Солнцева Практический курс английского языка Ч.1 2011
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AUXILLIARY VERBS IN SHORT ASWERS AND QUESTIONS
SO AM I/ NEITHER AM I
(a) Can you swim? I have lost my key. He might not come.
В этих предложениях can, have и might - вспомогательные (auxiliary) глаголы. Мы часто используем вспомогательные глаголы, когда не хотим что-то повторять:
-`Are you working tomorrow?' `Yes, I am.' (= Я завтра работаю)
-He could lend us the money but he won't. (= он не дал денег взаймы)
Для коротких ответов в настоящем и прошедшем времени используйте do/does/did:
-`Does he smoke?' `He did but he doesn't any more.'
(b)Вспомогательные глаголы используются в кратких вопросах:
- `It rained every day during our holiday.' `Did it?'
-`Ann isn't very well today.' `Oh, isn't she?'
-`I've just seen Tom.' `Oh, have you? How is he?'
Эти краткие вопросы (Did it?, isn't she?, have you?) не совсем настоящие. Они используются для выражения вежливого интереса к тому, о чем кто-то
говорит, |
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помогают поддерживать разговор. |
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Иногда краткие вопросы используются для выражения удивления: |
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- `Jim and Nora are getting married.' `Are they? Really?' |
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(c) Вспомогательные глаголы используются также в |
конструкции |
«я/он/они тоже» - |
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1)если вы соглашаетесь с утвердительным предложением, вы используете конструкцию ―so + вспом. глагол + I/ he/ my friends‖:
- `I'm feeling tired.' `So am I.' (= I am feeling tired too)
2)Если вы соглашаетесь с отрицательным предложением, вы используете конструкцию ―neither + вспом. глагол + I/ they/ my kids‖:
`I’ve never seen this newspaper.' - `Neither have I.' (= I never read them either) I hardly ever sleep in transport. - Neither do I.
Учтите порядок слов после so и neither (глагол перед подлежащим):
- I passed the exam and so did Tom. (а не `so Tom did')
Вместо neither можно использовать nor:
- `I can't remember his name.' `Nor can I. / Neither can I.'
Вместо neither и nor можно использовать not ... either:
- `I haven't got any money.' `Neither have I.' или `I haven't either.'
QUESTION TAGS
(a) You haven't got a car, have you? It was a good film, wasn't it?
Have you? и wasn't it? - вопросительные тэги (мини-вопросы, ставящиеся в конце предложения). В вопросительных тэгах используются
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вспомогательные глаголы. Во временах present и past simple употребляются do/does/did:
- They came by car, didn't they?
(b) В предложении с отрицанием (negative sentence) обычно используется утвердительный (positive) вопросительный тэг:
negative sentence + positive tag
Tom won't be late, will he? They don't like us, do they?
That isn't George over there, is it?
Слова hardly, no, nobody, neither превращают предложение в отрицательное и требуют после себя положительный тэг. –There is hardly any milk left, is there?
В утвердительном предложении (positive sentence) используется вопросительный тэг с отрицанием:
positive sentence + negative tag
Ann will be here soon, won't she?
Tom should pass his exam, shouldn't he? They were very angry, weren't they?
Обратите внимание на значения слов yes и no в ответах на вопросы с тэгом:
- You're not going to work today, you?
Yes. (= I am going)
are
No. (= I'm not going)
(c) Значение вопросительного тэга зависит от того, как Вы его произносите. Если голос понижается, вы не задаете вопрос, а только спрашиваете у собеседника согласия с вашим мнением:
-`Tom doesn't look very well today, does he?' `No, he looks awful.'
-She's very attractive. She's got beautiful eyes, hasn't she?
Но если голос повышается, то это настоящий вопрос:
-`You haven't seen Ann today, have you?' `No, I'm afraid not.' (= Have you
seen Ann today?)
Часто используется negative sentence + positive tag, чтобы спросить о чемто, или попросить кого-то сделать что-то. В таких случаях голос в конце предложения повышается, как показано:
-`You haven't got a cigarette, have you?' `Yes, here you are.'
-`You couldn't do me a favour, could you?' `It depends what it is.'
-`You don't know where Ann is, do you?' `Sorry, I've no idea.'
(d) Special cases:
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‘s = has/ is |
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I am …, aren‘t I? |
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‘d = would/ had |
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I am not…, am I? |
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This / that is…, isn‘t it? |
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… used to … , didn‘t … ? |
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… will …., won‘t …? |
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Every |
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- Let's go out for a walk, shall we? |
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Some + body/one …, … they? |
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- Open the door, will you? |
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Any |
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- Don't be late, will you? |
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LINKERS |
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HOWEVER |
ALTHOUGH |
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THOUGH |
EVEN |
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INSPITE |
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DESPITE |
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THOUG |
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OF |
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СОЮЗ |
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СОЮЗ |
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ПРЕДЛОГ |
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+ |
придаточное |
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+ придаточное предложение |
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+ существительное, |
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предложение |
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(подлежащее + сказуемое) |
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местоимение или герундий |
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(подлежащее |
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(хотя…) |
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(-ing); the fact (that) + |
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сказуемое) |
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придаточное предложение |
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(однако) |
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(несмотря на то, что) |
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1) официальный |
стиль |
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может |
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более |
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2) |
может |
стоять |
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стоять |
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сильная |
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начале, в середине или |
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конце |
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форма |
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в конце предложения |
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предложени |
слова |
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3) |
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письме |
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я |
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although: |
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выделяется запятой, |
в |
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речи - паузой |
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- |
Normally |
we |
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Although |
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- I didn't get |
Even |
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- In spite of |
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didn't |
get |
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don't |
refund |
she |
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smokes |
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the |
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though |
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the rain, |
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money without a |
40 |
cigarettes |
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though I had |
was |
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enjoyed |
our |
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despite |
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receipt. |
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a day, she is |
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really |
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holiday. |
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qualifications. |
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However, on this |
quite fit. |
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necessary |
tired, |
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- She wasn't |
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Despite |
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occasion I'll do it. |
- Although it |
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qualification |
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well, but in |
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what I |
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Normally |
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s. |
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sleep. |
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spite of this |
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last |
night, I |
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don't |
refund |
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enjoyed |
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- The |
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she |
went to |
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still love you. |
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money |
without a |
our holiday. |
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isn't |
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very |
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work. |
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She's quite |
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receipt. |
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this |
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nice. |
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like |
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I'm |
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fit |
despite the |
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occasion, |
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the |
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garden |
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tired |
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fact |
(that) |
she |
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however, I'll |
do |
although |
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(= |
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spite |
of |
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smokes |
40 |
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it. |
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but I like the |
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working |
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cigarettes |
a |
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necessary |
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garden) |
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hard all day. |
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day. |
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qualifications |
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- I |
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him |
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- In spite of |
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every |
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day. |
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the |
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I've |
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never |
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(that) I |
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spoken |
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tired, |
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him |
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couldn't |
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(= |
but |
I've |
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sleep. |
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never…) |
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ПРИЧИНА |
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РЕЗУЛЬТАТ |
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BECAUSE |
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SINCE |
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AS |
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SO |
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SO… (THAT) |
SUCH … |
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(THAT) |
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+ |
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стоять |
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могут стоять в |
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прилагательное |
существительное |
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начале |
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начале предложения |
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или наречие |
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предложения |
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(потому что) |
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(так / |
такой… |
(такой … что) |
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что) |
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I went to bed |
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Since it |
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As I |
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- Jim was so tall |
Helen |
is such a |
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early because |
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hungry, |
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food |
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(that) he hit his |
busy |
person |
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I felt |
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late, we |
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ceiling. |
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feels bored. |
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to go |
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shopping |
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- Jim |
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home. |
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to eat. |
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immediately. |
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quickly |
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they reached the |
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station |
twenty |
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minutes early. |
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УСЛОВИЕ |
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AS LONG AS |
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UNLESS |
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IN CASE |
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IF |
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если |
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при условии, что |
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на случай, если |
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(сделаем что-то |
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(сделаем что-то |
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потом, при условии, |
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сейчас, чтобы это у |
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нас уже было в |
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случае, если что-то |
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произойдет) |
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We‘ll buy some more |
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You can take my car |
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I‘m not going out |
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food if Tom comes. |
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as long as you |
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unless it stops |
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We‘ll buy some more |
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(Perhaps Tom will |
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promise to drive |
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raining. |
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food in case Tom |
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come; if he comes |
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carefully. |
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comes. (Perhaps Tom |
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will come; we‘ll buy |
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food, if he doesn‘t |
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some more food now, |
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whether he comes or |
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any more food.) |
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not, then we‘ll already |
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have the food if he |
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comes.) |
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LINKING WORDS AND PHRASES
Most pieces of formal writing are organised in a similar way: introduction; development of main ideas or arguments; conclusion. Linking words and phrases join clauses, sentences and paragraphs together.
A piece of writing or text may include the following: Idea – AND (one idea is linked to another) – Idea – AND (an alternative is presented) - Idea – BUT (an objection is made).
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FORMS OF EXPRESSING FUTURE ACTIONS |
The Future |
1. Спонтанное решение. |
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Simple |
(will |
It’s Dan’s birthday today. – Oh, really? I’ll give him a present. |
do) |
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2. Предсказание, основанное на собственной интуиции. |
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I think you’ll get this job. |
to be going |
1. Намерение совершить действие (решение принято заранее). |
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to do |
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I know it’s Dan’s birthday today and I’m going to give him a present. |
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2. Предсказание, основанное на объективных фактах в настоящем. |
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Look at those black clouds – it’s going to rain. |
The |
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Запланированное действие в будущем (не только решение принято |
Present |
заранее, но и сделаны некоторые приготовления). |
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Continuous |
I’m flying to Cuba next week – I bought the tickets a month ago. |
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(I |
am |
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doing) |
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The |
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Действие по расписанию, программе. |
Present |
The film starts at 6. |
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Simple |
(it |
Tomorrow is Tuesday. |
does) |
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The Future |
1. Длительное действие в определенный момент в будущем. |
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Continuous |
I’ll be watching TV when you come from work. |
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(will |
be |
2. Недлительное будущее действие, которое произойдет согласно |
doing) |
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естественному ходу событий (natural course of events) – потому что так |
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бывает всегда в подобных обстоятельствах. |
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(on the plane) Our stewards and stewardesses will be serving lunch in half |
|
|
an hour. |
The Future |
Действие завершится к определенному моменту в будущем. |
|
Perfect |
By the time you arrive home I will have done all the housework, so we’ll be |
|
(will |
have |
able to have rest. |
done) |
|
|
The Future |
Длительное действие, которое будет продолжаться какое-то время до |
|
Perfect |
определенного момента в будущем. |
|
Continuous |
Next Friday I will have been living in the same flat for 10 years. – В след. |
|
|
|
240 |