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Scientific Journal “Modern Linguistic and Methodical-and-Didactic Researches” Issue 3 (26), 2019 ISSN 2587-8093

Figure 4 Advertising posts

ADVERTISING POSTS

INFORMATION POSTS

Source: authors’ original research [12]

Further these main types of advertising posts are divided into smaller subtypes. Targeted posts are represented by:

persuasion posts:

“To protect the kiddies from summer rain at play dates, we would definitely go with the super cute @didriksons_kids collection” [1*].

Persuasion posts describe all possible competitive advantages of the goods / services sometimes in comparison to analogue goods of other brands;

posts-offers:

“Baked distorted beauty. Earrings @coughinvain @nolmstore; It’s man’s world @melvinandhamilton has for all outfits the perfect shoes. Classy, elegant or casual – you pick!” [1*]

Posts-offers are traditional forms of advertising adverts offering goods and services to the potential customers.

Give away posts:

“GIVEAWAY. CALLING ALL GIRLS / BRIDES/BRIDESMAIDS WHO WOULD LOVE SOME FREE BEACHY GODDIES (and their friends and families who would love them

TAG THEM!)” [1*].

Give-away posts are usually considered as a part of the advertising campaign aimed at attracting loyal customers. Potential customers participating in give-away have an opportunity to get goods or services for free. On the one hand such loyalty programs increase brand awareness since the post usually contains a request to mention about 5 friends in the post comments. On the other hand they enable sales increase thanks to the clients’ reviews who used goods or services for free;

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Scientific Journal “Modern Linguistic and Methodical-and-Didactic Researches” Issue 3 (26), 2019 ISSN 2587-8093

These posts are aimed at widening the horizons of the subscribers, increasing the knowledge of people in different fields and training some skills. They present natural science, historical, geographical, cooking, sports and other facts, as well as reviews on teaching something;

These posts give interesting practical knowledge based on one’s personal experience that users share with each other;

art-posts give information connected with art, literature, poetry, culture, creative work. These posts occupy a separate niche among all posts types and are characterized by a special link to the visual imagery:

“The stunning pink works by the international Street Artist Mr. Pinkbrush JOCKER Acrylic and spray paint on canvas #legend #jocker #batman #darknight #animalpainting” [1*].

All the given examples show that the language of all these posts is simple and easy. The conversational style can be observed both in the description of the technical appliances used at home and in the description of e.g. the classical picture. But it should be noted that in many respects the style itself depends on the authorship. The accounts of serious organizations most often do not post text-messages that can be attributed to folklore, since they tend more to writing, rather than oral writing. These are academic descriptions with a mature book style (Johnsonese) and often with a known author.

Event posts are further subdivided into personal posts and public posts. Personal posts are represented by travel posts, note posts, descriptive posts and invitation posts:

travel posts tell us about the beauty of unusual and amazing places, sights of different countries as if inviting subscribers to visit them:

“Australia is literally the most unbelievable country. The fact that you can go from the crazy Sydney Amazon pace to this paradise having only taken 1hr flight is unreal” [1*];

descriptive posts describe in detail the life of the posts authors, their daily routine and daily events:

“Due to excursions & variations to routine, I had a day with kindergarten today! This post is mainly a shout out to the kinder teachers out there! I know my Stage Three kiddos are not always a piece of cake - but you work damn hard! Thank you kindergarten for sharing your day with me” [1*];

note posts are messages connected with the weather, a just seen incident, emotional exclamations, a statement of any fact, selfie, saying good morning or good night, for example:

“Pool boy; Morning fuel; Go Swans; Nature vs Humanity; Orange is new Black!; Sunset of dreams, stunning; Back in LA” [1*].

invitation posts as well as note posts at the author’s discretion can be either brief or detailed enough. Their communicative goal is to invite guests to some event. Their target audience also varies. The invitations can be given either to close friends and relatives to

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Scientific Journal “Modern Linguistic and Methodical-and-Didactic Researches” Issue 3 (26), 2019 ISSN 2587-8093

ask them to come to some personal events, or to the completely unfamiliar people to come to the presentation of a new book or a picture, to meet in real life at breakfast, to go to the movies / theater, to a birthday party etc.:

“Going into week 3, I’m looking forward to having you over as I will introducing my newest pottery piece (s) along with a self prepared dinner that focuses on simplicity eating, herb base seasoning; while we enjoy a quite lively relax Sunday evening with the art! Please join us this Thursday and Sunday!” [1*]

Public posts have rather a complex structure. Here we have singled out announcements, benevolent posts, news with such subtypes as sport-posts, politic-posts, society column posts, life-news.

benevolent posts are aimed at raising funds for the purchase of expensive medicines and treatment of seriously ill children and adults, report on the results of rehabilitation, various charity events:

“More good news! 6 year old Malak from Iraq was successfully treated as part of our #GIVE campaign” [1*];

announcement posts say about some public events:

“NEW episode this weekend with so much to Do in #Tampa! Go to bio for TV schedule @tampariverwalk @floridaaquarium @tabanerocigars @frbiergarten @sparkmanwharf @chefjeffphilbin @eboatstampa @armatureworks_tampa @uleletampa @visittampabay #howtodoflorida” [1*];

society column posts:

“People try to catch offerings thrown from the summit of Mount Bromo volcano by Tengger tribe members and local tourists in Probolinggo, East Java province. The event is part of the Yadnya Kasada Festival which sees people scale the active volcano to seek blessings by presenting offerings of rice, fruit, livestock and other items” [1*];

sport-news:

“#NickYoung wants another opportunity in the NBA” [1*].

life-news are exclusive investigations, “live” stories, trends in social media and blogs, exchange rates and crypto currencies:

“Bitcoin racing slides. Buy Bitcoin when everything is afraid. To the moon will inevitably. Good luck loves the brave. Read bitcoin.org #blockchain #bitcoin #cryptocurrency

#tothemoon” [1*].

The name of each subcategory reveals the main idea of the post - public information on a specific topic.

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Scientific Journal “Modern Linguistic and Methodical-and-Didactic Researches” Issue 3 (26), 2019 ISSN 2587-8093

Source: authors’ original research

Interactive posts (Fig.6)

Interactive posts undoubtedly play an important role in the Instagram communication. The communicative goal of interactive posts is to stimulate communication, dialogue exchange, and interaction. Communication is the most complex combination of verbal and non-verbal means. Virtual communication, in contrast to real communication, is deprived of the opportunity to reconstruct, for example, the expression on the face of the speaker or the responder, or shaking his head if he disagrees with any question, i.e. virtual communication, on the one hand, is limited in nonverbal means. In addition to this, the reactions of Instagram users are not always instantaneous, they can be delayed, i.e. subscribers can comment on the post after a while. However, on the other hand, virtual communication is free from many cultural and social frameworks that present in real communication, i.e. the defining characteristic of network folklore is the ability to use the system 24/7, which challenges the nature and natural needs of every person for sleeping. From the perspective of the user, Internet is a free medium that opens access to information [2]. Another distinguishing feature of virtual communication is its visualization. Users looking at the screen see a combination of image and text. As Simon J. Bronner underlines in his work «Digitizing and Virtualizing Folklore», “the Internet’s visual character gives the impression that it broadens experience. One can see off into the distance, but touch is at hand. Locality – where one lives and interacts with others – is described in terms of touch as well as tradition – the earth beneath your feet, the feel of familiar furniture, the handshake on the street” [2].

The structural subtypes of the interactive posts are represented by attitude posts and consideration posts. Attitude posts are aimed at demonstrating both the user's own opinion and the opinion of the “interlocutor”. They often motivate the expression of users’ point of view on the issue under discussion. Also, this type of posts implies an expression of attitude to a particular

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Scientific Journal “Modern Linguistic and Methodical-and-Didactic Researches” Issue 3 (26), 2019 ISSN 2587-8093

person, phenomenon, etc. Thus, they are divided into:humor posts:

“That blue steel face in the background!; Found something more bear than Yana-bear!; Just hanging with my mates Pup and Roo” [1*];

congratulation posts / memorial posts:

“Happy birthday to Queen Elizabeth! Rock on!; Happy Birthday to my most precious person in the world! @yulia_depalmas love you so so much! Can’t imagine my world without you!; Happy Valentine’s to me! Thrilled to have recently joined the Amazon Web Services team!” [1*];

motivational posts:

“I know what I’ll be doing this year…thank you @buddeefitness for your very generous gift. Here’s to a fit 2019; Liquid diet after Xmas gluttony” [1*];

evaluation posts:

“Pretty fantastic view to come back home to; Doesn’t Mum look great? My house smells like a botanic garden!”; “Perfect photobomb!” [1*];

view point posts:

“Chilly morning I’ll never forget; Too good to be good; Hard to beat this view…Rise and shine Sydney! Сoтe swimming…a little odd for middle of April, but we’re not complaining; Singapore in the morning is so calm and sleepy” [1*] .

The communicative goal of each abovementioned post is revealed in its name. Consideration posts are represented by two main types:

philosophical posts:

“The greatest prison that people live in is the fear of what other people say or think about them. Live your ONE life the way you want to! BELIEVE IN YOURSELF! @brausfight @freelife.group” [1*];

discussion posts:

“Dream as if you’ll live forever. Live as if you’ll die today @brausfight”. [1*]

The borderline between these two subtypes is quite subtle. Philosophical posts, as a rule, represent a complete thought and don't require any further discussion. Discussion posts, on the contrary, is an invitation to an active conversation, discussion of any statement or question, e.g.,

“I guess name meaning has its power after all. I know I read a lot about names before naming my babies. What about you? What inspired you to give your baby / babies their name / names?” [1*]

Consideration posts often contain quotations from literary works which tend to a book language (Johnsonese), but among them there is a large layer of folklore, which is characterized by anonymity, polyvariativity, improvisation and formulaicity.

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Scientific Journal “Modern Linguistic and Methodical-and-Didactic Researches” Issue 3 (26), 2019 ISSN 2587-8093

Figure 6. Interactive posts

INTERACTIVE POSTS

HUMOR POSTS

PHYLOSOPHICAL POSTS

CONGRATULATION

POSTS / MEMORIAL

POSTS

DISCUSSION POSTS

MOTIVATIONAL POSTS

EVALUATION

POSTS

VIEW POINT

POSTS

Source: authors’ original research

Conclusion

So, the scientific novelty of this study lies in the fact that there were determined key forms of the network folklore such as communicative forms, crowd forms and polycode forms. After a comprehensive analysis of posts from the perspective of cognitive-pragmatic approach, we came to the conclusion that depending on the content, target audience and formation mechanism communicative forms are represented by three main types of posts: informational, interactive and advertising, each having its own branched hierarchy of subtypes. Having analyzed more than 10 thousand posts, we found out that the vast majority of Instagram posts are informational posts – 46%, followed by interactive posts –36%, the number of advertising posts is 18% (See diag.).

Diagram. Distribution of advertising, informational and interactive posts as communicative forms of Instagram folklore

36%

46%

18%

Source: authors’ original research

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Scientific Journal “Modern Linguistic and Methodical-and-Didactic Researches” Issue 3 (26), 2019 ISSN 2587-8093

On the one hand, each type of Instagram posts is characterized by its own linguistic and structural features. On the other hand, there are a number of common features for all posts. Each post is always accompanied by visual content of any form. Virtual communication today offers new, original ways of organizing words and text. Like in the traditional culture, verbal is always supported by visual: in the ritual, gesture, costume. In Instagram folklore – these are symbolic ways of conveying intonation, emotion, and the rate of utterance (stickers, videos, memes, gifs, and emoticons), which fill the text of posts with a lively intonation and allow researchers to designate it as "oral-written text", as "spontaneous speech" [8]. The post text message is variable, sometimes it may be omitted. The borders between posts of different types are often blurred, one type may incorporate features of another, the only distinction in this case is the communicative goal of the post.

Among the common features of all types of posts we can name the active use of writtenoral speech and violations of language norms at all levels from phonetic to syntactic. After all, the more interesting the post, the more network users will view it and the higher its distribution in the network with the help of reposts. From a methodological point of view, it is important to note that oral traditions demonstrate the highest degree of universality of their sign codes and their structural organization. Their stability is ensured by the unified oral transmission mechanisms, which allow the preservation and transmission of messages in relative inalterability.

Analyzing posts from the point of view of a folklore tradition we inevitably observe the variation of repetitive elements (within one text, from post to post, from user to user, from tradition to tradition). It can be assumed that such characteristic is in harmony with the description of the modern digital environment, which is modular (modularity provides the ability to change just one component of the product not changing it as a whole), changeable (everything that exists in the digital environment can be constantly changed, modified), transcoded (capable of being transferred from one code to another, from one format to another, etc.). The analysis of network folklore will be able to show how stylistic and compositional techniques developed by tradition on the one hand provide easy communication in the network, marking "friend-foe", and on the other hand facilitate their processing and creation of new texts by improvisation [10].

Any scientific study of an evolving process cannot be fully completed. "Scientific knowledge is an endless multi-level, multi-stage process and provide transient intermediate results of the transformation of the unconscious into the conscious, the unknown into the known, the incomprehensible into the understandable, the ignorance into knowledge" [7]. This also can be applied to this research work, which can be considered as a step towards the study of the network folklore. The study does not exhaust the depth of the problem of the typology of network folklore forms. In this regard, it may be necessary to conduct a comprehensive analysis of each of the determined forms of network folklore from the position of structural and semantic approach. Network folklore comprises a huge layer of texts, the analysis and description of which requires a systematic approach, which provides the classification presented in this article.

References

[1]Jennings, Karla. The Devouring Fungus: Tales of the Computer Age / K. Jennings.

–New York: W.W. Norton. – 1990. – 240 p.

[2]Simon J. Bronner. The Meaning of Tradition: An Introduction / Simon J. Bronner // Western Folklore 59. No.2. – 2000. – Pp. 87 – 104.

[3]Trevor J. Blank. Toward a Conceptual Framework for the Study of Folklore and the Internet // Folklore and the Internet: Vernacular Expression in a Digital World / Trevor J. Blank. – 2009. – Pp. 1 – 20.

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Scientific Journal “Modern Linguistic and Methodical-and-Didactic Researches” Issue 3 (26), 2019 ISSN 2587-8093

[4]Alekseevskij M.D. Internet v fol'klore ili fol'klor v Internete? (Sovremennaya fol'kloristika i virtual'naya real'nost') [The Internet in folklore or folklore in Internet? (Modern folklore and virtual reality)] / M.D. Alekseevskij, URL: https://www.academia.edu/221952/Internet_v_fol'klore_ili_fol'klor_v_Internete_sovremennaya _fol'kloristika_i_virtual'naya_real'nost'_Internet_in_Folklore_or_Folklore_in_Internet_modern _folkloristics_and_virtual_reality_ (vremya obrashcheniya – 20.07.2019).

[5]Statista Most popular mobile social networking apps in the United States as of March 2019, Available at: https://www.statista.com/statistics/579334/most-popular-us-social- networking-apps-ranked-by-reach/ (vremya obrashcheniya – 20.07.2019).

[6]Suslova T.I. Internet-fol'klor kak sredstvo kommunikacii zhurnalistika: Materialy k obuchayushchim seminaram [Internet folklore as a means of communication journalism: Materials for training seminars] / Sost. S. Balmaeva. – Ekaterinburg: Izd-vo Gumanitarnogo universiteta, Kabinetnyj uchenyj. – 2011. – 148 s. (in Russian).

[7]Pankeev I.A. Kniga russkogo fol'klora: Aktualizaciya sushchnostnyh priznakov v izdatel'skom proekte [The book of Russian folklore: Actualization of essential features in the publishing project] / I.A. Pankeev // diss…doktor filol. Nauk: 05.25.03, M. – 2006. – 442 s. (in Russian).

[8]Rukomojnikova V. P. Internet kak sreda sushchestvovaniya fol'klora [Internet as a medium of folklore] / V.P. Rukomojnikova, URL: https://wladimire.livejournal.com/343247.html (vremya obrashcheniya – 20.07.2019).

[9]Kolistratova A.V. Ot arhaiki do setevogo fol'klora: nekotorye itogi lingvosemioticheskogo analiza fol'klornyh yavlenij kak znakov kul'tury [From the archaic to the netlore: some results of the linguistic and semiotic analysis of folklore phenomena as signs of culture] / A.V. Kolistratova // Vestnik Irkutskogo gosudarstvennogo lingvisticheskogo universiteta. – 2011. – S. 36 – 41. (in Russian).

[10]Sokolov Yu.M. Russkij fol'klor (ustnoe narodnoe tvorchestvo) [Russian folklore (oral folk art)] / Yu.M. Sokolov // Uchebnik dlya vuzov. Nauchnaya shkola: Moskovskij gosudarstvennyj universitet imeni M.V. Lomonosova, M. – 2017. – 247 s. (in Russian).

[11]Gosudarstvennyj respublikanskij centr russkogo fol'klora [State Republic Center of the Russian folklore] URL: http://www.folkcentr.ru/ (vremya obrashcheniya – 20.07.2019).

[12]Yukhmina E.A. Reklamnye posty v angloyazychnoj seti Instagram: kognitivnopragmaticheskij aspekt [Advertising posts in the English social network Instagram: cognitivepragmatic approach] / E.A. Yukhmina // Vestnik Tadzhikskogo nacional'nogo universiteta. Seriya filologicheskih nauk. Tadzhikistan. – 2019, № 4. – C. 266 – 272. ISSN/ISBN 2413-516X (in Russian).

Analyzed sources

[1*] Sotsialnaia set Instagram, URL: https://www.instagram.com/ (vremya obrashcheniya – 20.07.2019).

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Scientific Journal “Modern Linguistic and Methodical-and-Didactic Researches” Issue 3 (26), 2019 ISSN 2587-8093

UDC 811.11+81.373.2

THE IMPACT OF FRENCH ON THE ENGLISH ONOMASTICON

I.V. Boichuk

____________________________________________________________________________________________

Belgorod National Research University,

PhD in Philology, Associate Professor, Associate Professor

of the Department of Foreign Languages and Cross-Cultural Communication Igor V. Boichuk

e-mail: boichuk_i@bsu.edu.ru

____________________________________________________________________________________________

Statement of the problem. The goal of the article is to study the influence of the French language, which belongs to the group of Romance languages, on the onomasticon of the English language, which belongs to the branch of Germanic languages, taking into account the maximum number of linguistic and sociolinguistic factors as much as possible. The process of this impact is considered both in synchronic and diachronic (from 1066 to the present) aspects. The empirical base of this study was made up of the dictionaries of English surnames and personal names compiled by A.I. Rybakin, as well as English onyms, gleaned from English fiction and media, and the Internet. The main methods used in this article are observation, comparison, qualitative, quantitative and etymological analyses of English onymic material in the synchronic and diachronic aspects. Sociolinguistic analysis was also used.

Results. The main attention was paid to such categories of onyms as surnames, personal names, toponyms and pragmatonyms (pragmonyms). The research material was both sources of statics (dictionaries) and sources of dynamics (various periodicals and fiction, the Internet). The processes of the French language influence on the genetically Germanic English onomasticon were studied, that resulted in the the Romanization of the English onymic space, different in quantitative and qualitative characteristics according to the sections of onyms.

Conclusion. The English onomasticon has been exposed to the intense influence of the French language since the Norman conquest of England in 1066. The diachronic intensity of this effect is variable. The English anthroponymicon and, to a lesser extent, the toponymicon, underwent the most massive impact in the first centuries after the Norman conquest of England. Subsequently, this effect as a whole gradually weakened. English anthroponyms are most affected by French influence, to a lesser extent so are toponyms and pragmatonyms (pragmonyms). In each of these sections of onyms, French influence has its particularities. Other sections of English onyms are only slightly affected by the Frenchification. Both in English anthroponymicon and toponymicon hybrid RomanoGermanic proper names are revealed, as well as English onyms of pseudo-Roman etymology. English anthroponyms and place names of French origin are characterized by the phenomenon of transonymization.

Key words: English surnames, English first names, English toponymy, French influence, Norman conquest of England.

For citation: Boichuk I.V. The impact of French on the English onomasticon // Scientific Journal “Modern Linguistic and Methodical-and-didactic Researches”. – 2019. - № 3 (26). – P. 23-32.

Introduction

The linguistic interaction in the sphere of onomastics is extremely multifaceted and covers, in addition to the linguistic aspects of linguistic contact, the sociolinguistic, linguocultural, and cross-cultural interaction. Obviously, almost the same thing can be said about the interaction in the field of appellative vocabulary [1], but it is unlikely that anyone doubts that these processes are particularly noticeable in the field of onomastic contacts, where they have their own specifics and are very intense. One of the main reasons for the multidimensionality of linguistic contact in the field of onomastics is the much greater cultural burden of onymic vocabulary compared to appellatives. In some cases, issues related to onomastics are closely related to legal and political problems (it suffices to recall the recent debate about Macedonia renaming or the Hebrew names taken by many Olim (repatriates in Israel): Golda Mabovich - Golda Meir, Lev Shkolnik - Levi Eshkol, etc.)

__________________

© Boichuk I.V., 2019

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