Закхаров Тренажер неличные формы глагола для студентов текхническикх 2014

б) если оборот стоит в конце предложения, то его перевод начинается с союзов типа причем, а, и, так как или присоединяется бессоюзно, например:

These data must be taken into account, the effect of interconnections being by no means negligible.

Эти данные должны быть приняты во внимание, так как эф-

фектом взаимосвязи ни в коем случае нельзя пренебрегать;

в) оборот может вводиться служебным словом with, которое не переводится, перевод следует начинать с союза, подходящего по смыслу, например:

With the model reconstructed we may start rethinking of the whole process.

Так как модель сконструирована заново, мы можем начать сно-

ва обдумывать весь процесс.

Дополнение с причастием в русском переводе образует дополнительное придаточное предложение, вводимое союзами что, чтобы.

Подлежащее + сказуемое + дополнение + (as) Participle I, II

Active

We know the problem having been solved long ago.

Мы знаем, что эту проблему давно уже решили.

We know them being invited to all our meetings.

Мы знаем, что их приглашают на все наши собрания.

We have the experiment carried out.

Нам уже провели эксперимент.

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Подлежащее с причастием в русском переводе образует придаточное дополнительное предложение с союзами что, чтобы, как. Сказуемое выносится вперед и оформляется в главное предложение (обычно в неопределенно-личное), подлежащее английского предложения становится подлежащим русского придаточного предложения, а причастие – его сказуемым.

Подлежащее + сказуемое + (as) Participle I, II

Глагол-характеристика, обычно Passive, выносится вперед, образует главное предложение

Образуют придаточное предложение

They were seen leaving the laboratory.

Видели, как они уходили из лаборатории.

The problem was recognized by many scientists as being of great importance.

Многие ученые признавали, что эта проблема имеет огромное значение.

I.  УПРАЖНЕНИЕ

Из списка «Причастные обороты» запишите порядковые но-

мера предложений в соответствующую ячейку.

Переведите предложения из списка «Причастные обороты» на русский язык, используя следующий алгоритм:

определить основу предложения, вид причастного оборота; записать в соответствующую колонку таблицы; перевести.

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Перед выполнением упражнения заготовьте матрицу таблицы по образцу или скачайте по ссылке: http://clck.ru/8aKHS или http://clck.ru/8aKMQ

Сравните свой вариант выполненного задания с вариантом, приведенным на с. 40-45.

Таблица «Причастные обороты»

Список «Причастные обороты»

1.When produced in one tube minimum grid voltage is produced in the other tube.

2.The travelled distance having been given in metres and the time in seconds speed was measured in metres per second.

3.There are many good conductors of electricity silver and copper being the best of all.

4.It is known that gas molecules move with an almost perfect freedom very little force being exerted on one moving molecule by the molecules surrounding it.

5.Being heated magnetized steel loses its magnetism.

6.Lenz stated that the self-induced electromotive force impeded any change of current the above being known as Lenz’s Law.

7.The attractive force of gas molecules being very small a given body of a gas has neither a definite shape nor a definite size.

8.A body at rest remains at rest unless acted upon by an external

force.

9.Placed in a different surrounding medium the device operates differently.

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10.The magnet being moved into the coil the wire of the coil cuts the lines of magnetic force and an e.m.f. is produced by induction.

11.The freezing point of pure water at a pressure of one standard atmosphere is assumed as being invariable.

12.The north pole of a magnet being moved closer to a coil the induced current causes a field opposing the motion.

13.When connected to a pump the piston will be displaced against spring pressure and will remain at a new position.

14.This requires the robot being equipped with a gripper that can grasp parts.

15.When broadly used the term alloy may include mixture of metals and not solid solutions.

16.The voltage being increased the field becomes strong to cause the electrons to produce additional ions by collision.

17.Having been tested in action the carburetor was greatly modi-

fied.

18.The materials for the magnetic shield must be of high magnetic permeability the electrostatic shield requiring a material of high electrical conductivity.

19.Being rubbed some substances become electrified.

20.Parallel buses have a relatively large number of wires bundled together that enable data being transferred in parallel.

21.If heated to redness and plunged into cold water steel becomes as hard as glass.

22.We know the storage battery being made of chemicals to generate an electrical current at the expense of chemical energy.

23.Electricians consider silver and copper being the best conductors of electricity.

24.Having been tested the new apparatus was recommended for work in all the laboratories.

25.We know the strength of the current depending on the resistance of the circuit.

26.The number of protons was assumed as being sufficient to account for the atomic weight.

27.We know Coulomb having made direct measurements of the attractive and repulsive forces between two electrified objects.

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28.Our physicists are known as having produced semiconductor thermoelements which without any machinery convert thermal energy into electric energy as efficiently as small steam installations do.

29.We expected the discovery of the plasma having produced great changes in industry and such was really the case.

30.The atoms form combinations known as molecules a molecule being defined as the smallest part of a substance.

31.The class of regulators can be thought of as composed three

parts.

32.An iron wire of the same size as a copper one is observed as having a greater resistance than that of a copper wire.

33.The current is known as flowing through a conductor in case there is a potential difference between the ends of the conductor.

34.When two bodies at different temperatures are brought into contact we expect the warmer body getting cold while the colder one will be warmed.

35.Benjamin Franklin the great American scientist and progressive statesman is acknowledged as being the pioneer of the theory of atmospheric electricity.

36.Liquids except for liquid metals such as mercury are considered as being poor conductors of heat.

37.We know the atmosphere extending several hundred kilometers above the earth.

38.About a century ago heat was considered as being a kind of a weightless substance which was neither created nor destroyed.

39.The method considered as involving two stages has been tested at a pilot plant.

40.We know isotopes possessing the property of radiation.

41.Yablochkov’s candle having given the first and the most decisive stimulus to the development of the alternating current system a number of plants began to turn out generators producing the alternating current.

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ЧЕТВЕРТЫЙ ШАГ. ГЕРУНДИЙ

(GERUND)

Дешграмма «Формы герундия»

X0 = ВИД

I.  УПРАЖНЕНИЕ

Из списка «Герундий» запишите порядковые номера примеров

всоответствующую ячейку.

Ключи смотрите на с. 45.

X0 = ВИД

Список «Герундий»

1. being involved. 2. carrying out. 3. having been examined. 4. having calculated.5. having been asked. 6. developing. 7. having corrected. 8. being postponed. 9. mending. 10. having been taken. 11. being formulated. 12. having completed. 13. employing. 14. having been neglected. 15. dealing. 16. being occupied. 17. having objected. 18. having been found. 19. being discussed. 20. facilitating. 21. having been carried out. 22. having cooled. 23. being reconstructed. 24. running. 25. having increased. 26. being proved. 27. having been satisfied. 28. having been represented. 29. being charged. 30. insisting.

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ПЯТЫЙ ШАГ. ФУНКЦИИ ГЕРУНДИЯ

В отличие от причастия герундий, кроме глагольных признаков, обладает признаками существительного, так как перед ним могут находиться притяжательное местоимение или определение (обычно в виде существительного в притяжательной форме), предлог. Поэтому герундий рекомендуется переводить или существительным, обозначающим процесс, или глаголом, чаще инфинитивом,

а иногда деепричастием.

Saying is one thing and doing is another.

Сказать – это одно, а сделать – это другое.

By doing nothing we learn to do ill.

Не делая ничего, мы учимся делать зло.

Синтаксические функции герундия

1. Подлежащее.

Defining problems precisely requires patience.

Точное определение задач требует терпения.

2. Определение.

Memory is the process of selective forgetting.

Память – это процесс выборочного забывания.

3.Обстоятельство (герундий в отличие от причастия всегда имеет предлог).

Through obeying learn to command.

4.Дополнение.

The turbulent flow of gases produces cooling.

Турбулентное течение газов вызывает охлаждение.

We succeeded in obtaining the explicit form of the component.

Нам удалось получить ясную форму этого компонента.

Формальные признаки герундия

Перед герундием (в отличие от причастия) могут стоять:

1)предлог (by, in, of, without, on, instead of, in addition to, for, after, before и др.): by measuring;

2)притяжательное местоимение (mу, your, her, his, its, our, their): mу coming, his being sent;

3)существительное в притяжательном падеже: this scientist's studying.

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I.  УПРАЖНЕНИЕ

Из списка «Функции герундия» запишите порядковые номера предложений в соответствующую ячейку.

Переведите предложения из списка «Функции герундия» на русский язык, используя следующий алгоритм:

определить главные члены предложения;

определить форму, залог и одну из функций герундия: подлежащее, определение, обстоятельство или дополнение;

записать в соответствующую колонку таблицы;

перевести предложение.

Перед выполнением упражнения заготовьте матрицу таблицы по образцу или скачайте по ссылке: http://clck./ru/8aKHS

Сравните свой вариант выполненного задания с вариантом, приведенным на с. 45-49.

Таблица «Функции герундия»

Список «Функции герундия»

1.Comparing these distances with the time of the fall will show that the distance varies directly as the square of the time.

2.We discussed motion of rotation about a fixed axis without inquiring into the causes of the motion.

3.Within the reactor vessel are structural grids for holding the reactor core and solid reflectors.

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4.Boiling occurs when vapour is formed both at the bottom of the vessel and at the top.

5.Charging by induction was discovered by Epinus.

6.Both the transmitting and receiving of radio communications depend on electricity.

7.Connecting the two terminals in a closed circuit leads to a steady flow of current from one terminal to the other.

8.Air cooling instead of water cooling would also reduce the weight of the engine.

9.Using tungsten for the filament greatly improved the incandescent

lamp.

10.There are two common methods for measuring angular velocity.

11.In physics energy is defined as capacity for doing work.

12.In the process of boiling heat is constantly added to the liquid.

13.This process of overcoming the attractive forces between the molecules of a substance is called melting or fusion.

14.The magnetic lines of force are not the only means of showing the presence and direction of the magnetic field.

15.Nuclear reactors are used as research tools as systems for producing radioisotopes and most prominently as energy sources.

16.The very first nuclear reactors were built for the express purpose of manufacturing plutonium for nuclear weapons.

17.Protecting the personnel against radioactive radiation holds an important place in the scheme of things at the atomic power plant.

18.On entering the lens the rays are bent toward the normal as before and on leaving they are bent away from the principal axis.

19.After all the ice has been melted the temperature will again begin

rising.

20.Adding heat does not always cause a rise in temperature.

21.Magnetism has long stopped being a problem.

22.After introducing new technology in that branch of industry some changes must be made as soon as possible.

23.Liquids are capable of conducting heat.

24.By dropping two balls of different size but of the same material from the tower of Pisa Galileo found as a result of this experiment that heavy objects don’t fall faster than light ones.

25.Other substances as glass for example soften gradually on being heated.

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26.On charging the electroscope positively we find that the light doesn’t affect the rate of discharge of the electroscope.

27.The simplest process of producing metal articles is that of casting the molten metal into a suitable mold.

28.Radiation is usually detected by measuring the amount of ioniza-

tion.

29.Magnetic lines do not end on magnetic poles but continue passing from the south to the north pole.

30.Not all light is capable of ejecting electrons from all metal sur-

faces

31.Both are capable of operating at very high temperature since graphite has an extremely high sublimation temperature and helium is completely inert chemically.

32.A metallic conductor becomes heated and continues developing heat as long as the current is sent through it.

33.Neutrons lose energy most efficiently by colliding with light at-

oms such as hydrogen deuterium beryllium and carbon.

34.As the velocity of a falling body increases the air resistance becomes greater and greater until at last the velocity stops increasing and remains constant due to air resistance.

35.On melting a solid body a change of state takes place at a definite temperature.

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