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Scientific Journal “Modern Linguistic and Methodical-and-Didactic Researches” Issue 3 (26), 2019 ISSN 2587-8093

Contacting of English and French, representatives of different language groups - respectively the Anglo-Frisian subgroup of the West Germanic group of the Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family and the Gallo-Roman subgroup of the Romance group of the Indo-European languages - has a long and stormy history. The real beginning of this contact was laid by the Norman conquest of England in 1066. It was from this period that the significant influence of the French language began on both the appellative and onymic vocabulary of the English language. Although even earlier, at the court of the Anglo-Saxon king Edward the Confessor (1042-1066), focusing on Normandy, according to B.I. Ilyish [2], there lived representatives of this French duchy, which, no doubt, was accompanied by verbal contacts between the Anglo-Saxons and these immigrants from northern France. The impact of the French language on the English appellative vocabulary has now been comprehensively and deeply studied by numerous domestic (T.A. Rastorgueva, B.I. Ilyish, V.D. Arakin, I.P. Ivanova, L.P. Chekhoyan, T.M. Belyaeva, V.P. Berkov and others) and foreign authors (Albert and Cable Baugh, Anthony Paul Cowie, B. Fennell, and Richard M.

Hogg). Moreover, this problem is reflected even in fiction, including works by authors such as Walter Scott, Arthur Conan Doyle and Stefan Clark. (For more details see, in particular: [3]). This determines the relevance and scientific novelty of this work.

Research methodology

The object of this study is the English onomasticon mainly in its synchronous section. The subject of the research is the French element of Romance origin, largely represented in the nomenclature of modern English proper names. As the main goal it was set to study the impact of the French language on the modern English onymic repertoire as a result of a long and complex process. To achieve this goal, the following tasks are solved: monitoring the modern English onomasticon in its statics and dynamics focusing on the diachronic aspect of the material, conducting an etymological analysis of English onyms, and a qualitative and quantitative analysis of English onymic material.

As observes E.N. Rudenko, having in mind, first of all, appellative vocabulary “despite the stability of its main core, vocabulary is the most volatile level of the language, in which changes in the life of the language collective are directly and “operatively” reflected” [4, p. 96].

However, these words are even more pertinent regarding onymic vocabulary, due to the specificity of the latter, which was emphasized by a number of researchers. One of such changes for native English speakers was the Norman conquest of England in 1066. In addition to the powerful impact on the English appellative vocabulary that was repeatedly described in detail, the consequence of this historical event was a significant modification of the English onomasticon, that manifested itself in the form of its Romanization, or rather, Frenchification. This modification, however, affected various areas of the English onymic space to varying degrees. To the fullest extent, the range of functioning of onymic vocabulary is manifested in literary texts: as the domestic researcher N.V. Merkulova specifies, aesthetic onyms themselves are a way of creating and characterizing the image of a literary character. In addition, due to the analysis of the principles and mechanisms of functioning of these onyms in literary texts, it becomes possible to reconstruct historical epochs described in such texts [5]. Moreover, the study of certain aspects of aesthetic onyms allows not only to make an objective hermeneutic analysis of a particular literary source [6], but also to study the literary text from the standpoint of a complete philological analysis, that is, by involving not only purely linguistic, but also cultural methods [7 ], [8].

Analysis of the factual material made it possible to single out the main areas of the English onomasticon, in which the greatest French influence that was at work with different intensities in various areas of English onymic vocabulary for nearly a millennium, comes to light. We came to the conclusion that the following parts of the English onomasticon were the main target of such an impact: surnames, given names, to a lesser extent - toponyms (including microtoponyms) and, finally, numerous pragmatonyms (pragmonyms), among which oenonyms

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predominate. Note that “enonym” is a term that is absent in both editions of the Dictionary of Russian Onomastic Terminology by N.V. Podolskaya (1978, 1988) [1 **], however, it is proposed to designate the names of grape wines in the article "Oenonyms - wine names - our wine" (from the Greek. Οίνοζ "wine" + "onym") [9] and seems to us quite adequate.

Research results

Anthroponymicon

The empirical basis for the study of the processes and results of binary contact of French and English in the field of onymic vocabulary was made up of collections of proper names from the dictionaries of English surnames and given names compiled by A.I. Rybakin, as well as English onyms, gleaned from English literature and the Internet. The main methods used in processing the empirical corpus of examples were observation, comparison, as well as qualitative, quantitative and etymological analysis of English onymic material in synchronic and diachronic aspects. Sociolinguistic analysis was also actively used.

It seems appropriate to begin the analysis of the French impact on the English onomasticon with the anthroponymicon, i.e., English surnames and given names. As rightly considers Yu.A. Rylov, anthroponyms are the most important component of the lexical system of any language [10, p. 4], which is why it seems reasonable to give priority to the analysis of the French influence on the English repertoire of anthroponymic vocabulary.

Surnames

One of the largest domestic specialists in English surnames and first names, A.I. Rybakin writes that “after the Norman conquest of England ... during the bilingualism of the 11-14th centuries the English anthroponymicon underwent radical changes, its composition significantly increased due to French borrowings” [2 **, p. 9]. The sociolinguistic situation during this period was such that a stream of immigrants from the duchy of Normandy and other northern French regions poured into England conquered by William I. These migrants were representatives of various social strata - from Norman aristocrats to adventurers and vagrants, hoping to improve their financial situation in their new homeland. B.A. Ilyish cites data according to which more than two hundred thousand French people moved to England only during the reign of William the Conqueror (1066-1087) [2, p. 168]. If we take into account that in 1086 the population of England was, according to various sources, from 1250000 (or 1500000) to 1710000 people, then in percentage terms it is from 11.695% to 16% (or 13.33%) respectively. The researcher notes that the immigration of the French people continued in the next approximately two centuries [2, p. 186].

To some extent, this resettlement process, as it were, anticipates the pattern of action of the conquistadors after the discovery of America in 1492. Craftsmen, businessmen, clergy, clerks, military men and other middle class people were strongly represented among those who migrated from France to England. The main object of the migration flow was London and its environs (South East England - the area of formation of the modern English language, including the core of the onomasticon), as well as other large cities, mainly the southeast of the country. In other words, settlements not only geographically as close as possible to France, but also migration to which seemed profitable due to the better socio-economic development of precisely these areas of the country. It is known that the least significant penetration of the French language into the sphere of both appellative and onymic vocabulary was observed in the northern regions of England, bordering Scotland, which were the most remote from France, sparsely populated and least economically attractive, and, besides, extremely stubbornly opposed to the Norman invaders.

It is important that almost the entire flow of documents, which was conducted mainly in Latin, key posts in the church hierarchy, as well as education and legal proceedings, immediately fell into the hands of the newly arrived Normans, to a much lesser extent Picardians, Anjuans, as well as representatives of other regions of Northern France and remained under their control for several centuries.

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Immigrants arriving from France, belonging to different classes, were actively involved in the ethnogenesis of the modern English nation. The number of new arrivals of Romance French speakers was, however, insufficient to suppress and irrevocably romanize (as happened in many parts of the Roman Empire, where the Latin language supplanted the local languages), the Germanic language principle neither in the field of appellative vocabulary, nor in the field of proper names. To the above circumstances, in general terms, are reduced the sociolinguistic conditions for the formation of modern English anthroponymicon.

From a linguistic point of view, there was a partial romanization of the Germanic (AngloSaxon) anthroponymicon, which contained rather small Celtic inclusions. This romanization took place, just like the romanization of appellative vocabulary, at different language levels - lexical, phonetic, graphic, and morphological. It should be borne in mind that “the conquest of

England by the Normans, for all the importance of this event for the subsequent history of the language, was not accompanied by instant changes in the language. On the contrary, changes accumulated gradually, and the linguistic heritage of the Norman conquest manifested itself much later than the event itself (especially in the 13th and 14th centuries)” [11, p. 60].

O.A. Leonovich identifies four main groups of modern English surnames: 1. Surnames based on anthroponyms; 2. Local surnames; 3. Professional and occupational names; 4. Descriptive names [12, p. 21-30]. Our classification of the selected corps of examples in basic terms coincides with the one proposed by this researcher. However, the classification proposed by O.A. Leonovich, does not allow to clarify the status of numerous allogeneous surnames of modern English anthroponymicon. We take into consideration numerous names of emigrants who naturalized in English speaking countries and their descendants. These names are linguistically and extralinguistically integrated to one degree or another, into the modern Englishspeaking namespace, for instance, the names of representatives of the Ukrainian diaspora in Canada (for example, hockey player Johnny Boychuk) or immigrants from Hindustan and their descendants in the United Kingdom (e.g. London Mayor Sadiq Aman Khan). Thus, it seems appropriate to supplement the above four groups with the fifth, including modern allogeneous anthroponyms of the countries of the English language.

Moreover, in general, this systematization corresponds to the previously proposed by A.I. Rybakin classification of English nicknames based on semantic attributes:

1.Nicknames based on toponyms, formed mainly from English and French place names;

2.Nicknames based on anthroponyms, formed from given names and their derivatives, as well as from combinations of personal names and their derivatives with terms of kinship;

3.Nicknames-epithets formed from common nouns that are not included in toponymic and anthroponymic vocabulary (several subgroups are distinguished in this group) [2 **, p. 9- 10].

The surname groups singled out by these authors are typical of other European anthroponymicons, for example, French. It was found that in all these groups of English surnames, surnames of French origin are represented.

Subsequently, English nicknames, as it happened in many other languages, were transformed into surnames. A.I. Rybakin on the basis of etymological features distinguishes the following main classes of English surnames: (1) Surnames derived from toponyms; (2) Surnames derived from anthroponyms; (3) Nicknames derived from different nicknames [2 **, p. 10-11].

Our analysis of factual material (22,700 modern English and assimilated Scottish, Irish and Welsh surnames common in the UK, USA, Canada, Australia and New Zealand) that compose the nomenclature of the Dictionary of English Surnames by A.I. Rybakin, allows us to establish that in all classes of English surnames, singled out by us following A.I. Rybakin and O.A. Leonovich, a significant number of surnames of French origin are found. This is irrefutable evidence of a significant Frenchization of the English anthroponymicon.

T.A. Rastorgueva wrote about the appellate vocabulary of the English language: “Since the French loan-words of the Middle English period were completely assimilated, it is not easy

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to identify a French borrowing and to distinguish it from the native words” [13, p. 152]. As the investigation of English onomastic material, in particular, the English anthroponymicon, showed, these words are quite true with respect both to the English appellatives in general and anthroponyms in particular. An analysis of the nomenclature of English surnames revealed that many English surnames of French origin are so completely assimilated borrowings that the identification of their etymology causes considerable difficulties and is often possible only by means of careful analysis. Let us cite as an example a number of English surnames of French origin, the material form of which practically did not save anything (at least at first glance) from their original Romance form:

Butlin, Howard, Prin, Cheever, Rainbird, Uzzel, Rawlin, Rain, Ray, Jellicoe, Bewley, Mailer, Punnett, Dashper, Liner, Rutter, Sailer [2**]

At first glance, the given surnames look like surnames of Germanic origin. Only an etymological analysis allows us to reveal their Romance (French) origin.

At the same time, a very significant number of English surnames of French origin retain clear Romance (French) features, making it possible to easily trace their etymology. We give as examples such surnames as:

Montagu, Montacute, Durand, Durant, Marvel, Morel, Lovel, Petcher, Fletcher, Gascoign, Prevost, Cover, Perrier, Vaillant, Papillon, Pine, Napier, Prideaux, Quatermain, Conquest, Douce, Grosvenor, Charter [2**]

The list of examples could be easily continued. As we can see, many of these surnames are graphically identical to modern French surnames (for example, Perrier, Durand, Vaillant, Papillon, Douce), and some contain typical French combinations of letters or roots (for example, Prideaux, Montagu) [2 **]. Of course, in the etymological analysis it is necessary to take into account that the English onomasticon was mainly affected by the Norman dialect of the

French language, which in many respects differed from the linguistic norm of Île-de-France, which found its linguistic reflection in the modern form of many English surnames of French origin.

Thus, a fairly reliable sign of the French origin of an English surname is the presence in it of certain formants, letter combinations or an apostrophe characteristic of French writing and used in the elision of vowels. Among these formants and lexems should be mentioned, first of all, -ville (-vell). It is important that this formant, which was originally a topoformant, as a result of the transonymization phenomenon, is also common in the anthroponymicon: Baskerville, Mandeville, Dumville, Scovell, etc. [2 **] It is very important to bear in mind that the – vill formant in English proper names is not always etymologically derived from French ville ("city"). This formant may be derived from the Old English WELLA, WIELLA, WIELLE ("well, spring, small stream"), as, for example, in the surname Shervill (and its variant Sherwell) [2 **]. In addition, the topoformant –vill is by no means obligatory for English toponymbased surnames of French origin: Mortimer, Bullen (var. Boleyn, Bollen), Courtenay, Devereux

[2 **].

In some cases, the material form of an English toponym-based surname of French origin differs significantly from the material form of the French toponym-etymone, for example, Semper (var. Samper, Simper, Symper) (<French toponym Saint-Pierre) or Diprose (<French toponym Préaux) [2 **].

Other onymic formants include champ, for example, Muschamp, Beauchamp, or clerc:

Beauclerc, as well as beau: Beaufoy, mal: Maltravers, Malpas, homme: Prudhomme, fitz: Fitzroy, Fitzcharles, Fitzsimmons, Fitzmaurice, etc. [2 **] As the most typical letter combinations for English surnames of French origin, we identified: eau, oy, oi, au, auld, ou, eux, as, for example, in the names Roy, Devereux, Courtauld, Beaument, Chaucer [2 * *].

An apostrophe in English surnames of French origin is quite rare and occurs after the elided preposition de: D’Eyencourt [2 **]. The French “noble” particle de (or De) (functionally similar to the German particle von or zu, or the Dutch van) can be part of the English family

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name of French origin and in its full, rather than elided form, if the main part of the family name begins with a consonant, such as, the last name of the English writer Thomas de Quincey, or Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Alexander Boris de Pfeffel Johnson. It is noteworthy that the French “noble” particle de can be combined in the English anthroponym with a Germanic surname, such as the surname of the hero of the novel “Rebecca” by Daphne Du Maurier Maximilian de Winter [1 *]. Incidentally, the surname of the writer herself contains the contracted form of the preposition de with the definite article le: de + le = du.

The formant St (French Saint, Sainte “holy”), which is quite common among English toponyms of French origin, is also found in English surnames: “The Lord St. Simon marriage, and its curious termination, have long ceased to be a subject of interest in those exalted circles” [2 *]. As follows from the above example, surnames containing this formant are typical of the English aristocracy.

Some French surnames, when incorporated into the English onomasticon, either did not undergo any graphic adaptation at all, such as Marcy, Quincy, or this adaptation was reduced to the elimination of the diacritical mark (or diacritical marks), which the French etymonic surname contained, such as, the surname Bethune (French: Béthune) [2 **]. However, the phonetic adaptation that has taken place is almost always very significant, which is due to a major discrepancy between the phonetic systems of the Romance French and Germanic English languages and the consequent need, in the absence of closer variants of phonemes, for a very approximate substitution of French phonemes by English ones. In addition, the stress, as a rule, moves to the first syllable, as is generally characteristic of Germanic languages.

Many English surnames, whose origin in the dictionary by A.I. Rybakin is derived from the words of the Middle English period, are also English surnames of French origin, since the Middle English common nouns from which these names are derived are more or less obvious borrowings from the French language: Roche, Quail, Sermon, Conduit, Judge, Mutton, Butler, Marchant, Service, Marble, Paver, Pigeon, Curtis, Tanner, Roy, Sanguine, Plumber, Cockayne, Boner, Camus (variants of Cammis, Cammoys) [2 **].

We propose to single out a cluster of surnames that occupy an intermediate position between the two mentioned groups. The French origin of the names included here is, at first glance, less obvious than the names included in the first group, but it is still quite transparent. These are such names as Butener, Purdue (and its many variants), Jewry, Calderon (var.

Cawdron), Curzon, Cusack, Russel, Aguilar (var. Aguiler, Aguylar), Baylis, Prewett, Poindexter, Say, Devall, Salinger , Venables, Rous, Cavell, Morant, Parlabean, Corder, Chesney

[2 **]. Although the attribution of a surname to one of the proposed groups is rather conditional and the borders between them are transparent, nevertheless, setting up of such groups seems reasonable and expedient to us.

There are frequent cases when English surnames that look like onyms of Germanic origin, after an etymological analysis based on both English and French lexicographic sources, turn out to be surnames of French origin. Examples include surnames such as Bonfield, Pauncefoot, Gape, Such [2 **]. It can be assumed that these surnames were anglicized in the spirit of folk etymology.

On the other hand, in the English anthroponymicon there are surnames whose material form, it would seem, leaves no doubt about their French origin. However, in fact, the etymons of these surnames are not Romance, but Celtic. Such names include, for example, Petty, Balfour, Malroy, Gilroy, Malvern, Monteith, Joel [2 **]. It seems sound to classify such surnames as "pseudo-Romance".

Looking like a surname of clearly French origin, the anthroponym Rochfort (cf., for example, the French onym Rochefort, which is both a toponym and toponym-based anthroponym, that is almost identical in written form), actually is derived from Germanic roots (OE. raecc+ford), also belongs to the category of "pseudo-Romance". Thus, the etymological attribution of an English surname cannot be based solely on its synchronic state, but, in order to avoid

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incorrect attributions, it also requires a diachronic approach based on the history of the English language [2 **].

The analysis also reveals English surnames, consisting of two components - (Old) French and (Old) English, and thus being onomastic Romano-German hybrids: Brisbane, Lovejoy [2 **].

As can be seen from the above examples, many English surnames of French origin are characterized by spelling variations. Sometimes the number of variants of such surnames reaches six: Gain, Gaine, Gayne, Gains, Gaines, Gaynes [2 **].

Personal names

A.I. Rybakin, in his article “From the History of English First Names”, preceding the Dictionary of English First Names by this author (2000), writes: “English first names, ..., have come a long way in historical development, a way that is inextricably linked with the history of the English people and English language ”[2 **, p. 10]. From the point of view of the topic of this article, the most important fact noted by this researcher is that the Normans who conquered England in 1066, brought with them their anthroponymicon. The given names imported by the conquerors began to intensively supplant the original Anglo-Saxon first names, only a part of which managed to gain a foothold in the English anthroponymicon. The distribution of personal names imported from Normandy went "from above", the highest strata of English society of that time used them most intensively [2 **, p. 10]. Something similar took place among the top of the Russian nobility during the Francophilia period, cf., for example, Pierre Bezukhov, Helen Kuragina, Etienne Kornakov [3 *] and others, with the difference that, due to a number of factors, the process was much more limited.

We would like to note, however, that most first names imported by the Normans, which are mentioned by A.I. Rybakin - William, Roger, Robert, Hugo, Ralph, Richard - themselves are actually the names of not Romance, but Germanic, mostly Frankish origin, previously incorporated into the French anthroponymicon [14, p. 58]. A researcher in the history of the French language N.A. Shigarevskaya, for example, writes about this in her Précis d’histoire de la langue française (N. A. Shigarevskaya “History of the French Language”). The French language borrowed from the language of the Franks many Germanic words, both common and proper names” [14, p. 189]. Thus, in this case, if one can speak of the French impact on this sector of the English anthroponymicon, this influence can hardly be regarded as purely Romance, since the English anthroponymicon incorporated, in essence, Romanized Germanic first names. Therefore, in this case we can only see Romance mediation.

The proportion of these given names in the modern English nomenclature of first names is relatively small, reaching only a few percent (for example, there are more Biblical names from the Old Testament in this nomenclature), but these personal names themselves are common. In addition, it should be borne in mind that English personal names have a pronounced tropism to various parts of the English-speaking world, which makes it extremely difficult to establish any exact quantitative characteristics of their use. Besides, the establishment of such quantitative parameters, taking into account the massiveness, heterogeneity, and constant fluctuation of the onymic material, would require a separate study specifically devoted to this particular problem, possibly involving computer methods for processing empirical material. Moreover, in this case it seems appropriate to obtain the empirical material from sources belonging to the civil registration authorities of English-speaking countries, which must be very difficult. In view of this, one should believe that it is in this area that the prospects for further development of the topic under consideration lie, including conducting dissertation research.

Toponymicon

The influence of the French language on the English toponymicon is much more limited in comparison with the French influence on the English anthroponymicon. This is due to a number of factors and, above all, the more static, conservative nature of the toponymicon as compared to the anthroponymicon.

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In general, the toponymicon of England remained very weakly affected by French influence. Only very few cases of such an impact are detected. Examples of the French influence on the English toponymicon are difficult to quantify, given the huge number of microtoponyms, which it is hardly possible to analyze with a sufficient degree of accuracy within this article. However, the examples we have identified are in the hundreds.

Among them, first of all, the following points should be mentioned.

(1)The use of the topoformant –ville (French “city”): Carlton Colville, Coalville [2 **]. According to our data, this topoformant is not widespread. In addition, when carrying out the etymological attribution of an English proper name, it should be carefully differentiated from an outwardly identical formant, derived from Old English. WELLA, WIELLA, WIELLE ("well, spring, small stream").

(2)The use of French articles and prepositions, for example, le, en, as a part of, on the whole, a toponym Germanic by its origin (sometimes, however, containing non-Germanic components): Bourgh le Marsh, Chester-le-Street, Chapel-en-le- Firth [2 **].

It should be noted once again that French prepositions can also be included in English anthroponyms. In addition to the already mentioned de (du), it is à, for example, as part of the complex anthroponym Thomas à Becket. Of course, such anthroponyms are extremely rare.

(3)The presence in toponyms either of topoformant St (French Saint, Sainte “saint, holy”, ): St Blaise, St Mary Cray, or the words Saint (еs): Wainfleet All Saints [2 **].

(4)The presence of words of French origin in toponyms: Grange-over-Sands, Waltham Abbey, Dovercourt, South Cave, Royal Leamington Spa, Royal Turnbridge Wells, Royal Wootton Bassett [2 **].

(5)The presence in an English toponym of French anthroponyms (rather, anthroponyms of French origin). These are most often proper names of Norman aristocrats who owned a particular English locality: Stoke Mandeville, Stanton Lacy, Newport Pagnell, etc. [2 **].

Especially noteworthy is the astionym Ashby-de-la-Zouch, mentioned, for example, in the novel Ivanhoe by W. Scott [4 *]. After the Norman conquest of England, this originally Dan- ish-English toponym was “expanded” by adding the Franco-Norman component -de-la-Zouch, containing the name of the new owner (incidentally, of Breton origin). Thus, another RomanceGermanic onymic hybrid with the addition of a Celtic component appeared.

Pragmatonyms (pragmonyms)

In conclusion, it is necessary to dwell on the French impact on English pragmatonyms (as they are defined in the first edition of the dictionary of N.V. Podolskaya) [1 **], or pragmonyms.

As shown by a quantitative analysis of the empirical material, this influence turned out to be the most massive in the field of oenonyms, by which in this article we mean the nomenclature of wine names.

Since the climate of England in general is unfavorable for winemaking, wine was traditionally imported to the British Isles mainly from France and Portugal. The linguistic result of which was the presence in the English language of a huge number of French wine names, or oenonyms. A significant number of examples of such Gallicisms are contained, in particular, in the book of David Peppercorn Bordeaux [5 *]. A characteristic feature of the vast majority of these proper names is the presence in their structure of the word Château (French for "castle").

Conclusion

Thus, we can conclude that the English onomasticon, since the Norman conquest of England in 1066, has experienced intense French influence. This influence, however, affected different sectors of the English nomenclature of proper names to varying degrees. As shown by our quantitative and quantitative analysis, the French influence reached its peak in the field of anthroponymicon. At the same time, the nomenclature of English first names experienced this influence to a much lesser extent than the nomenclature of English surnames, where, according to our data, the French influence reaches its maximum.

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In diachronic terms, the peak of French influence on the English onomasticon occurred in the period immediately following the Norman conquest of England in 1066, and subsequently gradually weakened, at least in the field of anthroponymy and toponymy. The peak of French influence on the English pragmatonyms (pragmonyms) occured at a much later period.

Spelling variation is common among English surnames of French origin.

To a much lesser extent French influence is observed in English toponymy. The occurence of the French element in the English toponymy is relatively small, within a few percent. It is expressed, as a rule, by the presence in an English toponym of Germanic origin of Romance components (articles, prepositions, isolated proper or common names of French origin, as well as formants St and –ville).

Both in the English anthroponymicon and in the toponymicon hybrid - RomanceGermanic - proper names are revealed. This phenomenon, however, is limited.

There are English proper names that appear to go back to the French etymons, but are actually etymologically Germanic or Celtic. We propose to call such English proper names the English onyms of pseudo-Romance etymology.

English anthroponyms and place names of French origin are characterized by the phenomenon of transonymization.

In other areas of the English onomasticon, the most noticeable French influence is present in the field of pragmatonyms (pragmonyms), in particular, oenonyms (wine names). This peculiarity of the English onomasticon is connected with extralinguistic circumstances of a different order than the Norman conquest of England in 1066 - the climate of the British Isles unfavorable for winemaking and centuries-old traditions of a significant volume of import of French wines. Albeit, of course, the Norman conquest of England in 1066 paved the way for such borrowings, making the English onomasticon as a whole significantly more open to French influence.

It seems promising to further study the problems considered in this article in terms of the quantitative dynamics of the Romance elements in various parts of the English onomasticon from the diachronic point of view.

References

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[2]Il'ish B. A. Istoriya anglijskogo yazyka / B.A. Il'ish – M.: Izd-vo «Vysshaya shkola», 1968. – 417 s.

[3]Bojchuk I.V. K voprosu ob anglijskih familiyah francuzskogo proiskhozhdeniya // Lingvisticheskie i metodicheskie aspekty prepodavaniya inostrannyh yazykov. Materialy II Mezhdunarodnoj nauchnoj konferencii 26-27 noyabrya 2009 g. – Belgorod, 2018. – S. 39-41.

[4]Rudenko Е.N. Vvedenie v germanskuyu filologiyu. Kurs lekcij / Е.N. Rudenko – Minsk: BGU, 2008. – 167 s.

[5]Merkulova N.V. Imya «Emma» v aspekte intertekstual'nosti (na materiale romana G. Flobera «Gospozha Bovari») // Onomastika Povolzh'ya: materialy XV Mezhdunarodnoj nauchnoj konferencii (Arzamas, 13 16 sentyabrya 2016 g.) / Pod red. L.A. Klimkovoj, V.I. Supruna; Arzamasskij filial NNGU. – Arzamas - Sarov: Interkontakt, 2016. – S. 481-484.

[6]Merkulova N.V. Aesthetic Name-Based Text Analysis Methodology of a Literary

Text (on the Material of the Novel «Madame Bovary» by G. Flaubert) / N.V. Merkulova // Scientific Newsletter. Series: Modern linguistic and methodical-and-didactic research. - 2014. - Vyp. 8 (11). – P. 94-107.

[7]Merkulova N.V. Synergic Effect of the Aesthetic Onyms as a Stylistic Device of the

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Character of the Novel Creation and Characterizing (based on the material of G. Flaubert’s realistic works) / N.V. Меrkulovа // Scientific Journal “Modern Linguistic and Methodical-and- didactic Researches”. – 2018. - №2 (21). – P. 28-38.

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–S. 21-30.

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Analyzed sources

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p.

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«Nauka», 1978. – 198 s.

[2**] Rybakin A.I. Slovar' anglijskih familij. – M.: Astrel', AST, 2000.

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UDC 81

CHANGES IN THE PRESENT DAY STATE OF PERSONAL NAMES IN THE LEADING ENGLISH SPEAKING COUNTRIES

А.А. Tychinskiy

____________________________________________________________________________

Moscow State Institute of International Relations Ph.D., Associate Professor at the Chair of English #3 Aleksey Anatolievich Tychinskiy

email: tichinsky@yandex.ru

____________________________________________________________________________

Statement of the problem. The topic of this paper is the analysis of the changes in the choice of personal names in the UK, the US, and Australia. The aim of the paper is to show how the changes in social, cultural and religious background of a given country affect the choice of a particular onym. The main method of the given research is the statistical analysis of the most popular personal names.

Results. The novelty of the given paper is shown by the fact that in it for the first time the changes in cultural and religious life of people in the US, Australia, and the UK had been analyzed and their influence on the choice of onyms was determined.

Conclusion. Based on the analysis of the modern set of personal names in the United Kingdom, the US, and Australia we can draw the conclusion about the possible bigger influence of religion on the life of the people of the US, which finds its reflection, among other ways, in the choice of anthroponymicon. In the Australian set of onyms the Biblical names are not as dominant, however, we cannot but notice the preference of the Green Continent inhabitants to choosing the traditional, “established” names.

Key words: anthroponyms, English language, onomasticon, choice of personal names, cultural background, religion.

For citation: Tychinskiy А.А. Changes in the present day state of personal names in the leading English speaking countries / А.А. Tychinskiy// Scientific Journal “Modern Linguistic and Methodical-and-didactic Researches”. –

2019. - № 3 (26). – P. 33-41.

Introduction

In modern linguistics all layers of vocabulary are given detailed attention, still personal names are not studied as thoroughly as other vocabulary segments. However, this vocabulary category as no other can absorb all the changes taking place in the cultural life of a society and can react to those changes with no delay.

The methodology of the research

The object and the subject matter of the research. The objective and the aim of this paper is to analyze the English anthroponyms in dynamics. The object of the research were English language anthroponyms in the UK, the US, and Australia. The subject matter of the paper was to analyze the influence of religion on the process of name giving to babies. The objectives were set to discover in which of the countries analyzed religion has a bigger influence on the naming of the babies. The material of the research was the modern English language onomastic Internet resources and the materials of the modern English language press: (https://www.britishbabynames.com/, (http://www.refinery29.uk/, (https://www.odt.co.nz/, (https://nameberry.com/, (https://www.dailymail.co.uk/).

The methods of the research: the main method of this research is statistical analysis of the most commonly used onyms. The academic novelty of the given paper is represented by the fact that we are going to describe for the first time how the changes in the cultural and religious

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© Tychinskiy А.А., 2019

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