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Scientific Journal “Modern Linguistic and Methodical-and-Didactic Researches” Issue 3 (26), 2019 ISSN 2587-8093

life of the English language countries at different stages of their development affect the choice of anthroponyms when giving names to newborns.

The results of the research

Historic development of English anthroponyms

Proper names are quite unique [1], because the linguistic component is dominant in the onomastics not only because each name is a word developing according to the laws of the language, but also because the information of each name is gathered by linguistic means [2].

No one would seriously argue against the closest connection between the language and the culture. One of the most prominent Soviet and Russian linguists Svetllana G. Ter – Minasova wrote: “The language is the mirror of culture. The language reflects not only the real world surrounding a person, not only the real conditions of his life, but also the social consciousness of the people, their mentality, national character, way of life, traditions, moral values, world outlook, and perception of the world [3, p. 14]. Recently, with the development of the modern means of communication, the so called mass or pop culture has begun to render more and more influence on the choice of personal names.

Arrival or disappearance of a certain set of onyms in the top personal names list is also related to the economic development of the country. Each new centennial in the history of the mankind leaves its mark on the layer of proper names [4].

Anthroponyms do not possess their own separate meaning [5]. The task of anthroponyms is to name, not to mean, but they turn out to be quite meaningful [6]. What is the reason for that? In our opinion the reason for that is that for the people around onyms clearly point to a certain tradition of naming acceptable in the given society at a certain point in time and having significant social, cultural, and religious roots [7]. Thus, a proper name may characterize a person and a family in which they are living from a religious, cultural, and social aspect. We can even say that proper names have a national and cultural component to a bigger degree than appellatives do [8].

Here a small example is proper, which will illustrate the stated opinion. The compilers of textbooks of Russian in the English language countries, obviously, try to give their characters Russian names, which, to their mind, are typical. In the textbooks published in the US in the middle of the 20-th century and devoted to the life in the Soviet Union in one of them [1*] the main character got the name Akim, in another one [2*] the characters were named Mitrofan and Matryona. Are these names Russian? Definitely. Why do then all Russian speakers, who are old enough to remember the times of the Soviet Union, react to those names with a smile? The answer consists in the fact that due to the cultural reasons mentioned above at that particular time in history those names were considered old-fashioned, rarely used. If we took the choice of personal names in those textbooks as a starting point, we could come to the conclusion that the authors know very little about the life of the country the language of which they try to teach. However, at the present moment of the 21-st century Russia we witness the revival of

“old”, prerevolutionary names. Nowadays the usage of such names as Mitrofan or Matryona in a textbook would surprise no one.

Let’s get back to English onyms. As any other layer of vocabulary English, anthroponyms have been developing throughout centuries and this development has been directly connected with the evolution of culture and religion of the English people [9].

The rule of Ancient Rome, which lasted in Britain for about 400 hundred years, did not affect seriously English personal names. Among the exceptions we can mention “Arthur”, a male name, still popular today, coming from Roman “Artorius”.

In the 4-th century started the migration of Germanic tribes (mostly Angles and Saxons) to the territory of the British Isles. Naturally, the newcomers brought with them their names and nicknames. Most often names consisted of two components: “Eadweard” – “rich” + “keeper”, “Elstan” – “noble” + “stone”. Originally, the elements of every particular name were chosen quite sensibly, but later the semantics was lost, and the names like “Wifefrith” – “peace” +

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“war” appeared. There were themes that were always used as first in names: “El”, “Cu-”, “Mr- ”, “Wit-”, “Cyne-”, “Ead-”, “Os-” etc; at the same time others were always used in the second place: “-fugel”, “-heim”, “-gifm”. There existed some elements that could be used both in the preposition and postposition, e.g., “Wulf-” and “-wulf”, “Beald-” and “-beald”, “Beorht-” and “- beorht” [1**, p. 195]. If we analyze the names which comprised only one theme, we will see that that those were appellatives: “Bleac” (black), “Wulf” (wolf), “Fisc” (fish), etc. As we can observe quite often were used the names of animals, colors, etc. The children’s names very often were composed of their parents’ names, more often of their father’s name.

The raids of warriors from Scandinavia –Vikings (mostly Norwegians and Danes) to the territory of the British Isles started at the end of the 8-th century and lasted for several centuries. However, those raids did not affect substantially the system of personal names, which people of England had at that time. Scandinavians were also Germanic tribes, and their languages were similar to the languages of Angles and Saxons. The big cultural difference lay in the fact that Scandinavians were still pagans, and Angles and Saxons were already Christians. However, pretty soon Scandinavians were converted to Christianity and were completely assimilated by Angles and Saxons.

The 11-th century became the crucial point for the further development of English anthroponymicon. In 1066 England was conquered by Norsemen under the leadership of William the Conqueror. Since the time of conquest the names of Norsemen started to replace the Anglo - Saxon ones in towns. Still, the overwhelming majority of people in England lived at that time far away from towns, and in the countryside this process took a much slower pace. Approximately at that time appeared hereditary name, which is the second element of the modern anthroponyms [10].

Together with the Norsemen came Germanic names, but already transformed in the French way: Gerard, William, Richard, Hugo, etc. Soon the conquerors carried out the first census of the population of England – the so called Doomsday Book came into being, which contains the most precious anthroponomical material of the late 11-th – early 12-th centuries. The census of the 12-th century shows that the most popular male personal names were William, Robert, Ralph, and Richard [1**]. The abovementioned names had 44 per cent of all boys. It is interesting to note that although all population of England at that time were Christians, there is not a single Biblical name among the most popular male names. All the most popular names have ancient Germanic roots. One century later, in the 13-th century, among the most often used names we find John (a Biblical name), William, Robert, and Richard (all Germanic names). The abovementioned onyms comprised 60 per cent of all boys’ names. In the period from 1550 to 1800 three most popular male names were William, John, and Thomas [1, p. 36]. As we can see, among the top three names there are two Biblical names (John and Thomas) and one old Germanic one – William, which was the most often used.

Female names at that time were rarely used in literary sources and the situation with them is more complex. Still, it is known that the most popular female names from 1600 to 1800 were Elizabeth, Mary, and Anne [1**]. Why were they so popular? All of those names were taken from the main book of the time – the Bible, which reflected the dominant position of religion in England of that time, and that is the reason why those names were given to the members of the ruling class – aristocrats and monarchs.

Analysis of the modern day condition of anthroponymicon in the UK:

In the 20-th century, having set the goal of analyzing the conditions of personal names in the UK, the specialists in onomastics noted the preference of the English people to use the narrow range of well-known, “established” names.

As an example we can present the data of the oldest English newspaper “The Times”, which were published in 1949. At that time the most popular male names in the United King-

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dom were: 1) John, 2) Richard, 3) Peter, 4) David, 5) Charles, 6) Michael, 7) William, 8) Robert, 9) Christopher, and 10) James [11, p.14].

The most often used at that time female names were: Ann, Anne, 2) Mary, 3) Elizabeth, 4)

Jane, 5) Susan, 6) Margaret, 7) Sarah, 8) Caroline, 9) Jennifer, and 10) Frances [11, р. 14]. Two decades later, in 1966-1967, top ten most often used male and female anthroponyms

underwent some changes. However, there were not too many new names in the lists. Among the names for boys the most popular names list looked the following way: 1) James, 2) John, 3)

Charles, 4) David, 5) William, 6) Andrew, 7) Richard, 8) Edward, 9) Robert, 10) Mark [11, p.15].

At that point in time among nine most popular male names we find five Biblical ones (James, John, David, Andrew, Mark) and five Germanic ones (Charles, William, Richard, Edward, Robert).

Girls in 1966-1967 most frequently had the following names: Jane, 2) Mary, 3) Louise, 4)

Elizabeth, 5) Ann, Anne, 6) Sarah, 7) Emma, 8) Lucy, 9) Clare and 10) Catherine [12]. Among them we find five Biblical names (Jane, Mary, Elizabeth, Ann, Sarah) and one name (Catherine) that was used in the early Christian literature. Overall, we can observe the dominance of Biblical names that reflected the important role of Christianity in the English society of the time.

During the past five decades we have seen the radical changes in the composition of the most popular male and female anthroponyms in Great Britain. According to the information from the famous English language resource “Nameberry”, which is devoted to personal names, in 2017 the most popular onyms given to babies were the following:

Among boys: 1) Asher, 2) Atticus, 3) Jack, 4) Ezra, 5) Theodore, 6) Milo, 7) Jasper, 8) Oliver, 9) Silas, 10) Wyatt.

Among girls: 1) Olivia, 2) Amelia, 3) Charlotte, 4) Isla, 5) Isabella, 6) Ava, 7) Aurora, 8) Evelyn, 9) Penelope, 10) Eleanor [3*].

It is not difficult to notice that in 2017 in the UK we do not see in the list of the most popular names of boys and girls a single name which was there 50 years ago. The changes are quite dramatic. What could be the reasons for them?

In our opinion, serious changes in social, cultural and religious life of population of the United Kingdom could not but affect the choice of personal names. Globalization brought with itself multiculturalism and religion (first of all, Christianity) does not play anymore its previous crucial role. We cannot but note the emergence of the “pop-culture”, with its cult of celebrities, i.e. famous people, especially from the spheres of show business and sports. All of the mentioned phenomena found their reflection in the anthroponyms, which are quire susceptible to cultural alterations.

To prove the point mentioned, among the onyms of newborn boys in 2017 we can notice only two Biblical names – “Jack” and “Ezra”. To draw a comparison, in 1967 there were five Biblical anthroponyms in top ten boys’ names, and onyms “James” and “John” were number one and two, respectively.

Among the most frequently used female names in 2017 we do not see Biblical onyms at all. To compare, in 1967 in the top ten names for girls we can observe six Biblical anthroponyms, and, once again, among them were two most popular ones - “Jane” and “Mary”.

The characteristic feature of the modern life in Great Britain is the enormous influence of the mass culture on the consciousness of the population. Idolization of celebrities, i.e. famous in some area people, most often actors, musicians, and athletes undoubtedly finds its impression in anthroponymicon.

In 2017 we witnessed a big number of names that became widely used due to pop culture.

Here some examples are proper. Thus, in our opinion, female name “Charlotte” (third place in the list) became popular in the UK largely due to the fact that this personal name was chosen by Prince William and Duchess of Cambridge Catherine for their daughter in 2015. In 2018 in the 36

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family of Prince William and Duchess of Cambridge a new baby boy was born – Prince Louis, and this anthroponym immediately entered the list of the frequently used names, although not top ten.

The selection of names for newborns by parents in Great Britain is influenced not only by the Royal family. It is also affected by the popular TV series, as well as by the choice of the

“famous people’ in completely different walks of life. The Office of National Statistics provides the information of how modern pop culture influenced the choice of personal names by the British from 1996 till 2013. Here are some examples:

The English name their children as famous football players, e.g. Ronaldo, Thierry,

Christino;

They choose the names of the Beckham family (David Beckham and his wife, Victoria), especially Harper (this female name now takes 160-th place of popularity);

The anthroponyms are chosen that gained frequency due to the success of “The Game of Thrones” series. The name Khaleesi (series character) had 21 cases of occurrence in 2012 (#1483) and in one year climbed to 50 cases in 2013 (#772). One more name from the series, Arya, rose from 104 cases of usage in 2012 (#437) to 187 cases in 2013 (#257).

The fame of actress Mila Kunis contributed to the fact that the name Mila was one of the ones most gaining popularity in 2012, rising by 99 points at once and taking 16-th place by frequency. In 2013 the onym became even more often used and took the 124-th spot.

Sometimes even tragic events render effect on the preferences of the English people. For example, the tragic case when a famous disabled South African athlete Oscar Pistorius killed his girlfriend Reeva Steenkamp was the reason for the name “Reeva” to suddenly make its appearance in the English anthroponymicon. In 2010 and 2012 (before the unfortunate event) only three girls in the UK got the name “Reeva” at birth. However, after the tragedy that got a lot of attention from the mass media already 40 girls got the name “Reeva” in 2013. What is also interesting, the anthroponym “Oscar” became more popular as well. It rose in frequency by 10 points and took the 7-th place in 2013 among the most used names for boys [4*]. This list can be continued.

We cannot but note the amazing speed with which the preferences of people of the United

Kingdom change when choosing children’s names, especially boys’ names. We have already given the data for 2017 above. And below is the information of the popular anthropological resource BabyCentre for 2018:

Male names: 1) Muhammad (in different spellings of the name), 2) Oliver, 3) Noah, 4)

Harry, 5) Leo, 6) George, 7) Jack, 8) Charlie, 9) Freddie, 10) Arthur.

Female names: 1) Olivia, 2) Sophia, 3) Amelia, 4) Lily, 5) Ava, 6) Emily, 7) Ella , 8) Isla,

9)Mia, 10) Aria [5*].

As can be easily noticed, at the moment of the writing of this paper the most popular boys’ onym in the UK is the Muslim name Muhammad (the name of Prophet Muhammad from the Koran). This phenomenon undoubtedly testifies to the fact that there are a lot of immigrants from Muslim countries in Great Britain at the moment and they preserve their cultural and religious identity. On the whole, there are only two Biblical names in the list of the ten most popular anthroponyms for boys – “Noah” and “Jack”. At the same time, the list of the most frequent female names has not undergone such severe changes over the past couple of years. This fact is yet to be studied. Speaking of the female anthroponyms in the UK we have to note that the onym “Aria”, be it in a different spelling, has already entered top ten list of the most often used names for girls and this, definitely, is connected with the great success of the TV series “Game of Thrones” and huge influence of mass culture on the process of name giving.

Analysis of the modern state of the anthroponymicon in Australia:

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The process of anthroponymicon formation in Australia was closely connected to the same one in the United Kingdom and for a long time did not have its own characteristic features. This phenomenon was related to the fact that for many years Australia was an “oversea territory” of the United Kingdom and even today it is a member of the British Commonwealth of Nations. According to the law, in 2019 the head of the country in Australia is the Queen Elizabeth II. At present we also should note the huge influence that mass culture renders on the selection of personal names in Australia, which, surely, is characteristic of all English – speaking countries.

We will present the list of the most common male and female names in Australia for the year of 2018 and then will look into the impact of pop culture on the Australian set of personal names. According to the data of the popular on the continent newspaper Daily Mail Australia the most popular ten names of newborns looked the following way:

Male names: 1) Oliver, 2) William, 3) Jack, 4) Noah, 5) Thomas, 6) James, 7) Lucas, 8) Henry, 9) Ethan, 10) Mason.

Female names: 1) Charlotte, 2) Olivia, 3) Ava, 4) Amelia, 5) Mia, 6) Isla, 7) Grace, 8) Ella, 9) Chloe, 10) Harper [6*].

If we compare the preferences of the English and Australians, in Australia we notice the bigger conservatism in choosing onyms. Among anthroponyms we do not observe Muslim and other “non-traditional” names. The mentioned conservatism is especially evident in studying male names. Among ten most often used names six onyms are Biblical ones. They are Jack,

Noah, Thomas, James, Lucas, Ethan. The remaining personal names are also the “traditional” ones.

Below we will present the examples of the Australian anthroponymicon being influenced by mass culture. The name “Charlotte” has become much more popular from the moment of birth of a girl with the same name in the British Royal family in 2015. In 1989 this onym held the 89-th spot, and in 2018 it was name number one. The female name “Harper” owes its popularity to the fact that the same onym has the youngest daughter of Victoria and David Beckham. In 2016 this anthroponym held the 18-th place, and in 2018 it is already on the 10-th spot. The female onym “Luna” first appeared in top 100 in the 83-rd place after the birth of a girl Luna in the family of a musician John Legend and a model Chrissy Teigen. The female name “Penelope” is becoming more and more common in Australia (rose from the 54-th place to 48-th), because this is the name of the daughter of a TV series star Kourtney Kardashian. The female personal name Billie (which traditionally used to be a male one) has become popular among girls and is now holding the 57-th place due to the fact that this is the name of a daughter of a famous in the country Australian football player Chris Judd and his wife Rebecca [6]. This list can be continued.

Analysis of the modern condition of anthroponymicon in the US:

Now let us examine the situation with the anthroponymicon development in the US.

We know from history that the first settlers in the territory that would be called in the future the United States of America were the protestants –pilgrims who were fleeing the religious persecution in the United Kingdom and who were really pious people. It is not surprising that the personal names that they used were taken mostly from the Bible, often from the Old Testament, e.g. male names “Jacob”, “Caleb”, “Benjamin”, “Hiram”, and girls names “Hezekiah”, “Ann”, “Abigail”, “Ruth”. Quite often new inhabitants of America used abstract notions as onyms: “Prudence”, “Chastity”, “Desire”, “Peace”, “Hope”, “Faith” [8, p. 72]. The abovementioned female anthroponyms were very popular among religious Americans – protestants during the 18-th and the 19-th centuries. Today we can also find them, as we will see below.

In American anthroponymicon we can also come across personal names that were derived from appellatives. Sometimes it happens that the preferences of the Americans to anthroponymization of appellatives take curious and even comical forms. The author of this paper personally knew a Black American who had in his official ID (driver’s license) the name of

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“Peanut”. One might call this case a humorous exception to the role, but it is hardly a single one. To prove the point we can present a name of a daughter of American celebrities Gwyneth

Paltrow and Chris Martin, who was named by her parents as “Apple” [7*].

Below we will present a table showing the changes of preferences in the choice of male and female anthroponyms in the US during the 20-th century [7*]:

Table 1. Ten most popular male names according to the year

It is easy to notice that, in comparison to 1950, in the year of 1996 among the names most commonly used for newborn boys only one onym still remained and even strengthened its position - Michael. At the end of the 20-th century Americans most often chose Biblical anthoponyms when naming babies. While doing this American citizens used not only the names that were a part of the anthroponymicon for a long time (Joseph, Mathew, Michael), but they chose as well some onyms taken from the Old Testament that had again regained their popularity (Zachary, Joshua). Concerning the female names, among the most commonly used onyms in 1996 we find only one anthroponym which was there in 1950. Among names for girls which used to be traditionally popular (Emily, Sarah) we witness some onyms which were relatively rare some time ago (Alexis, Haley, Ashley) [7].

So, what personal names do Americans prefer in the 21-st century, and are the trends of losing the frequency of using Biblical names that we found when analyzing the most often used onyms of the people in the UK also relevant for the United States? Here we can also refer to the authoritative English language antroponymical resource Nameberry. According to the data

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from this source, in 2016 the most common names for the newborns in the US were the following ones:

Onyms for boys: 1) Noah, 2) Liam, 3) William, 4) Mason, 5) James, 6) Benjamin, 7) Jacob, 8) Michael, 9) Elijah, 10) Ethan.

Onyms for girls: 1) Emma, 2) Olivia, 3) Ava, 4) Sophia, 5) Isabella, 6) Mia, 7) Charlotte, 8) Abigail, 9) Emily, 10) Harper [7*].

As we can observe, Biblical names are still quite popular among the people of the United States and they are not going to surrender their position. Among the most frequent male names seven onyms (the overwhelming majority) are Biblical ones. These are Noah, James, Benjamin,

Jacob, Michael, Elijah, and Ethan.

Conclusion

Thus, taking into account the abovementioned statistical data we come to the conclusion that in choosing anthroponyms, and it especially refers to male names, we can witness more conservative patterns of the population from the US and Australia than from the British Isles where over the past years we have seen the unrelenting tendency of losing the frequency of choosing Biblical names both for newborn boys and girls, and, as for the male names, the first spot is taken by the Muslim name “Muhammad”. In the United Kingdom among the most popular names for newborn boys we find only two Biblical names - Jack and Ezra, whereas in

1967 there were five anthroponums taken from the Bible and such onyms as “James” and “John” were holding the first and the second places, respectively. In 2017, among the most frequently chosen names for girls in the United Kingdom, we do not observe any names taken from the Bible, whereas in 1967 out of the most popular ten onyms six antroponyms were Biblical ones.

So, based on the analysis of the modern set of personal names in the United Kingdom, the US, and Australia we can draw the conclusion about the possible bigger influence of religion on the life of the people of the US, which finds its reflection, among other ways, in the choice of anthroponymicon. In the Australian set of onyms the Biblical names are not as dominant, however, we cannot but notice the preference of the Green Continent inhabitants to choosing the traditional, “established” names.

References

[1]Beletskiy A.A. Sistemy lichnykh imyon u narodov mira. М.: Nuaka, 1986. - 210 s.

[2]Bolshaya Sovetskaya Entsyklopedya: v 30-ti t. / gl. red. А. М. Prokhorov. Izd-е 3-е. М.: Sovetskaya entsyklopedeya, 1974. Т. 18. Nikko – Otolity. - 632 s.

[3]Ter-Minasova S. G. Yazyk I mezhkulturnaya kommunikatsiya. М.: Slovo, 2000. - 259 s.

[4]Merkulova N.V. Historical Stages оf Evolution оf the French Onomastic System /

N.V. Merkulova // Scientific Newsletter. Series: Modern linguistic and methodical-and- didactic research. - 2013. - Vyp. 2 (3). – P. 53-61.

[5]Bolshaya Sovetskaya Entsyklopedya: v 30-ti t. / gl. red. А. М. Prokhorov. Izd-е 3-е. М.: Sovetskaya entsyklopedeya, 1977. Т. 27. Ulyanovsk – Frankfort. - 624 s.

[6]Podolskaya N.V., Superanskaya A.V. Terminologiya onomastiki.- Voprosy yazykoznanya, 1969, №4

[7]Radugin A.A. Filosofiya. Kurs lekziy. –М.: VLADOS, 1995. – 150 s.

[8]Redkin V.A. Aktualniye problemy uchebnoy leksikographii. Pod red. Redkina V.A.,

М.:1977.

[9]Reformatskiy A.A. Vvedeniye v yazykoznaniye. - М.: Aspekt press,1996. - 536 s.

[10]Superanskaya A.V. Obschaya teoriya imeni sobstvennogo. Izd-е 3-е, ispr. М.: Librokom, 2009.- 368 s.

[11]Dunkling L. A. First Names First. L.: J. M. Dent & Sons Ltd, 1977. - 243 p.

[12]Smith E. C. Personal Names: A Bibliography. N. Y.: Avon Books, 1965. - 226 p.

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Analyzed sources

[1*] Fayer M.H. Basic Russian. Book One/ 2 nd ed. N.Y.,e.a., 1969. - 32 p. [2*] Wiens G. Beginning Russian reader. N.Y., 1969. 214 p.

[3*] Levine N. These Are the UK's Most Popular Baby Names Of 2017 [Elektronniy

https://www.britishbabynames.com/blog/2014/08/baby-name-influences-in-england-and-wales- tv-film-and-celebrity-culture.html/ (data obrascheniya: 05.03.2019).

[5*] Most Popular Baby Names Revealed [Elektronniy resurs]. URL: https://www.odt.co.nz/lifestyle/most-popular-baby-names-2018-revealed.html/ (data obrascheniya: 05.03.2019).

[6*] The Australian Baby Names Revealed [Elektronniy resurs]. URL: https://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article/5769565/The-Australian-baby-names-2018- revealed.html/ (data obrascheniya: 05.03.2019).

[7*] Popular Baby Names in US [Elektronniy resurs]. URL: https://nameberry.com/popular_names/US/ (data obrascheniya: 22.02.2018).

Dictionaries used

[1**] Rybakin A.I. Slovar angliyskikh lichnykh imen. М.: Russkiy yazik, 1989. - 222 s.

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UDC 81’276

LINGUISTIC BASES FOR MODELING OF LINGUISTIC AND CULTURAL

TRANSFER OF SOCIAL DISEASES NOMINATIONS

A.G. Fomin, E.V. Arkhipova

Kemerovo State University Doctor of Philology, Professor,

Chair of Interpretation and Translation Studies

and Linguistics, Institute of Philology, Foreign Languages and Media Communications

Andrei Gennad'evich Fomin e-mail: andfomin67@mail.ru

Kemerovo State University post-graduate student

Chair of Interpretation and Translation Studies

and Linguistics, Institute of Philology, Foreign Languages and Media Communications

Evgeniya Valer'evna Arkhipova e-mail: eugenia.arkhipova@mail.ru

Statement of the problem. The purpose of the article is to identify and describe the linguistic basis for modeling of linguistic and cultural transfer of social diseases nominations.

Results. In this study, linguistic and cultural transfer is considered as transferring or borrowing units of one linguistic culture to another. The transfer may affect not only similar linguistic cultures that have historically conditioned connections, but also cultures belonging to completely different types, which is quite characteristic of the sphere of social diseases. At the same time, units of one linguistic culture undergo a process of not only borrowing, but also penetrating into the host culture, go through all the stages of adaptation in it.

Conclusion. The model of linguistic and cultural transfer of nominations of social diseases, as a multi-stage and multilateral process, includes following elements: linguistic culture, which becomes the starting point for the transfer process (linguistic culture-donor), linguistic culture that accepts elements from linguistic culture-donor (linguistic culture-acceptor); channels of linguistic and cultural transfer; factors affecting the linguistic and cultural transfer; linguistic and cultural transfer variants, including the transition of lexical units from everyday vocabulary to terminology, eponymization, polysemy and synonymy.

Key words: linguistic and cultural transfer, nomination, social diseases, linguistic culture-acceptor, linguistic cul- ture-donor, channels of linguistic and cultural transfer, factors affecting linguistic and cultural transfer, variants of linguistic and cultural transfer.

For citation: Fomin A.G., Arkhipova E.V. Linguistic bases for modeling of linguistic and cultural transfer of social diseases nominations / A.G. Fomin, E.V. Arkhipova // Scientific Journal “Modern Linguistic and Methodical- and-didactic Researches”. – 2019. - № 3 (26). – P. 42-51.

Introduction

The basis of the nomination process is the categorization of human experience, the reconstruction of consciousness and the identification of those mental structures and mechanisms that are in the basis of the worldview of each person. The ethnic worldview, according to V. G. Krysko, is “a complex of stable, coherent ideas and judgments about social being, life and activity inherent to members of a particular ethnic community” [1, p. 145]. This concept can be correlated with the concept of “linguistic culture” as a specific system of social representations. Thus, linguistic culture is understood as the complex of certain culture-specific information that

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© Fomin A.G., Arkhipova E.V., 2019

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has received objectification in a particular language system. Considering the process of linguistic and cultural transfer as the basis of this process, we define it as the flow, transfer or borrowing of units of one linguistic culture to another [2, p. 47]. In turn, social diseases are human diseases, the occurrence and spread of which depend on the conditions of the social economic and culture-specific nature of a particular linguistic culture [2, p. 48]. The aim of the research was to identify and describe the linguistic bases of modeling the linguocultural transfer of nominations of social diseases.

Methodology of the research

In order to study the nominative mechanisms of social diseases and describe the linguistic bases of modeling the linguistic and cultural transfer of nominations of social diseases through a targeted selection of nominations related to the field of social diseases, 710 units were taken from bilingual and multilingual medical dictionaries, dictionaries of foreign words, scientific and popular science literature, texts of social advertising published in the XX-XXI century. There was used the comparative-typological method for the semantic and etymological analysis of nominations that underwent a linguistic and cultural transfer, and to determine the value of the nomination of social diseases we used the method of historical interpretation.

The main elements of culture are language, social values, social norms, traditions and customs [3]. In this regard, the basic component of the process of nominating social diseases is the cultural component, therefore, the basis of modeling in this research is precisely the linguistic and cultural transfer of nominations of social diseases.

Over time, language processes inevitably undergo changes, the language enters into many relationships, is being enriched and replenished by units that come from other languages and cultures. This is due to various factors of the extra-linguistic and intra-linguistic order, for example, due to the cultural, political, economic, social and scientific interactions between linguistic cultures. Considering the process of linguistic and cultural transfer as the basis of these changes, we can conclude that linguistic and cultural transfer is a flow, transfer or borrowing of elements of one linguistic culture to another.

Results of the research

Nomination of social diseases is a multi-stage and multi-aspect process, the elements of which can be transferred or borrowed from one linguistic culture to another. In this regard, the model of linguistic and cultural transfer of nominations of social diseases can be represented in the form of the following scheme:

Figure 1 Linguistic model of linguistic and cultural transfer of nominations of social diseases

Linguistic culture-donor is a culture that becomes the starting point for the transfer process, linguistic culture-acceptor is a culture that perceives elements from a linguistic culturedonor in the process of transfer. Linguistic and cultural transfer channels are the means by which elements of the linguistic culture-donor get into the linguistic culture-acceptor; channels

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