Учебное пособие 1802

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Z. Ye. Fomina: Inroductory Remarks of Editor-in chief of the Scientific Newsletter «Modern Linguistic and Methodical-and-didactic Researches»

Issue 3 (14) of the linguistic Series of the Scientific Newsletter

“Modern Linguistic and Methodical-and-Didactic Researches” contains the following sections: "Linguistics", "Methods and Didactics of Teaching Foreign Languages", "Intercultural Communication", "Theory and Practice of Translation". This series presents 11 papers.

THE LINGUISTIC SECTION reflects theoretically and practically significant results of scientific researches on the problems of emotive linguistics, discourse theory, cognitive linguistics, epistemology (in the paradigm of linguistic and legal studies) and others.

The linguistic section presents the articles of the following authors: by Z.Ye. Fomina, Doctor of Philology, Professor, by L.G. Vikulova, Doctor of Philology, Professor and N.L. Shevchenko, a post grad-

uate student, by O.V. Zhuikova, a post graduate student and by K.Kh. Rekosh, PhD of Philology, Associate Professor.

The article by Professor Zinaida Ye. Fomina (Voronezh State Technical University) is devoted to analysis of emotional picture of the world of Franz Bopp within the scope of his epistolary. The author comes to conclusion that epistolary discourse of F. Bopp is characterized by the high index of emotional-and-expressive content, by many types of elatives, hyperlatives and superlatives. For the correspondence of F. Bopp circular style of writing, peloponesos (friendly tone or writing), homily (religious character of speech-sermon) and parousia (the illusion of real author presence) and others are relevant. The analysis results of the correspondents of F. Bopp denies the thesis about the rational character of national German picture of the world and proves vivid dominancy of its sensualistic (emotional) origin

The joint article by Professor Larissa G. Vikulova (Moscow City Pedagogical University) and her post graduate student Nadezhda L. Shevchenko (Moscow City Pedagogical University) focuses on the problem of the musical reputation of French composer of the XVII century defined by the historical period and music critics. The focus is put on the analysis of the valuable lexical means used by music critics of the contemporary BBC Music Magazine for the purpose of influencing the post-non-classical period readers.

In her article post graduate student Oksana V. Zhuikova (Voronezh State Technical University) presents the results of studying the cognitive structures of metaphorical models of the phys- iological-type language as one of the relevant models for W. von Humboldt`s philosophical discourse. In the course of the analysis the author notes a high degree of Humboldt`s metaphorical language picture of the world as a whole, and reveals high degree of metaphorization of 10 varieties of metaphorical images of language: existentional ones (language – an organ of being); synergetical ones (language - a system); ectropical images (language - an ordered essence); intellectual ones (language – a bearer of meaning); epistemological models (language - education), and others.

The subject of the study by the Associate Professor Karina Kh. Rekosh (Moscow State Institute of International Relations (U) of the Russian Ministry of International Affairs (Moscow) is to consider the epistemological approach in linguistic and legal studies. The article reflects a general approach to law based on common principles, postulates, problems and aims of epistemology and its application to the sciences of language and law. According to the author, linguistic epistemology has not yet been singled out into a separate science. However, as the author emphasizes, linguists actively include epistemological problems into the range of their researches. As follows from the observations of K. Kh. Rekosh, legal epistemology is an attempt to collect the epistemological problems in one study.

The results of topical methodical-and-didactic researches are presented in the section METHODS AND DIDACTICS. This section includes 2 papers: by German colleague Bettina

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Lindorfer, Doctor of Philology, Professor of the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences, Head of the Department of Wilhelm von Humboldt`s Manuscripts Publications and by N.V. Bubnova, PhD of Philology, Associate Professor.

Professor Bettina Lindorfer (Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences, Berlin Germany), devotes her article to the problem of the language policy in France, where the concern about the state of the language is reflected not only in the laws of various commissions on terminology and in organizing competitions in orthography but also in novels, on whose basis screenplays are written and films are shot. According to the author, the language policy, which is so persistently tries to hold its ground in the linguistic norms, keeping the distance from the other language versions, contributes at the same time its mite to the irreversible process of the integrity loss of the language, on the basis of which it becomes possible to shoot films. On screen the similar phenomenon is presented in completely different scenes. On the one hand, it is presented in commercial films as an insignificant difference between the standard language of the older generation and the youth language, and on the other hand, - discerning, for the most part, low-budget films support promising young people, criticizing pompous and prim language of the older generation.

The focus of the article by Nina V. Bubnova, PhD of Philology, Associate Professor (Military Academy of the Army Anti-Air Defense of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation named after A.M. Vasilevsky, Marshal of the Soviet Union (Smolensk) is to study the peculiarities of the associative-and-cultural background of the toponym Smolensk region in its perception by the students of different higher educational institutions in St. Petersburg. The author uses an associative experiment as the main method of the research. As N.V. Bubnova emphasizes, the results of the experiment show that a significant part of the Smolensk regional (including onomastics) background knowledge belongs to the national level. According to N.V. Bubnova, the approach proposed can be used by researchers in other regions for the purpose of the subsequent objective description of the national cultural space.

The section "INTERNATIONAL COMMUNICATION" presents three papers: by L.A. Borbotko, PhD of Philology, in collaboration with O.I. Korolenko, by A.V. Radyuk, a post graduate student and by a post graduate student, by post graduate student N.B. Kasyanova, in collaboration with N.L Shevchenko, a post graduate student.

The article by Ludmila A. Borbotko (Moscow City Pedagogical University (Moscow), and Olga I. Korolenko (Moscow City Pedagogical University) is devoted to the study of the communicative norm of academic discourse of the XVII-XVIII centuries in the framework of such public institution as the French Academy. The authors reveal such characteristics of academic discourse as institutionality and speech rituals, consider genres of ceremonial speeches. The article proves that paratopy factor plays an important role in scientific communication

The article by Alexandra V. Radyuk (Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RPFU)) is focused on consideration of discursive strategies of goal setting and solution search as means of increasing the pragmatic impact of English business discourse. In the author`s opinion, the most frequent discursive strategies of goal setting are: request, demand, order, offer, assertion. As A.V. Radyuk points out, the dynamics of pragmatic and semantic relations of discourse is developing with their help.

The article by Natalia B. Kasyanova (Moscow City Pedagogical University) and Nadezhda L. Shevchenko (Irkutsk State University) analyzes O. Messiaen`s musical discourse associated with his philosophical worldview. The authors demonstrate the connection between French composer`s discourse and the processes taking place in contemporary society, the necessity for O. Messiaen`s using a metatext for commenting innovative approach to music. N.B. Kasyanova and N.L. Shevchenko single out the genres of the academic musical discourse, analyze the usage of these genres by O. Messiaen, as well as reveal extra-musical metatext linguistic means used by the author in the preface and the comments to the piano cycle "Vingt regards sur l'enfant-Jésus".

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The section "THEORY AND PRACTICE IN TRANSLATION" contains the paper by M.B. Chikov, PhD of Philology, Associate Professor, in collaboration with Y.A. Khramova, a post graduate student, and E.A. Fileeva, a student and by I.R. Ziyazova, Senior Lecturer.

The problems analyzed in the article by Maxim B. Chikov and his co-authors (Nizhny Novgorod State Linguistic University named after N. Dobrolyubov), concern, on the one hand, the role of transformations in translation, and on the other hand, - draw special attention to their role in the training of translators and interpreters. The authors proceed from the fact that most of the transformations are lexical-and-grammatical, but purely grammatical transformations are very rare. According to the authors, the reasons for most transformations lie in the language. The paper highlights the transformational translation method and the interlineary one. Attention is paid to the description of frequent translation difficulties and translation solutions in a particular language pair.

The research field of Irina R. Ziyazova (Nizhnevartovsk State University) is the study of interconnection of the subtitles with other significant components of a filmic text. It is stated that the fixation of subtitles in semiotic composition is ensured by the inter-semiotic cohesion. The author considers the non-verbal means of cohesion, among which she reveals font and color choices of subtitles, the use of graphic signs/sub-signs, as well as punctuation marks. I.R. Ziyazova comes to the conclusion that non-verbal signs may point to acoustic vs. visual elements within a filmic shot, and thus, perform a text-forming role.

The section "SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION" presents the information by ZinaidaYe. Fomina, Doctor of Philology, Professor (Voronezh State Technical University, the Chair of Foreign Languages) on the 14-th Interuniversity seminar "Linguistic Study: Methods of Analysis, Technology Education" (June 15-16, MSUIR of the MFA of the Russian Federation).

This issue includes scientific works of both native scientists working in different universities of our country, particularly, in Moscow: Moscow State University of International Relations of the MFA of the Russian Federation (MSUIR), Moscow City Pedagogical University (MCPU), Russian Peoples' Friendship University (RPFU), Irkutsk (Irkutsk State University), Smolensk (Military Academy of the Army Anti-Air Defence of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation named after A. Vasilevsky, Marshal of the Soviet Union), Nizhnevartovsk (Nizhnevartovsk State University), in Nizhny Novgorod (Nizhny Novgorod State Linguistic University named after N. Dobrolyubov), Voronezh (Voronezh State Technical University), and foreign researchers (Germany, Berlin, Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences).

The research results presented in the articles of this issue of the Newsletter have been performed in English, German, Russian, French and other languages. Scientific problems of the respected authors demonstrate current trends of the modern linguistic science, methods and didactics of teaching foreign languages, intercultural communication, theory and practice of translation.

We believe that this (fourteenth) Series will be interesting and useful for a wide range of philologists, teachers of foreign languages, specialists in study culture, literary critics, philosophers and post graduate students, as well as for all our respected native and foreign readers.

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LINGUISTICS

UDC 130.1

Voronezh State Technical University

Doctor of Philology,

Professor, Head of the Foreign

Languages Department

Zinaida Yevgenjevna Fomina

e-mail: FominaSinaida@gmail.com

Z.Ye. Fomina

EMOTIONS IN EPISTOLARY DISCOURSE OF FRANZ BOPP

The article deals with the study of the emotional world picture of Franz Bopp explicated by lexical and grammatical means. The focus is made on the research of the specific nature of the epistolary discourse of Franz Bopp. Peculiarities of its construction and content are distinguished dominant constituents of emotions conceptosphere of the Sanscrit creator, means of their linguistic categorization are considered. Evaluations typology is revealed. Different types of comparative constructions as verbal-and- grammatical signs of emotions are analyzed. It was found that epistolary discourse of Franz Bopp is characterized by a high index of emotional-and-expressive content, by elatives, hyperlatives and superlatives. A circular style of writing, philophronesis, homilia and parusiya are relevant for the correspondence of Franz Bopp. The study of the epistolary discourse of Franz Bopp refutes the thesis of the rational character of the German national world picture. The example of the individual-and-author`s conceptosphere of Bopp shows a clear dominance of sensual (emotional) origin.

Key words: Franz Bopp, epistopary discourse, emotions, estimates, comparativeness, superlatives, hyperlatives, philophronesis, homilia, parusiya.

The personality of Franz Bopp is so many-sided and great that any aspect of his study is important for the objective estimate of his scientific heritage. The width of his outlook, the scale of knowledge diversity of his scientific interests are emphasized in the following quotation of

Alexander von Humboldt, who in one of his letters, addressing “the master of language” (Sprachmeister), asked Bopp to explain him an interesting fact and writes: “You should know this from Bopp, who knows everything” [1*].

Franz Bopp is not only an outstanding scientist, the founder of comparative-and –historical linguistics, Sanskrit Philology, but also a versatile interesting personality from the point of view of studying his linguistic world picture.

An interesting fact is that 2016 is a jubilee Year, as it is this Year that marks the 200-th anniversary of publicating Franz Bopp`s fundamental work «Über das Konjugationsystem der Sanskritsprache in Vergleichung mit jenem der griechisch-lateinischen, persischen und germanischen Sprache» (Frankfurt am Main, 1816) (“On the System of Conjugation of the Sanskrit Language in Comparison with the Systems of the Greek, Latin, Persian and German Languages”), that initiated the comparative-and-historical linguistics.

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© Fomina Z.Ye., 2016

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Following Lo.L. Weisgerbreg, V.V. Vinogradov, G.I. Bogin and Yu.N. Karaulov, the linguistic personality can be understood as any carrier of one or another language, characterized by analyzing the texts, produced by him, in terms of using in these texts the system means of the language to reflect his vision of the surrounding reality and to achieve certain aims in this world

[1].

As a linguistic personality, he brightly and capaciously manifests himself not only in his significant scientific works but also in his extensive correspondence with his adherents (K.I. Vindishman, W. von Humboldt, A. von Humboldt, Ya. Grimm, K. Lassen, E. Bjurnuff, A. Shtentsler, G. Freitag, Yo. L. Kozergarten, A.-L. Shezi, A. Pott, K. Bekker, M.I. Brosse et al) and his apprentices (F. Rosen, Fr. Rjukkert, L. Difenbach and many others) that is in the epistolary discourse.

The material for the research was Franz Bopp`s correspondence, presented in the look by

S. Lofman “Fanz Bopp, sein Leben und seine Wissenschaft” (“Franz Bopp, his Life and his Sience”), published in 1891 [1*].

The focus of our attention is, first of all, a verbal-and-semantic level, that is the Frank Bopp`s vocabulary, including certain priorities using one or other types of grammatical phenomena as well.

The linguistic world picture of Franz Bopp is formed on the basis of a vast and heterogeneous spectrum of axiologically oriented verbal descriptors of different types, used by him for the determination of material and ideal essences, phenomena, notions, including the explications of emotional appeals.

In the correspondence of Franz Bopp a considerable place belongs to letters addressed Karl Vindishman, his teacher and mentor. As A.V. Desnitskaya notes, Bopp, being still twenty Years old, devotes himself to the study of the ancient Indian language [2]. Vindishman “encourages Bopp, in every way possible, in his studies of the Sanskrit Language, considering them, as a necessary step for achieving the ultimate goal - the study of Ancient Indian mythology and philosophy” [2]. The teacher and the apprentice were close friends. Their correspondence brightly shows the period of Bopp`s formation as a scientists. Interests of the teacher and student are diverging more and more. In contrast to Vindishman`s, Franz Bopp was interested not in the Old Indian mystical studies, but in the language itself. In his last letter to Vindishman Bopp writes:

For me, in everything that concerns India, the most important is the language and I act, as a writer, with sincere pleasure only for the dismemberment (Zergliederung) of its organism for investigation of its connection with related dialects and its importance in the common world of languages (Sprachwelt) [2].

The study of Franz Bopp`s authentic correspondence with his teachers, friends, adherents gives us an idea not only of his scientific school formation, of working out the methodology of researching languages, of the need of expanding the range for including new languages into the research, etc., but also of revealing Franz Bopp as a linguistic personality.

Thus, on the basis of Franz Bopp`s extensive correspondence, we mat assert that in his epistolary discourse the object of the qualificative (estimating) determination is, primarily, the collection of the most ancient Indian philosophy, including Indian poetry. Cf:

In diesen Indischen Poesien sind doch warlich für meine Seele wenigstens die innigsten menschlichsten Anklänge derjenigen Empfindungen, welche am tiefsten mit uns verwachsen sind [1*]. (In this Indian poetry, in fact, there appear atleast internal human echoes of those feelings for my soul that have been profoundly fused with us) (translated by M.G Kochneva).

As follows from his letters, the research field oft he scientist involves „Vedas“, „Mahabharata“, „Bhagawatgita“, „Ramayana“, „Puranas“ and many others. He expressed his own enthusiastic evaluational opinion on each oft he above works. Compare:

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a) „Vedas“:

…die andere Hälfte der Veda’s umfaßt die höchste Philosophie… [1*]. (the other half of

Vedas covers the highest philosophy …) (translated by M.G Kochneva).

b) „Mahabharata“, „Bhagawatgita“:

Ich habe diesen Winter den Bhagawatgita, ein Werkchen voll tiefen philosophischen Inhalts, von Wilkins ins Englische übersetzt studiert [1*]. (This winter I studied Bhagawatgita, the work, full of philosophical content, in the translation from English by Vilkins)

(translated by M.G Kochneva).

c) „Ramayana“:

Nun studiere ich den herrlichen und sehr interessanten Ramayana [1*] (and now I am learning an excellent and very interesting Ramayana) (translated by M.G Kochneva).

d) „Puranas“

Es ist doch einer der vorzüglichsten Purana's, und um das was er von der ältesten Geschichte Indiens enthält, merkwürdig ) [1*]. (However, this is one oft he most excellent Puranas, but, at the same time, the fact it contains about the history of India, seems unusual) (translated by M.G Kochneva).

Franz Bopp, admiring the ancient Indian poetry and philosophy, learned Sanskrit on his own to fully know the depth of the most ancient philosophical texts of the world civilization. Bopp masters Sanskrit absolutely independently, starting his studies with the tests, translated into English and using grammars by Vilkins and Colbrook [2]. He was convicted that the Indian original can be translated into his native (German) language. Cf:

Die deutsche Sprache ist so sehr dazu geeignet, das indische Original treu wiederzugeben.

Und ich will mein möglichstes dazu beitragen, dass es in deutscher Sprache gelesen werde

[1*]. (The German language is adapted to exactly translate the Indian original. And I would like to do everything possible so that it could be read in German) (translated by M.G Kochneva).

The creator of the Sanskrit philology realized the difficulty of mastering Sanskrit and its specific nature revealing itself both in the writing of ancient Sanskrit text and in its proper understanding. In this conection, Franz Bopp writes:

…da in Sanskrit-Manuskripten die Worte gar nicht voneinander getrennt, sondern ein ganzer Vers in einem Zusammenhange geschrieben, oder oft Absetzungen mitten in einem

Worte stattfinden, so machte mir dieses im Anfange, besonders da ich auch kein Wörterbuch in alphabetischer Ordnung zu benutzen hatte, große Schwierigkeiten …[1*] (As in

Sanskrit manuscripts words are never separated from each other and ever an entire verse can be written in a single copula, in this case the gap often observed in the middle of a word, this circumstance gave me a lot of difficulties from the very beginning, if, in addition, take into account that I did not have any alphabetic dictionary) (translated by M.G Kochneva).

Some time later Franz Bopp joyfully declares:

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Ich habe die ersten Schwierigkeiten der Sprache der indischen Weisheit besiegt [1*]. (I have overcome the first difficulties of the language of Indian wisdom) (translated by M.G Kochneva).

Having found the similarities of the German Language to Sanskrit, he refers to the other languages, including them into his extensive researches, in particular, the Lithuanian, Latvian, Slavonic, Semitic Languages and many others, that is reflected in his correspondence with his adherents. Compare:

Ich habe neben den früher verglichenen Sprachen auch das Lettische, Littauische, AltPreußische und Slawische aufgenommen. Meine Abhandlung …ist zur öffentlichen Vorlesung in der Leibnitzischen Sitzung gewählt worden. Bey den Wurzeln habe ich zugleich die

Semitischen Sprachen berücksichtigt [1*]. (along with the previously compared languages I have also included the Lithuanian, Latvian, ancient – Prussian and Slavonic Languages. My treatise was chosen for the discussion at the meetings in Leibnitz. When analyzing the roots I also took into consideration the Semitic Languages) (translated by M.G Kochneva).

The analysis of Bopp`s epistolary discourse demonstrates a very extensive use of the grammatical category – comparativeness, serving as a peculiar differentiating sign of his correspondence as a whole. The concept “comparativeness” related to the fundamental linguistic categories and defined as “the grammatical category possessing qualitative-and-quantitative semantics and based on the comparison, establishing equality or inequality” [3]. The focus of the comparativeness field being examined is the system of the degrees of comparison of adjectives used in the epistolary discourse of Franz Bopp.

The grammatical category of comparativeness is noted in three structural-and-semantic paradigmas of F. Bopp`s epistolary discourse:

1.At the beginning of the letter with key constants “appeal” and “gratitude”;

2.In the central part of the letter dedicated to discussing scientific problems and critical comments;

3.At the end of the letter with the constants “good-bye”/”parting wishes” and with self- appraisal of the author of the letter himself [4].

Such estimating descriptors as teuer (valuable), hochgeschätzt (highly estimated), hochgeehrt (deeply respected), lieb (beloved), verehrungswürdig (worth of respect), verehrt, vortrefflich, etc. serve as a cognitive basis for forming comparative constructions.

Structural-and-morphological analysis of the comparative constructions, determining the specific nature of Franz Bopp`s correspondence in terms of their correlation with conventional types of the degrees of comparison of adjectives (Positiv, Komparativ, Superlativ) shows that comparative models, being beyond the scope of the degrees of comparison, and being typical (traditional) for the german language are mainly relevant for the epistolary discourse of the creator of the Sanskrit philology. Thus, Bopp`s epistolary discourse is, mainly, presented by comparative models of hyperlative («oversuperlative») and elative types, and in fewer amount – the models of the superlative type proper.( it is known that the forms of elative/ excessive, as the forms of excessiveness, are characteristic of modern greek and Basque languages [3]. Nevertheless they are widely used in the German epistolary discourse of F. Bopp.

The term «hyperlative» is used with those adjectives, which having in their denotayive meaning the signs of the highest degree of manifeststion of the sign ab ovo, (initially), acquire an additional form of superlatives( verehrt → verehrster Freund) [3].

The notion elative is identified with the absolute superlative. Elatives are structured by prefixes or special intensifiers with the sign of gradation used before the adjective (compare: höchst verehrtester Freund !).

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So, we have distinguished the following types of comparative constructions, used, in particular, for explicating epistolary appeals:

1)Unary superlative constractions: Tenerster Freund! (The dearest friend) (translated by M.G Kochneva);

2)Binary elative constscyions:

Mein vortrefflichster Freund! (My best friend!) (translated by M.G Kochneva);

Vereinster Freund! (The singlest friend!) (translated by M.G Kochneva);

3)Binary hyperlative constructions in the function of appellative determinatives/ appeals/:

Tenerster, hochgeschatztester Freund! (The most faithful and highly respected friend!) (translated by M.G Kochneva);

Liebster verehrungswurdigster Freund! (The dearest and the most honorable Friend!) (translated by M.G Kochneva);

Liebster verehrungswurdigster Friend! (My most beloved and profoundly respected friend!) (translated by M.G Kochneva).

4)Hyperlative ternary ( threecomponents) constructions with the key word «mein» pointing to the inclusion of correspondence recipients into the personal field of the author of the letter:

Mein tenester, hochgeehrter Freund! (My most faithful and highly respected friend!) (translated by M.G Kochneva);

Mein teuerster hochgeschatztester Freund ! (My most faithful, highly appreciated friend!) (translated by M.G Kochneva);

5)Compositive superlative constructions: verehrungswürdigster Freund! (The most hon-

ored friend!) (translated by M.G Kochneva), etc.

Among the comparative constructions singled out, there prevail polysyllabic appealative models, representing Bopp‘ s appeals to his teachers and apprentices in the form of the highest degree of emotionality and expression.

Noteworthy is the fact that the founder of comparative and historical linguistics obligatorily concludes his letter with the individual self-appraisal of the elative type, aimed at demonstrating his personal faithfulness and sincerity to the recipient:

Ihr аufrichtigster Freund Bopp! (Your sincerest friend Franz!) (translated by M.G Kochneva) [1*];

Ihr ergebenster aufrichtiger Freund Franz Bopp (Faithful to you forever your friend Bopp !) (translated by M.G Kochneva);

Ewig Ihr getreuer Freund Bopp (Your sincerest friend Franz!) [1*] (translated by M.G Kochneva) and others.

So, the purposes of Bopp ‘s personal attitude to the subject research, as well as to a wide range of his adherents are realized by means of hyperactive, elative and superlative constructions, allowing him to “translate” the language of emotions, feelings and experience into the language of words.

As for the use of the compofative constructions with a view to the verbal explication of written appeals( which were discussed above), it should be noted that Fr. Bopp uses vivid, emotionally intense appeals not only at the beginning of the letter but also in its final part (in parting). Cf:

Leben Sie wohl, zärtlichst geliebter Freund! [1*] (Farewell, my dearly beloved friend!) (translated by M.G Kochneva).

Leben Sie wohl, herzlichst geliebter Freund! [1*] (Farewell, the most heartily beloved friend!) (translated by M.G Kochneva).

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