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.pdfScientific Journal “Modern Linguistic and Methodical-and-Didactic Researches” Issue 3 (26), 2019 ISSN 2587-8093
The rapid progress of the 21st century comprehensively develops information and communication technologies, which in turn changes the communication and information status of the Russian Federation. Having become a large-scale part of human life of the third Millennium, information and communication technologies (hereinafter ICT) mobilize and "feed" the media, the speed of reaction to the events significantly increases. This process irreversibly creates a stream of new fashionable vocabulary, the spread of which is monitored by media linguistics. All this reinforces the undying interest of science in the media space. Due to the increasing activity of political activity, several Sciences simultaneously studied the language of the media: psycholinguistics, discursive analysis, cognitive linguistics, text science. The power of the ongoing media processes largely depends on the organization of some of their structural features, for example, on the relationship of the center and the periphery, on the totality of economic, political, ideological, social, global factors, national, international, regional and local space [3, p.13-17].
In the General sense of the word media discourse should be understood as oral and written speech enclosed in the media space. In a narrower sense, this concept can be explained in two ways. In the first approach, the media discourse appears as a full-fledged independent unit along with religious, political, medical, architectural and other discourses. Here, the media discourse represents a special type of speech-thinking activity that absorbs the entire spectrum of the information flow of the mass media. In this paper, under the media discourse, we will understand the volume, thematically oriented, adapted to a particular society and a particular culture, speech-thinking activities in certain areas of the mass media.
The concept of media discourse is increasingly painted in tones of Pobeditelei, patiki, podvigina to certain actions, that is, seeks to change the emotional state of the recipient, encouraging him to be inspiring, stimulating, and encouraging to do something. This process contributes to the increasing political, economic, legal, socio-cultural, business, religious and other aspects in modern media space [4, p. 292-296].
Media discourse broadcasts images and actions taking place on the basis of a media platform consisting of the Internet, cinema, Newspapers, magazines, books, television. The information content of the media discourse, whether it is in written or oral form, is not focused on the recipient (viewer, reader, listener), located "here and now", but almost any person who has access to specific information. Nowadays, users of the global network are people of all ages, these networks are distributed throughout the population of our planet. Exceptions are only those cases when access to information is influenced by a certain set of factors (paid restriction to a certain kind of information, the ban of parents on the use of children of specific portals of the network). This discourse is aimed at the attention of "passive" recipients, because the response to the received "knowledge" can either be delayed or not followed at all. Thus, the media discourse represents a public, pre-planned, orally designated or in writing fixed form of interaction [5, p. 40-44].
In analyzing the media discourse and for a better understanding of it, some key points should not be neglected. First, this type of discourse can be explicated in two ways-as an official form of interaction, and conversational, informal. It is important to emphasize that the content side of the media space is not characterized by improvisation and spontaneity, that is, the content of the discourse is well planned, structured, thought out and recorded in advance. Even if we are talking about oral representatives (speech genres) of the media discourse (radio, news on television), the text component is worked out and brought to automatism in the mouth of the speaker, in other words, the text was pre - "rehearsed" to later be played live.
Media discourse is able to act in several roles: formal and informal. This fact is explained by the fact that the official business and spoken language of mass media are distinguished depending on the specifics of the media Department. Are possible substance in journalistic spirit, and sometimes and with the artistic charged. Due to the heterogeneity of a wide range of users, the stylistic spectrum of the media discourse is heterogeneous. For example, a news article in a
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morning newspaper of a political nature will be lined in a journalistic wrapper, a literary corner in another newspaper, but of a different cut, will be made in an artistic style. The conversation at the UN meeting will be televised as part of the official business style.
Let's make a list of the main characteristics of the media discourse.
1.Variability. Modern man lives in a world of minute changes, when the speed of life determines the nature of absolutely all activities. Changes are subject to global trends of newspaper journalism, Russian and world cinema, where the prevailing stylistic fragmentation of publications with a high dose of author's subjectivity, which is full of emotional and evaluative language means. Individual style and an abundance of textual anomalies, a massive strengthening journalistic conflict-induced excessive language, conceptual and value freedom.
2.Freedom of speech. The mores of modern society excessively "softened" publicists, authors and other public representatives, which led to too little censorship or its absolute absence, followed by a gradual degradation of reasonable man. If we compare the text content of Soviet newspaper articles and journalism of our days, we can note the stylistic hunger of the current authors and the lack of newfangled vocabulary of authors of bygone years. The Soviet censorship could not allow a certain list of words to be printed, now the lines are filled with all sorts of vocabulary and few people care about the government's attitude to the trends of current journalism.
Here are some features of speech behavior of media discourse participants:
unprepared public speaking;
decrease in the quality of oral speech of speakers;excessive inclusion of foreign vocabulary in speech;shift of emphasis in favor of" intimacy " of speech;
the change in tone towards the informal nature of the speech;change of pace and distinctness of speech.
There are several types of media discourse based on certain criteria. In communication signs:
publicistic discourse;
advertising discourse;
PR-discourse;
By method of implementation:
radiomissor;
telediscount;
computer discourse [6, p. 5-13].
Media discourse embodies a rich palette of speech genres. Under speech genres (hereinaf-
ter RG) we understand exemplary models-representatives of speech within a particular language sphere, which were created for certain communicative situations in order to translate a certain kind of knowledge. If we talk about written and oral RJ, the oral RJ media discourse presented quizzes, author programs, interviews, music programs, television and radio programs, news reports, etc. The written representatives include articles from Newspapers, magazines, blogs, chronicle note, comment, analytical review. As a multi-layered composite discourse, the media discourse accommodates several smaller discourses on its scale: advertising, radiomissor, telediscount, journalistic discourse, computer discourse [5, p. 24-30].
To computer discourse are the following RG: web texts, computer universes, all kinds of chat rooms, Internet blogs.
Radiodiscourse includes: music broadcasts on the radio, quizzes, interviews, news and humor programs.
The composition of the advertising media discourse includes:
Television discourse containing: entertainment shows, documentary investigations, research programs, reality shows, interviews, quizzes, music shows, author programs.
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Promotional media discourse includes brochures, booklets, press release, brochures, booklets, leaflets [6, p. 3-4].
One of the most significant representatives of the computer media discourse is the Internet blog, acting as a written RG of this type of discourse. A blog is a small, highly specialized global web site whose content is periodically updated through the written participation of users whose records and multimedia files can be easily added to the blog space. Uncomplicated blog management system allows authors to receive feedback from readers through reviews, comments of the latter. Concepts blog is considered as an open, accessible, simple, public, interactive substance. Creating a blog rests on the shoulders of both the authors themselves and active readers / listeners. The author may be one person, and submitted to the group of persons, certain interests [4, p. 293].
It is quite legitimate to talk about the existence of a virtual culture, where people are accustomed to Express their own thoughts with impunity and disembodied, or to Express other people's thoughts, passing them off as their own. Blog is considered a universal form of relationships between people, because it is possible to Express their thoughts while remaining incognito. A characteristic feature of blogs is their openness and accessibility to each member of society, but, on the other hand, the communicative content can be understood only by a certain closed group of people. This is most common in the professionally oriented blogosphere. To further understand the course of our thoughts, let's turn to the concept of the blogosphere. If the blog is a single product of human media activity, the blogosphere combines an ensemble of blogs, combining them into a community often specific narrow focus.
First modeled and created his personal blog Darren rose in 2002. Darren has earned a well-deserved reputation in the field of blogosphere as a science. As mentioned above, the blog consists of a plurality of messages, comments, posts from other text components. At one of his lectures, the expert told about the types of messages that occur in a particular blog. There are about twenty types:
posts-instructions;
informative posts;
reviews;
lists (lists);
interview;
case (discussion of a specific example of a situation);
stories of real people;
message-link;
post about problem;
comparing, comparing, or opting for something;
«global statement»;
hypotheses;
researches;
free communication;
predictions and summarizing the posts;
critical messages;
disputes;
hypotheses;
mockeries;
encouraging to a certain action posts [7, p. 18-23].
It is possible to classify blogs by several criteria (by conducting on a thematic orientation,
by presence/type of multimedia materials, by features of content, on a technical basis) The blogging distinguish:
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1.A personal (private) blog - is maintained by one person (usually its owner)
2.Pseudonymous or "Ghost" blog-is conducted on behalf of any fictional person or under a pseudonym.
3.Blog-fake is opened and maintained on behalf of a famous hero or any person: popular artist or actor, military, politician or ruler, etc.
4.Collective or social blog-is conducted by a group of people according to the rules determined by the owner and moderators.
5.Corporate blog-conducted by employees of the same organization.
6.Advertising blog or PR blog – a planned event from any company, individual or group of interested parties on veiled advertising of a product and services through social networks of the Internet, which is akin to the creation of a purposeful false "official website"or" official Internet page".
According to the thematic focus, the following topics for blogging are singled out:
1.Education-blogs dedicated to the topic of education. Often these are blogs of certain educational institutions, in which participants discuss the learning process, the problems of education.
2.Politics-blogs dedicated to politics. Usually political blogs are led by political leaders, representatives of political parties and political associations, political scientists. blog.kremlin.ru
video blog of Russian President Vladimir Putin.
3.Life-blogs, which usually affect the problems of relationships between people, psychology, housekeeping, all that is connected with the concepts of "life", "personal life".
4.Travel blogs, in which the authors share their impressions of the trip, give advice on how to behave in a particular country, talk about the traditions and customs of other Nations.
5.Fashion-blogs that discuss new items in the fashion world, trends, fashion shows. Here you can read the opinions of professionals, advice of stylists and people who are not indifferent to fashion.
6.Music-blogs, in which authors express their musical preferences, discuss novelties in the world of music. Music blogs can be dedicated to a particular musical direction, and can cover various musical genres and styles.
7.Information analytical-blogs containing relevant materials and analyzing these materi-
als.
By the presence / type of multimedia, there are the following types of blogs:
1.Text blog-the main content consists of texts.
2.Photoblog – the core content comprises images.
3.Artblog - the main content is the drawings of the author of the blog.
4.Music blog-the main content is music.
5.Podcast and blogcasting-the main content of the blog is dictated and laid out in the form of MP3-files.
6.Video blog-the main content is presented in the form of video files.
7.Sport-the main content is presented in the form of sports events
According to the features of the content can be identified:
1.Content blog – a blog that publishes primary author content.
2.Monitoring (reference) blog-blog, the main content of which are commented links to other sites.
3.Quote blog-blog, the main content of which are quotes from other blogs.
4.Tumblelog, Tumblog, TLOG is almost the same as the normal blog, with one difference: a blog post can only be in a specific format. For example, quote, video, link, song, conversation, etc.). Tumblelog – rather than system-type diary, a draft or a notebook.
5.Splog-spam blog (website-blog created to promote other sites).
On the technical basis distinguish:
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1.Stand alone blog-blog on a separate hosting and engine.
2.Blog on blog platform-a blog maintained on the capacities of blog service (LiveJournal, LiveInternet, Blogger, etc.).
3.Moblog is a mobile weblog that contains content posted on the web from mobile or portable devices [8].
Let's analyze one of the English-language blogs ("Skin Tour") with the tag"Anti-aging".
For blogging, this blog appears to be an advertising blog, as the content contains texts promoting certain cosmetic products.
This lightweight, pore-minimizing moisturizer is for normal or combination skin. A nice, light basic moisturizer. Contains marine and plant extracts in small amounts. This is perfect if you are about 30 with normal or combination skin or older but not too dry [1*] – This lightweight, tightens pores moisturizer designed for normal or combination skin. A good, light base moisturizer. Contains marine and plant extracts in small amounts. Ideal for women under 30 with normal or combination skin or older women who do not have too dry skin.
According to the thematic focus of this blog will refer to the field of "Health".
Factors that cause the red dots under eyes (petechaie): crying hard, vomiting, or holding breath with a lot of force (valsalva), being upside down for any reason like a headstand, handstand, hanging upside down in the gym, etc... [1*] – What can cause red dots before the eyes (small hemorrhage): strong crying, vomiting, strong breath retention (Valsalva), being for any reason head down, for example, stand on the head, on the hands, hanging on the bar in the gym upside down, etc.
By the presence of multimedia, we are dealing with a text photoblog, where information is presented both in frames and in text form.
According to the peculiarities of the content this blog is suitable for the primary author's blog, because informative articles are written by one person, namely Dr. B. Irwin.
Hi, I'm Dr. Irwin, and I believe that consumers need and deserve a medically trained and unbiased skincare advocate. All our content is written and researched by myself and my trained staff. My medical office in Seattle has experience treating thousands of patients...
[Ibid.] - hi, I'm Dr. Irwin and I believe consumers deserve and need an unbiased skincare advocate with a medical background…
According to the technical basis of the analyzed blog belongs to the type "Stand alone", that is, the main content of the blog is carried out by one person – the owner of the blog. Other interested readers can only ask questions under the heading "Questions"("Questions"). Question from reader:
Hello, my chest area has several issues: hyper pigmentation marks from acne scarring when I was younger, untreated melasma and wrinkling from sleeping on my side [Ibid]. - Hello, I have a few problems in the chest area: hyperpigmentation at the site of acne scars, which I struggled with in my youth, trying to eliminate it, untreated melasma and wrinkles from sleeping on the side…
Reply from Dr. Irwin:
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The chest area is different. It's skin is thinner than the face, old sunburns affect it more, and scarring and pigment problems are harder to correct. Still …it’s easy to improve this area… [Ibid] – Область грудной клетки особенная. Her skin is thinner than her face, old sunburn affects the chest area more, and the problem with scars and pigments is harder to solve. Тем не менее… Это легко исправить…
The skin Tour blog contains the following types of posts:post-instruction:
Before your treatments or visit talk to the clinic you're working with. Ideally they have a set of written or verbal instructions. - Before you undergo the procedure, consult with the clinic for which you are assigned. Ideally the clinic has written instructions or you should be consulted…
After your treatment take an ice bag provided by the clinic with you, and ice a bit longer than you need to. Ice for 5 minutes several times the first day at home. Never put an ice bag directly on the skin. Always cover it with something. Take Tylenol for the first 24-72 hours, as long as your doctor says okay. Women shouldn't exceed 6 a day and men 8 a day. See the instructions ... [Ibid] - after the procedure, take the proposed clinic bag of ice, and a little more than required. On the first day at home, ice should be applied several times. Never place an ice pack on bare skin. Always wrap the pouch in something. Take tylenol for 1 3 days, until your doctor say that everything is in order). Women should not exceed the dose more than 6 times a day, the maximum dosage for men-8 times. Read the indications for use…;
post about problem;
What is a problem for many is the fillers. There are many “injectors” or “expert injectors” in our communities and on Instagram. Most of these injectors have gone to several weekend courses, maybe worked for a plastic surgeon who isn't trained him/herself in this area, and truly have little to no training or experience. They are well intentioned, but not trained. Look for people doing this work for at least 10 years, and look at them, their staff and their patients. Do you like what you see? If not, run! [Ibid] – "what is a problem for many people is fillers. In our "live" environment and social networks divorced a lot of" injectors "and"expert injectors." Most of them have taken a few weekend courses or worked for a plastic surgeon who has not trained them in the field, and, in truth, have little or no experience. These people have good intentions, but they're not trained. Look for people who have been working in this field for at least 10 years, look at their employees and patients. Do you like what you see? If not, run!»;
stories of real people;
Good morning Doctor. I was born in 1979 and i started developing dermatillomania since 1996, it has not totally stop yet but i am so much better and most of the time i keep thing under control. The year that i stopped with it was recently in 2014. [Ibid] – Good morning, Doctor. I was born in 1979, since 1996 I have appeared and began to progress dermatillomania. I haven't finished it yet, but I'm much better, and most of the time I keep it under control. And recently, in 2014, I finally ended it.
Based on the analysis of the blog "SkinTour" it was found that this blog contains three types of messages (posts-instructions, posts about the problem, stories of real people). With the
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help of the proposed scheme, "SkinTour" was typologized as a text advertising photoblog belonging to the field of health. The technical basis of the blog refers it to the Stand alone type (only one person is engaged in updating the blog). Thus the system of the Internet blog "SkinTour"is arranged.
Conclusion
Thus, the question of whether the appearance of decorology still remains open. The introduction of the concept of "discourse" into the world linguistic community has radically influenced the further development of not only domestic but also world linguistics. Thanks to scientific and technological progress, all spheres of human activity have been digitized. Media is the main source of information. Media discourse includes all the main characteristics of the mass media sphere and has a wide range of speech genres. Computer media discourse is an inexhaustible object for linguistic research due to the growing popularization of mass media. A large field for analysis is the blog structure, as the number of blogs is growing along with their varieties. Analysis of the blog "SkinTour" showed how versatile can be its internal content.
References
[1]Klushina N.I. Diskurs-analiz i stilistika: integrativnye metody issledovaniya mediakommunikacii [Discourse analysis and stylistics: integrative research methods in media communication] // Vestnik Rossijskogo universiteta druzhby narodov. №4, 2016. S. 78-90.
[2]Orlova O.V. Problema sootnosheniya ponyatij stilya i diskursa v lingvistike nachala HKHI v. v kontekste idej M.N. Kozhinoj [The correlation problem between the concepts of style and discourse in linguistics of the early XXI century in the context of M. N. Kozhina's ideas] // Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. №4 (24), 2018. S. 19-25.
[3]Kozhemyakin E.A. Massovaya kommunikaciya i mediadiskurs: k metodologii issledovaniya [Mass communication and media discourse: on the methodology of the study] // Nauchnye vedomosti Belgorodskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. №11, 2010. – S.13-21.
[4]ZHeltuhina M.R. Mediadiskurs [Mediadiscourse] // Diskurs-PI. №1 (30), 2016. S. 292-
296.
[5]Dobrosklonskaya T. Medialingvistika: sistemnyj podhod k izucheniyu yazyka SMI [Media linguistics: a systematic approach to the study of mass-media language] / T. Dobrovol'skaya. M.: Flinta, 2008. 203 s.
[6]Temnikova L.B. K voprosu o tipologii mediadiskursa [On the question of mediadiscourse typology] // Nauchnyj zhurnal KubGAU. №119 (05), 2016. S. 1-13.
[7]Rouz D. 17 sovetov professional'nogo bloggera [17 tips from a professional blogger] / D. Rouz. Per. E. Popova. Mel'burn: 2009. 49 s.
[8]Blog. Material iz Vikipedii — svobodnoj enciklopedii: elektronnaya enciklopediya [The material from Wikipedia tha is a free encyclopedia: encyclopedia of electronic]. URL: http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/ (vremya obrashcheniya - 13.08.2019).
Analyzed sources
[1*] SkinTour. Elektronnyj resurs [Electronic source]. URL: https://www.skintour.com/to pic/all/ (vremya obrashcheniya - 17.08.2019).
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UDC 82/821-93
STYLISTIC AND FUNCTIONAL FEATURES
OF CHARACTONYMS AND CHARACTERIZING NICKNAMES IN MODERN
CHILDREN'S ENGLISH HUMOROUS LITERATURE
(BASED ON THE STORY CYCLE "HORRID HENRY" BY F. SIMON)
S.Yu. Kapkova
____________________________________________________________________________________________
Voronezh State Pedagogical University,
Candidate of Philology, Associate Professor of the Chair of English Language Svetlana Yu. Kapkova
e-mail: kapk@list.ru
____________________________________________________________________________________________
Statement of the problem. The objectives of the study include the analysis of the meanings of the terms of characterizing nicknames and charactonyms as at the present stage of research in the field of onomastics there is a significant number of new terms that clarify the meaning of a proper name. Moreover, the task is to clarify the concept of characterizing nicknames and charactonyms because of their differences in home and foreign linguistics. The third task is the lexical and semantic analysis of characterizing nicknames in modern children's English humorous literature due to the fact that young readers sometimes find it difficult to understand whether a particular character is positive or negative one and the use of characterizing nicknames and charactonyms in the text helps to get the necessary information.
Results. The article gives an overview of the dictionary definitions of charactonyms and nicknames available in Russian and English dictionaries in order to clarify the meanings that have a different interpretation in foreign and Russian onomastics. More than that, the characteristic components of characterizing nicknames and meaningful content of the charactonyms of the onomastic space are decoded in the children's humorous stories of the English writer F. Simon and the use of charactonyms and characterizing nicknames from the standpoint of author's individual style and their functioning in children's humorous stories by F. Simon is analyzed.
Conclusion. The study clarified the concept of a charactonym and identified five functional and stylistic features of charactonyms and characterizing nicknames in the analyzed English humorous texts for children. Characterizing, aesthetic, developing, educational and stylistic functions were defined.
Key words: modern children's English literature, onomastics, characterizing nicknames, charactonyms, comic, humor.
For citation: Kapkova S.Yu. Stylistic and functional features of charactonyms and characterizing nicknames in modern children's English humorous literature (based on the story cycle "Horrid Henry" by F. Simon) / S.Yu. Kapkova // Scientific Journal “Modern Linguistic and Methodical-and-didactic Researches”. – 2019. - № 3 (26). – P. 101-108.
Introduction
The onomastic space of any work is of great interest for diverse research, as proper names perform many functions defined by the author for a specific purpose. Onomastics is actively studied in the connection with the orientation of linguistics and literary criticism on the anthropological paradigm, so onomastics has a corresponding section – anthroponymy, which deals with the study of people's names, the origin of these names and their components and their functioning.
Anthroponyms can contain not only personal information about a character but they also determine the content of a literary work as a whole. Moreover, according to V. A. Razhina, "onyms convey different types of emotional and intellectual assessments" [1, p. 12]. During the research we relied on the works in the field of onomastics of such Russian and foreign researchers as A. K. Matveev, V. A. Razhina, M. Yu. Streltsov, A.V. Kalashnikov, S. Yu. Kapkovа, L. Wilard, I. Balteiro, O. Feleсan and E. Boër.
____________________
© Kapkova S.Yu., 2019
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The purpose of this study is to clarify the meaning of characterizing nicknames and charactonyms and identify functional and stylistic features of this linguistic phenomenon.
Research methodology
The object is characterizing nicknames and charactonyms. The subject of our research is the decoding of characterizing nicknames and charactonyms.
The material of the study was dictionary definitions of the concepts of characterizing nicknames and charactonyms from Russian and English dictionaries and an illustrative block consisting of 29 samples of characterizing nicknames and charactonyms of the characters in humorous children's works by F. Simon.
To achieve this goal we used the method of directed sampling, elements of lexical and semantic analysis, the method of observation, interpretation, the method of quantitative calculations.
Research results
Recently in Russian linguistics there have been many terms associated with proper names in various fields of science and, as it seems to us, at the moment there is a need to clarify the term "a characterizing nickname" since the boundaries between the characterizing nicknames and charactonyms are blurred and sometimes identical. In this situation we agree with the opinion of A. K. Matveev on "differences between Russian and foreign onomastic terms" [2, p. 6]. In an English-speaking practice the term charactonym is usually used which is practically out of demand in Russian linguistics. The term can be found in the works by L. Wilard [3], I. Balteiro [4] and many other authors, as for Russian researchers it is used in the studies by A.V. Kalashnikov [5, p. 15]. The term consists of two derived bases charact(er) (Eng. character) and onym (Greek. name.) Charactonym denotes the name given to a literary hero that describes his quality or character trait, thus, this definition is fully consistent with the interpretation of the term speaking name. (Charactonym is a name given to a literary character that is descriptive of a quality or trait of the character) [1**].
In addition to this term, foreign linguistics uses the corresponding concepts of attributive name [6] and characterizing name [7, p. 180] to decipher the concept of a speaking name. It is worth noting that in the annotations of scientific articles in English of domestic researchers there is an incorrect literal translation of "speaking" names or "talking" names for the term characterizing names.
N. V. Podolskaya under a charactonym understands "semantically transparent name which is created by the author for the characteristic of object of nomination which emphasizes, exaggerates its qualities, its purpose" [2**, p. 12].
The dictionary-guide edited by A. P. Skovorodnikov gives the following definition: "a charactonym - an artistic technique in which the name and / or surname directly and unambiguously characterize a person (usually an artistic character) or indicate his moral and ethical qualities. Such names have two main functions: the identification of an object and the description of its properties" [3**]
In ‘The school dictionary of literary terms and concepts’ a charactonym is positioned as "an artistic device consisting in the characterization of the character by means of giving him a name or surname, the meaning of which indicates certain qualities of the character" [4**].
Generalizing those meanings of the term we can argue that the charactonym is a creative author's technique for the purpose of endowing his character with a certain trait of character or behavior through a special name and / or surname. Such definition means that any charactonym in the work of any author can be a code given by the author and the reader will have the task to guess the character of the hero or, conversely, the charactonym helps to understand the actions of the hero or the plot of the work itself.
Charactonyms in a work of fiction may be precedent or allusive, that is, they already contain a borrowed image from mythology, history or literature. Or, conversely, charactonyms may not be such, the writer comes up with an image of his character and himself gives him the ap-
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propriate charactonym or characterizing surname. A charactonym can act as a personal name and surname.
The category of charactonyms includes characterizing nicknames - nicknames, monikers, nicks, etc. In this case terminological inconsistency starts as in some cases the problems of the differences of different types of nicknames appear. In the dictionary by S. I. Ozhegov, N. Yu. Shvedova and T. F. Efremova a nickname in its entries in the first value means the name of a pet, the second value is used as a derisive nickname, therefore and has a negative connotation: "An offensive name. To give a nickname to someone" [5**, 6**].
According to T. F. Efremova, the author of the explanatory and educational dictionary, a characterizing nickname is "a name given to a person in addition to his name (usually indicating some noticeable feature of his character, appearance, activity)" [6** ]
In the encyclopedic dictionary of Brockgaus and Efron, the characterizing nickname is also mentioned as an additional and individual characteristic to the personal name or surname, i.e. also having a secondary nomination: "Nicknames are in great use in peasant life,..., where with a family nickname there is almost always one and sometimes even two street nicknames. They arise due to the desire for a clear distinction of persons by their characteristic features...
"[7**]
We share the point of view of M. Yu. Streltsova, who distinguishes the concepts of nickname and characterizing nickname, since the latter is broader in principle and nature of the nomination [8, p. 83].
We have already mentioned that "in English linguistics there is no precise definition of the meaning of a nickname and in English linguistics it is interpreted in different ways and within very uncertain boundaries" [3, p. 178]. English online dictionaries give the following definitions:
Nickname - 1 : a usually descriptive name given instead of or in addition to the one belonging to a person, place, or thing. 2 : a familiar form of a proper name (as of a person or a city) [8**].
Nickname - an informal name for someone or something, especially a name that you are called by your friends or family, usually based on your real name or your character [9**].
In scientific literature notions nick or nickname can be meet which in the diversion but they belong to jargon but quickly devolve in the discharge of slang and they are used to mark the net behalf of the users social networks in the Internet. Nicks, or nicknames, are derived pseudonyms of the names of objects or names of animals, the names of favorite characters, abbreviations or combinations of parts of their own personal names and surnames. To refer to all possible types of personal identifiers of network users in the virtual discourse, the corresponding term – nickonym [5**] is used. As you can see from the analysis of the available terms that determine the meaning of the nickname available in Russian linguistics, there is no term characterizing nickname in English linguistics.
In modern children's literature the role of anthroponyms is poorly covered but, nevertheless, relevant. To create an image of the character writers often resort to the use of a charactonym or a characterizing nickname. This common method is used in children's literature, too. Both kinds of names are used in the stories for children by F. Simon. Charactonyms, especially the precedent ones, require some definite necessary linguistic and cultural baggage for decoding in the text so there are few such names in the analyzed stories. But according to the author's plan in the stories about Horrid Henry, all children's characters have characterizing nicknames which the main character gave them according to his "attitude to his classmates" [9, p. 180], adult characters also have charactonyms given initially: school teachers and staff - Mrs Oddbod, Ms Battle-Axe, Ms Honey, Miss Tutu and Nurse Niddle and Dr Dettol, relatives - Aunt Ruby [here and further 1*].
The main character is a Horrid Henry, a tomboy about 7-8 years old, he does not like to go to school and is sure that his parents love his younger brother more than him, so he can not
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