Учебное пособие 1802

The language on the one hand has character – THE PSYCHOLOPHYSICAL ASPECT OF LANGUAGE, on the other hand it forms a thought – THE MENTAL ASPECT OF LANGUAGE.

Humboldt thought that the language is the main activities of the human spirit pervades all spheres of human being and knowledge. Refer to the characterization of slot "Language – the organ of being."

Slot 1.2. "Languagethe organ of being" frame’s "LANGUAGE - PHYSIOLOGICAL ORGAN" cognitive structure’s of the concept "Language".

Consider an example in which language is a perceptual-cognitive nature:

Die Sprache auf anderer Seite ist das Organ des inneren Seins, dies Seins selbst, wie es nach und nach zur inneren Erkenntnis und zur Äußerung gelangt [1*, S.2]. - The language on other side is the organ of the internal being, this being itself as it reaches bit by bit to the internal knowledge and the external embodiment [2*].

In this example, the language is not only compared with the organ, but it is also characterized as a more global nature (all being). Language is seen as a global phenomenon, which tends to an external embodiment. Just as the organ can exist only as a part of the larger system, which tend to perform a specific function, language is likened in this example, the organ is also represented as a part of the global system that performs a specific function, and there is also closely related to the whole system. Using this example, language is represented as a part of the larger system, which performs a specific function, and that tends to ordering, inner clarity, i.e, improvement of its own structure.

Thus, we note the following features, structuring slot "Language – The organ of be-

ing":

•Language - a phenomenon, which belongs to the system;

•Language - a global phenomenon;

•Language - a phenomenon, which tends to internal order.

Humboldt for the first time revealed that the language is not the somatic structure, but a discrete system, which can be allocated subsystem, what explains THE SYNERGETIC ASPECT OF LANGUAGE. Language tends to internal order - EKTOPIC ASPECT OF LANGUAGE.

Cognitive basis for the above acts of metaphorical transfer is possession compared phenomena common internal structure (the desire for clarity of structure and the external embodiment).

Consider the following slot "Language – the organ of intellectual forces."

Slot 1.3. "Language - the organ of intellectual forces" frame’s "LANGUAGE – PHYSIOLOGICAL ORGANS" cognitive structure of concept "Language".

Consider the example, describing the language as a mental phenomenon:

4) Der wahre Vorzug einer Sprache ist nur der, sich aus einem Príncipe und in einer Freiheit zu entwickeln, die es ihr möglich machen, alle intellektuelle Vermögen des Menschen in reger Tätigkeit zu erhalten, ihnen zum genügenden Organ zu dienen und durch dies sinnliche Fülle und geistige Gesetzmäßigkeit, welche sie bewahrt, ewig an regend auf sie ein zu wirken [1*, S.258].- The true advantage of the language is that being developed from the pure basis and having the necessary freedom it receives the ability to support the energetic activity of all intellectual powers of the person, to serve as their proper instrument and to work forever in moving them on due to its sensuous fullness and spiritual legitimacy which it preserves [2*].

This example examines the development of language, its activities and purpose. Language develops from a clean start, already enjoying a certain freedom that allows him to become a fullfledged organ of intellectual human forces, keep them active, and constantly influence them.

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Language keeps the semantic completeness and spiritual conformity to law, on the basis of these cognitive abilities, Humboldt defines language as the "organ of intellectual forces."

Cognitive basis for metaphorical transfer features of the concept the organ to the phenomenon "Language" is the following cognitive classifiers "support activities", "dynamic development".

The conceptual features of language, we have noted by the analysis of slot "language – the organ of intellectual forces":

•Language - the developing essence;

•Language - the essence, which subordinates to certain laws;

•Language - the essence, which is the bearer of meaning;

•Language - the essence, which supports intelligent manpower.

The language on the one hand develops – THE DYNAMIC ASPECT OF LANGUAGE, on the other hand it subordinates to certain laws – THE REFERENTIAL ASPECT OF LANGUAGE.

Humboldt pays attention to the ratio of the general and the particular, the universal and the individual, which are in dialectical unity: "In the language so miraculously combined the individual with the universal, which is equally correct to say that the entire human race spoke the same language, and each person has their own language " [23].

Slot 1.4. "Language – The organ of identity" frame’s "LANGUAGE – PHYSIOLOGICAL ORGANS" cognitive structure of concept "Language".

Consider an example in which "language is the phenomenon of identity":

Untersucht man nun genauer, wie die Sprache diesen Gegensatz vereinigt, so liegt die

Möglichkeit, den verschiedensten Individualitäten zum Organe zu dienen, in dem tiefsten Wesen ihrer Natur [1*, S.268].- Having examined more thoroughly the way how the language combines these polarities, we understand that the ability to serve as the instrument for the most different personalities lies in the deepest being of its nature [2*].

The language has a complex structure (combines opposites), and also has a different ability - expresses individuality. Humboldt calls the language "the organ of diverse personalities," what means that the language is diverse (as each individual) and at the same time is a single essence with the deepest nature, which allows him to be "the organ of individuality."

The basis of metaphorical transfer in this example is "multicomponent structure", "possessing a certain ability / function."

In the metaphorical comparison of the language and the organ, which represents the desired example, comprising slots "language – the organ of identity" following conceptual features have been identified:

•Language - the phenomenon with the deepest nature;

•Language – the unifying phenomenon;

•Language – the individual phenomenon.

PHENOMENOLOGICAL ASPECT OF LANGUAGE: Language is represented primarily as a cognitive phenomenon that correlates with the term phenomenology (Greek phainomenon - being + logos - the doctrine - the doctrine of the phenomena) [Http://dic.academic.ru/] on the one hand, combining and individual phenomenon with the deepest nature on the other.

Thus, the basic cognitive features the frame’s "Language – The organ" cognitive component of the concept "Language":

•Language - the carrier of meaning;

•Language - the phenomenon, subject to certain laws.

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After analyzing the presented features, we can conclude that MM "Language - Organ" represents the mental function of language.

According to the results of the analysis it can also be argued that the basis of metaphorical transfer is "the possession of a certain ability / function".

As mentioned, MM "Language - Physiological organs" is presented by two frames "Language - Organ" and "Language - Hands".

Note that in the writings of the Humboldt language is compared not only with the organs in general, but with specific body parts. Consider the frame "Language - Hands", which reveals the common features of language and human hands:

Frame 2. "LANGUAGE - HAND" cognitive structure’s of the concept "Language":

6) Alles dies finden wir in analogen Anklängen in der Sprache wieder, und sie vermag es darzustellen. Denn indem wir an ihrer Hand in eine Welt von Lauten übergehen, verlassen wir nicht die uns wirklich umgebende [1*, S.60].- In analogous reminiscences we find everything again into the language, and it is able to show it. As it walks us holding our hand in a world of sounds, we do not count really surrounding one [2*].

Language in this example is compared to a living being that can take a person's hand. Language is likened to a living being: as a person, the language has hands with which he leads a person into the world of sounds.

Here are definitions of tokens Hand:

Hand, die (the Hand). Wortart: Substantiv, feminin; - Part of speech: Noun, feminine;

von Hand wurzel, Mittelhand und fünf Fingern gebildeter unterster Teil des Armes bei Menschen und Affen, der die Funktionen des Haltens, Greifens usw. hat - from the wrist, pastern and five fingers forming the lower part of the arm (from wrist to shoulder) in humans and monkeys, which has the functions of holding, grasping, etc. [1**].

According to the dictionary definition, the basic features of tokens Hand are:

-the ability to keep the objects;

-the ability to perform targeted actions (strikes, etc.).

Thus, the main feature of the tokens hands as the body part is its performance of a certain type of activity. In the example is mentioned such activities of the hands as to bring (people) in the world of sound. By analyzing the association hands and language reveals educational function of language: it helps a person to understand the world of sounds.

The features the cognitive structure’s of the concept "Language" contained in the composition of this slot include:

•Language - a phenomenon that can communicate knowledge;

•Language - a means of enlighten;

•Language - the disclosure of previously unknown.

The language communicates the knowledge, enlightens, reveals the unknown, what explains EPISTEMOLOGICAL ASPECT OF LANGUAGE.

Note also that in this slot metaphorical transfer occurs by function. Leading function is diverse activities, an important function is to have access to anything, save, hold, receive anything. Cognitive basis for metaphorical transfer serves the community function as a conductor, directing function.

In the following example, the language is also described as the essence with hands:

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Eine solche Mitte zu erreichen, bietet die Natur der Sprache selbst die Hand [1*, S.105].- To reach such middle, the nature of the language offers the hand itself [2*].

As follows from the analysis of this example, the language is embodied with a living being that has hands and which is able to act as a conductor. Language functions as a human assistant: it offers to a person a helping hand to get the knowledge (helps achieve a certain middle). Thus, in this example also demonstrates language features such as:

•Language - a means of enlighten;

•Language - a means of support (human);

•Language - relief difficulties (for a man);

•Language - assistant in obtaining knowledge.

Provided FUNCTIONAL ASPECT OF LANGUAGE, because the language helps a person to get the knowledge, supports, easers difficulties.

Thus, the main cognitive features frame’s "Language - hand" cognitive component of the concept "Language" are:

•Language - a means of enlighten;

•Language communicates / helps get knowledge.

Therefore, we can conclude that MM "Language - Hands" represents the epistemological function of language."Language helps a person to know the world, and at the same time, this knowledge regardless of the language" [24].

Thus, the analysis of the structure and semantic-cognitive content physiological metaphorical model "LANGUAGE - Physiological organ" shows, that it consists of two rods (nuclear) frame:

1) frame "Language - the organ"; 2) frame "Language - hands." Each of these frames is structured with slots and certain set of epistemological and mental features, we have identified during the analysis of metaphorical projection of the sphere-source organ to the sphere-target "language". Thus, the language in the aspect of his metaphorical interpretation as a physiological organ is defined as a high build, functional, existential essence.

Based on the identified cognitive features that characterize the slots constituting MM "LANGUAGE - Physiological Organs", we identified aspects, representing internal content of the concept "Language":

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implementation of educational objectives, the pursuit of knowledge serve as a support person. In addition, the language itself is revealed as a complex system (cf: the properties of language – structure’s ordering, interdependence of its components, etc.).

In the Humboldt’s linguistic image of the world the Language is objectified as a global phenomenon, as a perfect and self-sufficient quantity representing a perfect system. It is an integral part of the world and a part of human existence. One of the fundamental features of the language by Humboldt is his ability to be a tool for understanding the world and at the same time it acts as the object of knowledge, serves as a reliable guide to the world of nature and human, the surrounding and the inner world, the world of abstractions, finally, into the world of the mysterious and still unknown [22].

Humboldt represents the Language as a self-contained, multi-functional element of human existence.

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22.Zhujkova O.V., Fomina Z.Ye. Osobennosti metaforizacii fenomena Jazyk v filosofskom diskurse V. fon Gumbol'dta / Z.Ye. Fomina // Nauchnyj vestnik Voronezh. gos. arh.- stroit. un-ta. SovremennYe lingvisticheskie i metodiko-didakticheskie issledova-nija. – 2015. – vyp. 2 (26). – S. 21-35.

23.Zvegincev V.A. O nauchnom nasledii Vil'gel'ma fon Gumbol'dta/Gumbol'dt V. IzbrannYe trudy po jazykoznaniju. - M., 1984. - S. 356-363.

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Analyzed sources

1*. W.von Humboldt „Über die Verschiedenheit des menschlichen Sprachbaues und ihren

Einfluss auf die geistige Entwickelung des Menschengeschlechts“ Berlin, 1836. – 414 S.

2*. Ramishvili G.V. Vil'gel'm fon Gumbol'dt. IzbrannYe trudy po jazykoznaniju. Perevod s nemeckogo jazyka pod redakciej i s predisloviem doktora filologicheskih na-uk prof. G. V. Ramishvili. M.: - 1984. URL:http://sci-book.com/

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Dictionaries used

1.Tolkovyj slovar' nemeckogo jazyka, URL: http://www.duden.de/ (vremja obrashhenija - 26.07.2016).

2.Slovar' Ozhegova. Tolkovyj slovar' russkogo jazyka, URL: http://www.ozhegov.org/words/40988.shtml (vremja obrashhenija - 26.07.2016).

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UDC 81 1

Moscow State Institute of International Relations (University) Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia

Ph.D in Philology, Associate Professor of the Department of French Language Karina Khadjievna Rekosh

e-mail: karinarekosh@mail.ru

K.Kh. Rekosh

ЕPISTEMOLOGICAL APPROACH TO LINGUISTIC AND LEGAL STUDIES

In the article the problem of epistemological approach is posed in response to the claims of linguists and jurists on its non-use in the relevant Sciences, that is why the aim of this article is to show that without epistemology there is no scientific study that identifies the object, subject, purpose, significance of the study. The article shows the relevance of the issue of scientific knowledge as an object of epistemology, associated with positivism in law and the development of cognitive linguistics. On the basis of comparison of public institutions (language and law) as the methodological principle, the epistemological approach makes it possible to reach the level of pragmatics of the French language and to describe changes in connection with a change in the paradigm of knowledge or taking into account its meaning.

Key words: epistemology , theory of knowledge, customary law, sources of law, natural law, scientific knowledge, paradigm, positivism.

In his study of a phenomenon from its origins to the institution a researcher is trying to figure out where and on the basis of which criteria and parameters to look for its roots and assumptions. In other words, how to determine the object as a source of knowledge, if there is no knowledge Yet, for example. Similar questions arise when it is necessary to compare (the) social institutions, such as the language and the law. In any scientific study they determine the object, its parameters, and they set goals related to the study of knowledge, that is to say epistemology.

Epistemology (from the Greek еpisteme - knowledge and logos doctrine, word) is a theory of knowledge. The introduction of this term is attributed to the Scottish philosopher John.F. Ferrier ("the Foundations of metaphysics, 1854), who divided philosophy into ontology and epistemology [1**, p. 643]. Distinguishing the three worlds (universes): the world of physical objects, a world of states of consciousness and the world of objective contents of thought, Karl Popper referred to the last "third world"- "the content of scientific ideas, poetic thoughts and works of art" [1, p. 108]. He examines the epistemology as a theory of scientific knowledge. The "Third world" is defined as a world of objective theories, objective problems and objective arguments.

The author of historical epistemology G. Bachelard [2] described difficulties and stages of construction of the object of knowledge in the now famous formula, which contains three major points of scientific knowledge: «Le fait scientifique est conquis, construit et constaté» (scientific fact is won, constructed and stated ), which implies that it is possible to explore scientific object only after the victory is won over prejudice, barriers to learn, after a scientific object is rationally designed and stated in the facts of reality.

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© Rekosh K.Kh., 2016

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The collection “Histoire des idées sur le langage et les langues” (History of ideas about LSP and languages) is dedicated to Questions of epistemology of linguistic knowledge [3]. It raises questions: of how to compare knowledge, how to define an epistemological object, what is the history of the development of knowledge or paradigm shift. In this collection it deals with several forms of epistemology: the regulatory, evaluative, and descriptive.

Normative epistemology is also called methodological. It examines how the method works and what the grammatical reasoning is. Evaluative epistemology should assess theories and concepts to determine their place in the system of sciences, as well as researcher’s contribution to the history of knowledge. The history of science is connected to this form of epistemology and includes internal and external time factors. They provide an opportunity to explain the shifts and changes. Descriptive epistemology considers science as elements of the General theory.

Dealing with the history of linguistic ideas, epistemology collects knowledge, shows the perspective of their development and raises the following questions: what does it mean to study the history of linguistic ideas? How does epistemology correlate with linguistics? What novelty does it bring? Historical knowledge can be interesting not only in itself, but also from an epistemological point of view, promoting the development of the matter they are related to.

In their theses on linguistics graduate and doctoral students make up abstracts in accordance with such rubrics as: object, subject of research, purpose, methods, testability, etc. answering to the epistemological questions (without naming them as such). However, R.M. Frumkina notices "the deficit of etymological reflection in linguistics" [4 p. 42] associated with the division of sciences, as well as with the fact that linguists try not to deviate from the rigid academic track and not to put philosophical questions related to knowledge and learning. Cognitive linguistics, by definition, directly sets epistemological problems as it examines studying the acquisition of knowledge in conjunction with other sciences: psychology, sociology, law, etc., due to the interaction of science and access to the other space, "expand the horizon”. In this regard, R.M. Frumkina distinguishes general and special epistemology. General epistemology deals with general philosophical issues, special epistemology seeks for the answers to questions relating to the objects of science, tools and methods of learning , validation of methods results, systematization of basic concepts , setting goals of science, including the introduction of results in the scientific society [Ibid, p. 43 ] .

The work "Legal epistemology" by Christian Atias might be useful to set and learn the problems of language and law (given the degree of knowledge and a large number of works). It puts global questions: is there a science of law, is there an object that can become a science? [5, p. 42], what is the meaning of knowing law? How to know law? How the knowledge of law affects its object? The science of law what it is? All these problems are related to the legal specificity. Atias qualifies epistemology as legal and descriptive. Legal epistemology is a branch of philosophy of law. It deals with the science of law, which is different from the natural sciences, for the fact that its object is legal knowledge. Descriptive legal epistemology is a critical analysis of the principles, postulates, methods and results of the study of legal knowledge [5, p. 65].

Atias presented basic elements of legal knowledge. Epistemology is relevant for the law, since it is related to the concept of acquiring knowledge. In this sense, the law as a humanitarian knowledge and science is different from the natural sciences by the fact that the object of study does not lie on the surface. It is difficult to see it without special training. Lawyers believe that law creates itself and is a science in itself. The moment of receiving knowledge of the reality is the moment of creating a norm and its application to the particular facts of reality. There are contradictions between the institutional and non-institutional means of obtaining knowledge (sources of law, jurisprudence, doctrine).

Lawyers distinguish the sources of law from the science of law. The science of law can be efficient if it clearly defines its object, reducing it to the observable reality [Ibid. p. 14], but the problem lies precisely in the difficulty of determining the object of legal knowledge. For epistemology the object is not law, but legal knowledge which in different periods was different and was acquired in different ways.

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