Innovative power engineering
..pdfonly in one supply pipeline Dn700 amounting to 2332.2 Gcal per year. Saving for the heat transfer company will amount to $ 30172.89 per year.
Data about the quality and status of the heat insulation which is fed into the database that was obtained during the troubleshooting in conjunction with the hydraulic simulation allowed estimating the consolidated and reduced heat losses for each of the rated modes of heat delivery and heat consumption. This calculation is one of the most important final results, since the values of heat losses are introduced into cost rate for heat energy transfer from the source to the end user, and the measures aimed at cutting such heat losses will allow to significantly reduce the cost for the transfer of heat energy. When the generated model of heat supply system is submitted to the heat transfer company the company obtained a powerful tool to control routine tasks in general production and distribution processes.
Namely, in case of prompt distribution control the quality of the decisions and a higher degree of the 'emergency persistence' can be achieved due to the fact that any combination of actions (switch ON and OFF of pumping units, scheduled and emergency switching in the chambers, regulatory measures etc.) can be simulated in the computer model prior to their real implementation. This allows to estimate the consequences of expected actions and to minimize the risk of errors which may cause an emergency.
Issue of technical specifications for connection of new consumers or amendment of the contractual loads can be preceded by the verification of implementability of the requested requirements at the computational model of the existing network. It will be significantly easier to issue prompt reporting of selected parameters, extracts of data, reports of the heat supply system in general and for certain elements thereof. The data in the system can be simultaneously used by any amount of users of the company LAN. And any current modifications in the reference database implemented in accordance with the updating provisions will immediately be available to be accessed by any involved department.
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The informational project described above was implemented 'from scratch' within less than two years. Numerous steps of designing, analysis and calculations were performed by students of PNRPU in association with NRU 'Higher School of Economics', two students are current employees of Power Systems Maintenance LLC. Two other students were involved in the research as young specialists in the sphere of Power Management.
References
1.About energy saving and energy efficiency improvements and about modification of certain legislative acts of the Russian Federation: the federal law from 23.11.2009 N 261-FL: ed. by 29.12. 2014 // Consultant Plus [Electronic resource: reference legal system: documents and comments: touring. inf. resource]. – Professional version, network. – Moscow, 1992.
2.About organization of heat supply in the Russian Federation and about modification of some acts of the Government of the Russian Federation: Governmental order of the Russian Federation dated August 8, 2012 N 808 // Consultant Plus [Electronic resource: reference legal system: documents and comments: touring. inf. resource]. – Professional version, network. – Moscow, 1992.
3.About the procedure for determining the standard process losses for heat transfer, heat transfer medium, norms of specific fuel consumption in the production of thermal energy required reserve of fuel for thermal energy sources (except for sources of thermal energy, functioning in the mode of combined production of electricity and heat), including for the purpose of state regulation of prices (tariffs) in the heating sector: Order of the Ministry of Energy of Russia from 10.08.2012 N 377: ed. By 22.08.2013 // Consultant Plus [Electronic resource: reference legal system: documents and comments: touring. inf. resource]. – Professional version, network. – Moscow, 1992.
4.Rulebook “Heating networks” actualized revision SNIP 41-02-2003 // Consultant Plus [Electronic resource: reference legal system: documents and comments: touring. inf. resource]. – Professional version, network. – Moscow, 1992.
5.Rulebook “Water supply. External networks and facilities” actualized revision SNIP 2.04.02-84 * // Consultant Plus [Electronic resource: reference legal system: documents and comments: touring. inf. resource]. – Professional version, network. – Moscow, 1992.
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6.Startup and operation of the water heating networks. Directory / V.I. Manyuk [et. al.]. – M.: Stroyizdat, 1988.
7.Nikolaev A. Design of heating networks. Directory designer. – M.: Stroyizdat, 1965.
8.Water heating networks: a handbook on the design / I.V. Belyaykina [et al.]. – M.: Stroyatomizdat, 1988.
9.Citycom [Electronic resource] / Publishing house «Citycom» – Moscow. – URL: http://www.citycom.ru.
10.Information system for heat supply [electronic resource] / Publishing house «ROSTEPLO.RU» – Moscow. – URL: http://www.rosteplo.ru.
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POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS FOR STAND-ALONE CONSUMERS WITH HIGH RENEWABLE ENERGY PENETRATION
M.A. Surkov
Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, Russia
In the given article, discussing perspective of power efficiency increasing on the basis of unique developments in the decentralised electrical supply systems with participation of renewed energy sources, systems of accumulation and the active consumer by application of adaptive algorithms of management, use of rational schemes for teamwork of the equipment, use of unique hybrid stores of the electric power of system on the basis of supercapacitors and accumulator batteries (AB), executed on AGM and GEL technologies.
Overview
About 70 % of territory of Russia concerns zones of the decentralised electrical supply where lives by different estimations from 10 to 20 million persons. The majority of these territories are located in areas with severe environmental conditions – Siberia, the Far East, the Far North.
Standalone electrical supply systems usually based on autonomous diesel power stations (DPS):
–Total exceeds 50 thousand
–Rated capacity reaches 15 million in kW
As sources for a stand-alone electrical supply system they possess both doubtless advantages and the significant lacks:
The big expense of organic raw materials;
High cost of the produced electric power;
Low reliability of an electrical supply;
Harmful influence on environment.
Application of renewable energy sources as a part of autonomous power systems allows lowering a fuel component in the cost price of the developed electric power that essentially raises their technical and economic efficiency.
Power strategy of Russia provides 20 million ton of equivalent fuel replacement. Traditional energy carriers at the expense of
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renewable energy sources (RES). Now the share of power stations on renewable energy sources in Russia makes nearby 1 %, and the Government of the Russian Federation a task in view of its increase to 4,5 % by 2020 [1, 2]. Achievement of this point is impossible without complex consideration multicriterion problem of increase of technical and economic efficiency of operating conditions of the decentralised power stations with use of the dispersed energy sources, a part from which renewable. Works in this direction are conducted practically in all large research laboratories on the given subjects [3–9].
Foreign experience in construction of similar systems shows possibility of considerable economy of organic fuel and in certain cases, under the favorable external conditions, full replacement of organic fuel. In particular, Mr. A. Carta in the operational reports published in editions IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), shows economy of diesel fuel to 50 % in the severe conditions of Alaska as much as possible approached to conditions of Siberia. And Mr. 0 Stavros in the publications shows efficiency of application of hybrid schemes in island micro grids [10].
Works in this direction are actively conduct in all large research centres which are taking up the problems of development and increase of efficiency of functioning of a power economy. Application of hybrid power stations allow to solve problems of power deficiency with use of renewable energy sources, to optimise loading of the generating equipment, to improve quality and stability of an electrical supply.
In Europe researches investigate basically in an island systems way (in connection with presence of a significant amount of the islands needing electrification or increase of generating capacities). In the USA and the countries of Asia and Africa the isolated micro systems more intensively investigated, that is connected with extensive territories with a weak infrastructure and low power density of load. In Russia it is possible to observe requirement for systems of both types, but nevertheless with displacement towards the isolated systems. Such systems are on almost all northern areas of our country, and also on the areas located in the Asian part of Russia.
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Nevertheless, existing technologies do not insure the most effective expense of organic fuel and motor potential of diesel power stations. The coordination of wind generators work and diesel power stations work use the low effective algorithms which are not considering application of buffer storages and active consumers. Even on nowadays placed in operation or modernised (Kuriles, Bering's island) hybrid electropower complexes are not applied the advanced decisions of automation and power efficient control teamwork of the basic power generating equipment.
The investigations in this field are conducted throughout last three decades in Tomsk polytechnic university. In 80th and the beginning 90th great attention was given to the micro hydroelectric power stations, which else till 1990th was more than 150 units across the Tomsk region. Directions of researches actively developed in wind energy field.
By this time, the laboratory complex including a wide spectrum windand photovoltaic equipment, energy storages, and also their physical models is created.
Research of operating modes, physical modelling, management system engineering windand diesel-generators, development of operating algorithms conducted on the real equipment, with the specialised electrotechnical equipment, making a basis of hybrid winddiesel system [11–13].
Description of technology
Increase of power efficiency and overall performance of standalone electrical supply systems is possible by adoption of new technology – the hybrid power stations including interchangeable unitized power blocks: diesel-generators (DPS), wind generators (WPS) and PVinstallations (PV-PS), Biomass Energy (Pyrolysis or Direct Combustion), Heat Pumps and also electric power buffer stores. Important feature of hybrid systems with energy stores is possibility of loading optimization of the generating equipment and the matching of consumption and electric power generation.
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During project performance the technical problem of creation of diesel-generators on variable frequency of rotation of a shaft as part of hybrid power station at change of capacity and character of power loading. Microprocessor automatics allow DPS to operate in most power effective mode.
Application of unique buffer accumulator-condenser systems for accumulation of the electric power allow to smooth the production schedule of the consumer and decrease the rated capacity of the generating equipment.
The economy of motor life is reached by application of buffer storage and the competent coordination of teamwork of the equipment wind-diesel power station with application of adaptive algorithms in a control system of a micro grid.
Replacement of a part of organic fuel of diesel-generators is provided by introduction in power station structure windand photoelectric installations.
The increase in reliability of an electrical supply by means of power supplies backup, intellectual and adaptive management of power flows, increase in controllability of a distributive network by use of microprocessor automatics.
Conclusion
Key factors of acceptance by them of decisions are:
–Cost of a final product/service and a time-frame of recoupment of capital investment
–Modernization of existing objects of the decentralised electrical
supply
–Putting in operation of new power effective objects of the decentralised electrical supply
–Decrease in the cost price of the generated electric power
–Implementation of the developed technical solutions at installation of local energy sources
–Implementation of the developed technical solutions in the distributed generation, including hybrid buffer stores for indemnifycation of peaks of electric loadings
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–Scientific and technical level of engineering
–Practical realizability of the project
References
1.The Order of the Government of the Russian Federation from August, CAVW* C O 1234 «Power strategy of Russia for the period till 2020»
2.The Order of the Government of the Russian Federation from t[uX\vXc* OVW* C 1715-r «Power strategy of Russia for the period till
2030»
3.Danchenko A.M., Lukutin B.V. Butts Of this year, etc. the Cadastre
of possibilities / Under the editorship of B.V. Lukutina. – Tomsk: Publishing house NTL, 2002. – 280 .
4.The Statistical information. – the Department of Energy of the Russian Federation. – URL: <http://minenergo.gov.ru/activity/statistic/>.
5.Global Wind Energy Outlook 2014/Global Wind Energy Council
6.Elhadidy M.A., Shaahid S.M. Role of hybrid (wind + diesel) power systems in meeting commercial loads, Renewable Energy 29 (2004) p. 109–118
7.Simulink model for economic analysis and environmental impacts of a PV with diesel-battery system for remote villages / R.W. Wies, R.A. Johnson, A.N. Agrawal, T.J. Chubb. – Power Systems, IEEE Transactions on Volume 20, Issue 2, May 2005 Page (s): 692 – 700
8.Wies R.W., Johnson R.A., Aspnes J. Design of an energy-efficient standalone distributed generation system employing renewable energy sources and smart grid technology as a student design project / Power and Energy Society General Meeting, 2010 IEEE 25–29 July 2010 pp. 1–8.
9.Protogeropoulos C., Tselepis S., Neris A. Research issues on stand-
alone pv/hybrid systems: state-of-art and future technology perspectives for the
_`VXbcdV_[` [a wbc_i V[][g[b_X^ [` g[Zdg _^gd`i bc_i^ ; xX]V [a yz etx
Hybrid Syst., CRES – Centre for Renewable Energy Sources, Athens Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, Conference Record of the 2006 IEEE 4th World Conference on 7–12 May 2006, pp. 2277–2282
10.Stavros A. Papathanassiou, Michael P. Papadopoulos Dynamic characteristics of autonomous wind-diesel systems // Renewable Energy. – June 2001. – Vol. 23. – Is. 2. – P. 293–311.
11.Modelling of power characteristics of renewable power sources and
automation of laboratory researches in laboratory «Renewable energy sources» / B.V. Lukutin, I.O. Muravlev, S.G. Obuhov, -.0. Shutov, V.M. Dmitriev,
J.I. Maltsev, A.N. Kurakolov, A.V. Shutenkov // Systems of an electrical
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supply with renewable energy sources: Materials of the international scientific and technical seminar. – Tomsk, on April, 20–27th 2009. – Tomsk: TPU, 2009. – C. 17–23.
12.Tuning the regulators of wind-diesel power plant operating on the DC-bus Source of the Document / B.V. Lukutin, Y.Zh. Sarsikeyev, M.A. Surkov, D.Yu. Lyapunov // 14th International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering, EEEIC 2014. – Conference Proceedings, pp. 459–463.
13.Dynamic model of wind speed longitudinal component / Y. Sarsikeev, B.V. Lukutin, D.Y. Lyapunov, M.A. Surkov, S.G. Obuhov // Advanced Materials Research 953–954, pp. 529–532.
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EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON A SOLAR DESALINATION PROCESS OF BUBBLING HUMIDIFYING COUPLED WITH STACK PLATES DEHUMIDIFYING
Lixi Zhang, Zhengyang Li, Jing Cai, Rongzhen Wang
College of Power and Energy, Northwestern Polytechnic University, Xi’an, China
A new type solar desalination process of bubbling humidifying coupled with stack plates dehumidifying is designed. It has the advantages of high humidifying efficiency, recycling and utilization water vapor condensation latent heat, lower power consumption, higher gain output ratio (GOR), etc. Through the experiments of humidification-dehumidification, it concludes that: the parameters, such as the height of water layer on sieve plate, the temperature difference between the stack plate wall and the moist air, and the inclination angle of stack plates, are the main factors affecting the performances of water production of the unit. Under the conditions of experiments, the water productions of the first stack plate and the second one are respectively 1.60kg/h and 0.90kg/h, and the total water production of the unit is 2.70kg/h; the GOR of the unit is 4; the cost of the water production is 12.2Yuan (RMB)/t. The causes of the error of theoretical and experimental values are that a part of the generated fresh water drops into the lower stack plate causing the loss of water production; the condensed water attaches to the bottom surface of stack plate which leads to the decrease of the heat transfer coefficient of vapor condensing on the surface of stack plate. Increasing the inclination angle of stack plates is conducive to water condensation and collection. The inclination angle of stack plates is more appropriate in the range of 15-30°.
Keywords: Solar, Desalination, Bubbling Humidifying, Stack Plate, Experiment
Introduction
Water shortage is a worldwide problem. Commonly, large-scale desalination unit is used in the densely populated areas. In the small population density areas, such as in the coastal areas, islands and inland arid, normally it’s not only lack of fresh water, but also lack of fossil energy.
Desalinating seawater or brackish water by solar energy can save fossil energy; in the meantime it can protect the environment. Currently, the demand for small-scale solar desalination units is large and urgent in the world.
Humidification-dehumidification (HDH) is a most commonly method used in the small-scale solar desalination unit [1]. Its equipments have the advantages of simple structure, lower power
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