ ȼɵ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɟɬɟ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɛɥɚɝɨɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɠɢɥɨɝɨ ɞɜɨɪɚ?». Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɧɨɦ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 1.

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ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɛɥɚɝɨɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ

Ɋɢɫ. 1. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɠɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɛɥɚɝɨɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɞɜɨɪɨɜ

ɂɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɜɵɜɨɞ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ 62 % ɨɩɪɨɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɪɚɣɧɟ ɧɟ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɵ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɢɞɨɦɨɜɨɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ. Ɋɟɫɩɨɧɞɟɧɬɵ, ɩɨɩɚɜɲɢɟ ɜ ɱɢɫɥɨ 36 %, ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɤɥɨɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɤ ɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɞɨɦɨɜɨɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɪɹɞ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɛɥɚɝɨɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨɦ. ȼɫɟ ɷɬɨ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɛɥɚɝɨɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɞɜɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹɲɧɢɣ ɞɟɧɶ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɝɨɪɨɠɚɧ.

ɋɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɛɵɥ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧ ɧɚ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɵɯ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɣ, ɤɚɫɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɛɥɚɝɨɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɞɜɨɪɨɜɨɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ. Ɋɟɫɩɨɧɞɟɧɬɭ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɥɨɫɶ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɶ ɜ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɭɧɤɬɵ:

1)ɡɚɩɭɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɧɟɛɥɚɝɨɭɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ;

2)ɚɜɚɪɢɣɧɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɞɟɬɫɤɢɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɨɤ;

3)ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɭɪɧ;

4)ɩɚɪɤɨɜɨɱɧɵɟ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɞɥɹ ɚɜɬɨɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ;

5)ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɤɚɦɟɟɤ;

6)ɜɵɬɚɩɬɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɝɚɡɨɧɨɜ;

7)ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɩɟɲɟɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɞɨɪɨɠɟɤ;

8)ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɡɚɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɟ ɞɜɨɪɚ;

9)ɧɟɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɭɛɨɪɤɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɞɜɨɪɚ;

10)ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɞɜɨɪɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɟɡɞɨɜ;

11)ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɝɚɡɨɧɨɜ ɢ ɰɜɟɬɧɢɤɨɜ;

12)ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɞɜɨɪɨɜɨɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ;

13)ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɡɟɥɟɧɵɯ ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɜɨ ɞɜɨɪɟ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɨɩɪɨɫɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 2.

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ɉ.Ⱥ. Ɍɪɟɬɶɹɤɨɜɚ, Ɉ.Ⱥ. ɒɭɬɨɜɚ

Ɋɢɫ. 2. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɪɚɧɠɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɩɪɢɞɨɦɨɜɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ

ɇɚɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɥɨɫɶ ɩɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦɭ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɭ: ɩɭɧɤɬɭ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɨɩɪɨɲɟɧɧɵɣ ɨɬɞɚɥ ɩɟɪɜɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɜ ɫɩɢɫɤɟ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɢɫɜɚɢɜɚɥɨɫɶ 13 ɛɚɥɥɨɜ, ɩɭɧɤɬɭ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɢɜɲɟɦɭɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɦɟɫɬɟ – 12 ɛɚɥɥɨɜ ɢ ɬ.ɞ. ɉɭɧɤɬ, ɨɤɚɡɚɜɲɢɣɫɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɦ ɜ ɫɩɢɫɤɟ, ɩɨɥɭɱɚɥ ɨɞɢɧ ɛɚɥ.

Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɚɠɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɫɤɨɪɟɣɲɟɝɨ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨɦ ɩɟɲɟɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɞɨɪɨɠɟɤ ɢ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɞɜɨɪɨɜɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ ɩɚɪɤɨɜɨɱɧɵɯ ɦɟɫɬ ɞɥɹ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɟɣ. Ⱥɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɵ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɝɨ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɞɢɥɚɫɶ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦɢ ɫɨɰɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɩɪɨɫɚ.

ȼ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɢ ɨɩɪɨɫɚ ɪɟɫɩɨɧɞɟɧɬɚɦ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɨ ɜɵɛɪɚɬɶ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɞɥɹ ɧɢɯ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɜ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɛɥɚɝɨɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 3.

Ɇɧɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɤɚɤɢɦɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɦɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɜɥɢɹɬɶ ɧɚ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɞɨɦɨɜɨɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ, ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɥɢɫɶ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ ɨɩɪɨɲɟɧɧɵɯ (44 %) ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɜɵɫɢɬɶ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɛɥɚɝɨɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɥɢɲɶ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɠɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɧɚ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚɱɚɥɚɯ. Ⱦɪɭɝɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɪɟɫɩɨɧɞɟɧɬɨɜ (23 %) ɩɪɢɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɹ. Ɉɫɬɚɜɲɢɟɫɹ 23 % ɨɩɪɨɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɝɨɬɨɜɵ ɜɧɨɫɢɬɶ ɞɟɧɟɠɧɵɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ.

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ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɛɥɚɝɨɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ

Ɋɢɫ. 3. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ ɠɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɜ ɛɥɚɝɨɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɢɞɨɦɨɜɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ

ɂɡ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɜɵɲɟɫɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɜɵɜɨɞ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹɲɧɢɣ ɞɟɧɶ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɜɫɟɯ ɧɚɫ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɜ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɧɨɟ ɢ ɫɚɦɨɟ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɟ – ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɛɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɜɧɟɫɬɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɣ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ. ɋɱɢɬɚɟɦ ɧɭɠɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɭ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɸ ɩɪɢɞɨɦɨɜɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɢ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɚɦɨɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɠɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ. ɂ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɤɚɠɞɨɦɭ ɨɫɨɡɧɚɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɧɨɪɦɚɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɞɜɨɪɨɜɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɟɛɹ ɡɚɳɢɳɟɧɧɵɦ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɫɬɟɧɚɯ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɤɜɚɪɬɢɪɵ, ɧɨ ɢ ɡɚ ɟɟ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɦɢ.

Ȼɢɛɥɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ

1.ɂɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɚɹ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ ɢ ɛɥɚɝɨɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ / ȼ.ȼ. ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪɨɜ, Ƚ.ɇ. Ⱦɚɜɢɞɹɧɰ, Ɉ.ɋ. Ɋɚɫɬɨɪɝɭɟɜ, ȼ.Ʌ. ɒɚɮɪɚɧ, – Ɇ.: Ⱥɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ-ɋ, 2004. – 240 ɫ.

2.Ɋɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹ ɢ ɨɛɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɥɨɠɢɜɲɟɣɫɹ ɡɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ / ɩɨɞ ɨɛɳ. ɪɟɞ. ɉ.Ƚ. Ƚɪɚɛɨɜɨɝɨ ɢ ȼ.Ⱥ. ɏɚɪɢɬɨɧɨɜɚ. – Ɇ.: ɂɡɞ-ɜɨ Ⱥɋȼ: Ɋɟɚɥɩɪɨ-

ɟɤɬ, 2005. – 624 ɫ.

3.ɘɡɟɮɨɜɢɱ Ⱥ.ɇ. ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɠɢɥɵɯ ɞɨɦɨɜ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɵɯ ɫɟɪɢɣ / ȼɟɫɬɧɢɤ ɉɟɪɦ. ɧɚɰ. ɢɫɫɥɟɞ. ɩɨɥɢɬɟɯɧ.

ɭɧ-ɬɚ. ɍɪɛɚɧɢɫɬɢɤɚ. – 2011. – ɋ. 107–121.

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ɉ.Ⱥ. Ɍɪɟɬɶɹɤɨɜɚ, Ɉ.Ⱥ. ɒɭɬɨɜɚ

P.A. Tretyakova, O.A. Shutova

INVESTIGATION OF THE MAIN PROBLEMS OF THE HOUSE LAND PLOTSAREAS WITH A FIVE-STORIED BUILDINGS

At the present stage of development of an urban environment there is an urgent need of transformation and modernization of already developed building. In particular it concerns improvement of house adjoining territories of five-floor housing stock. The highlights connected with the concept "improvement" are reflected. The main shortcomings of such territories revealed during carrying out inspection are given. Selection of the most priority questions with the corresponding justification is made for studying and further study. For confirmation of relevance of the chosen directions some results of sociological poll on this subject are given.

Keywords: improvement, adjacent territories, car lanes, parking, illumination, safety.

ɋɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɛ ɚɜɬɨɪɚɯ

Ɍɪɟɬɶɹɤɨɜɚ ɉɨɥɢɧɚ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɜɧɚ (ɉɟɪɦɶ, Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ) – ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɧɬ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ «ɋɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɝɟɨɬɟɯɧɢɤɚ» ɎȽȻɈɍ ȼɉɈ ɉɇɂɉɍ (e-mail: spstf@pstu.ru).

ɒɭɬɨɜɚ Ɉɥɶɝɚ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɨɜɧɚ (ɉɟɪɦɶ, Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ) – ɫɬɚɪɲɢɣ ɩɪɟ-

ɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ «ɋɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɝɟɨɬɟɯɧɢɤɚ»,

ɎȽȻɈɍ ȼɉɈ ɉɇɂɉɍ (spstf@pstu.ac.ru).

About the authors

Tretyakova Polina Alekseevna (Perm, Russia) – graduate student, Department of Building production and geotechnics, Perm National Research Polytechnic University (e-mail: spstf@pstu.ru).

Shutova Olga Aleksandrovna (Perm, Russia) – Senior Lecturer, Department of Building production and geotechnics, Perm National Research Polytechnic University (e-mail: spstf@pstu.ru).

ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɨ 19.03.2013

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ȼɟɫɬɧɢɤ ɉɇɂɉɍ. ɋɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ. ʋ 2. 2013

ɍȾɄ 624.154:624.131.252

ɋ.ɂ. Ɏɪɨɥɨɜɚ, ɋ.ɂ. ȼɚɯɪɭɲɟɜ

ɉɟɪɦɫɤɢɣ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ

ȺɇȺɅɂɁ ɂɋɋɅȿȾɈȼȺɇɂɃ ɉɈ ɍɋɂɅȿɇɂɘ ɎɍɇȾȺɆȿɇɌɈȼ ɂ ɈɋɇɈȼȺɇɂɃ ȼ ɊɈɋɋɂɂ ɁȺ ɉɈɋɅȿȾɇȿȿ ȾȿɋəɌɂɅȿɌɂȿ

ȼɵɩɨɥɧɟɧ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɨɜ. Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɵ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɵ ɤ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɨɜ. ɉɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɹ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɨɜ.

Ʉɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ: ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɟ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹ, ɛɭɪɨɢɧɴɟɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɫɜɚɢ, ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ, ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɨ-ɝɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ.

ɉɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɣ ɡɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ ɝɨɪɨɞɨɜ ɫ ɤɚɠɞɵɦ ɝɨɞɨɦ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɟɬ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɟɣ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɳɢɤɚ. ɗɬɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɝɨɪɨɞɨɜ, ɚ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ (ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɨɜ), ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬ ɨɬ ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɚ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɚɜɵɤɨɜ, ɧɨ ɭɦɟɧɢɹ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ ɢɥɢ ɱɪɟɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɵɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɣ.

ɑɚɫɬɧɵɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɦ ɜɧɟɫɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ ɢɥɢ ɱɪɟɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɵɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɨɤ, ɢɫɩɵɬɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɟɣ, ɧɚɞ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɦɢ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚɦɢ.

ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɣ ɨɛɥɢɤ ɝɨɪɨɞɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɫɢɦɛɢɨɡ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ ɜ ɫɬɢɥɟ «ɯɚɣɬɟɤ» ɢ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ, ɧɚɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɦɧɨɝɨɥɟɬɧɸɸ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɸ, ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɝɨɪɨɞɨɜ.

ɍɫɢɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɧɚɭɤɟ ɢ ɝɟɨɬɟɯɧɢɤɟ ɢɝɪɚɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɩɟɪɟɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɜɧɨɜɶ ɩɪɟɞɴɹɜɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɤ ɧɟɦɭ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɫ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɨɤ, ɢ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɬɶ ɷɫɬɟɬɢɤɭ ɡɞɚɧɢɹ, ɫɧɢɠɚɹ ɦɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɢɡɧɨɫ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ [1].

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ɋ.ɂ. Ɏɪɨɥɨɜɚ, ɋ.ɂ. ȼɚɯɪɭɲɟɜ

ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɢ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɟɣ, ɢɦɟɸɳɟɣ ɜɚɠɧɨɟ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɟ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ.

Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɞɜɚ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɤ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɭ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɨɜ (ɪɢɫɭɧɨɤ) [2]. ɉɟɪɜɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɫ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɨɬɜɟɬɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ «Ʉɚɤ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɟ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɨɜ?».

ȼɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɫ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɛɚɡɵ, ɬ.ɟ. ɫ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɨɜ ɧɚɝɧɟɬɚɟɦɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɨɬɜɟɬɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ «ɑɟɦ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɟ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɨɜ?».

ȼɨɩɪɨɫɚɦɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɥɢɫɶ ɭɱɟɧɵɟ Ⱥ.Ʌ. Ƚɨɬɦɚɧ, ɇ.Ɂ. Ƚɨɬɦɚɧ, Ɇ.ɇ. ɏɭɪɦɚɬɭɥɥɢɧ, Ʌ.Ⱥ. Ⱥɥɢɦɨɜ, ȼ.ȼ. ȼɨɪɨɧɢɧ, Ɇ.ɂ. Ȼɚɠɟɧɨɜ, Ⱥ.ȼ. ɑɟɪɧɹɤɨɜ, Ⱥ.Ɂ. ɏɚɫɚɧɨɜ, ɉ.Ⱥ. Ʉɨɧɨɜɚɥɨɜ, ɋ.Ƚ. Ȼɨɝɨɜ, ɏ.Ⱥ. Ⱦɠɚɧɬɢɦɢɪɨɜ.

Ɋɢɫ. ɉɨɞɯɨɞɵ ɤ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɹ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɭɤɢ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ

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