Учебное пособие 1802

The vast majority of the names of their own, belonging to the main categories (anthroponyms, place names, religionyms, fictional names, etc.), has a high level of linguoculturological

value. G.D. Tomahin said: “Onomastic vocabulary as a whole has a high national and cultural markedness. Any place name and anthroponym in the field of language and culture are seen against the background of certain associations, based on some criteria referred to their object, the background knowledge possessed by the native speakers and culture bearers, not only in volume, but also the shape of their existence. Consequently, when linguoculturological studying vocabulary is necessary to consider not only the value of all the words registered in the dictionary, but it association of background knowledge of the native speakers” [3, page 115]. In addition, the question of the presence of national and cultural semantics in the content of the proper name is seen in the works of E.L. Berezovich [4], N.V. Vasil'eva [5], V.I. Suprun [6], A.A. Chernobrov [7] and many other researchers. In such way, onym can be considered as one of the basic units of the background knowledge of cultural heritage (the term of E.M. Vereshchagin and V.G. Kostomarov), providing the link between generations within the ethnocultural community. As a consequence, the study of associative and cultural background of onyms is one of the most important areas of modern onomastics. It is in line with the approach the exploration is made that determines its relevance.

The scientific novelty of the work lies in the fact that it first suggested approach to the study of the regional capital of names (for example of onym Smolensk region) in the perception of the individual national language.

The theoretical base of the research were onomastic theory (M.J. Moroshkin, E.L. Berezovich, V.D. Bondaletov, V.A. Nikonov, E.S. Otin, N.V. Podolʼskaya, A.V. Superanskaya, V.I. Suprun, et al.); lingvostranovedchesky and linguoculturological theory and words (N.D. Burvikova, E.M. Vereshchagin and V.G. Kostomarov, N.A. Maksymchuk, Yu.E. Prokhorov, G.D. Tomakhin et al.); works on psychology and psycholinguistics (L.S. Vygotsky, N.V. Krushewski, A.A. Leontʼev, E.I. Goroshko, A.A. Zalevskaya et al.).

Materials and methods. About ten years we have been studying associative and cultural background (hereinafter “ACB”) of toponym Smolensk region. Below ACB we after N.A. Maksimchuk, understand all related information is not in the immediate content of the onym,

with “the component cultural indicates that the background knowledge that accompany a proper name, are primarily cultural in nature (culture in this case refers to the maximum extent possible). The component associative calls the main path of formation, expansion, and then the detection of background knowledge” [8, page 166].

The main method of our study is the association experiment, which was first held at the regional level with the respondents, which was described in detailing our thesis and monographs based on it [see more 9].

At this stage, we will examine how the place name Smolensk region and “Smolensk component” of are represented background knowledge as a whole at the national level. First, we have identified how the Smolensk region is presented in lexicographical and linguistic and cultural sources in the National Corpus of Russian language. Then, the place-name Smolensk region offered as a stimulus to respondents from Moscow and St. Petersburg in order to compare how the background knowledge of the Smolensk land, which is formed by various sources, with the actual composition of the background knowledge of the national linguistic persona. Today, 1617 people have participated in the experiment: 826 students of Moscow universities and 791 student of St. Petersburg universities.

In this paper we will focus on describing the results of the experiment conducted with the students of St. Petersburg universities (in parentheses indicate the number of participants in the experiment from each university, located descending): St. Petersburg State Technological Institute (Technical University) (406), St. Petersburg State University (209), Russian state pedagogical University named after A.I. Herzen (132), St. Petersburg state University of industrial technology and design (44).

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At the beginning of the experiment, respondents were asked to complete an anonymous questionnaire containing the following characteristics: gender, age, Year of study, place of birth (Moscow / Petersburg or another city / village), education (secondary / secondary special / higher education), the scope of the future professional activities (humanitarian / technical), the native language (s). After filling in the questionnaire within one minute was recorded reaction to a stimulus Smolensk region, i.e. the number of reactions was limited only by the time. The associative material was processed by the Microsoft Office Access program of the electronic database, including 909 reactions (2710 uses).

Results. Quantitative analysis of the material showed, that among the most frequent (the frequency index (hereinafter “FI” ) ≥ 10) are 36 responses (for each reaction set FI; hereinafter graphic design public response saved):

Table number 1

The composition of the most frequent responses to the stimulus Smolensk region of the St. Petersburg students

In general, the experiment material obtained (from the above to most of the frequency of individual reactions) has been classified by different criteria. In this paper we discuss in detail the description of the classification of reactions in terms of their cognitive status (cognitive potential). According to this criterion we distinguish universally valid, individual reactions and reactions with unclear / motivational ambiguity-term basis.

The number of individual reactions, such as relatives 5; granny 4; friends 3; girlfriend 2; the city where I won the Olympic Games 1, etc. It is a small percentage of the number of presentreactions (60 reactions of 909; 6.6%), which is an indicator of the presence in the pain-majority of respondents generally valid informative knowledge of the Smolensk region. Individual reactions we leave out of our research.

Also we donʼt study the small group of reactions (67 of 909; 7.3%), the motivational basis of occurrence of which only obvious to the respondents, who called on the data-reaction (bourgeois, vodka, cardboard, parkour 1, etc.) and reaction (4 out of 909; 0.4%), the occurrence of which it can be interpreted ambiguously (Lesha, city district, regional river, “Smolyanka” 1).

Individual reactions and reactions with unclear / ambiguous motivational wasps are mainly represented by a new single and their authors characterized ignorance informative component of ACB of toponym Smolensk region.

Quantitative indicators of the distribution of respondents reactions on the above mentioned groups are presented in table number 2, where each group is called the number of reactions forming her / use, as well as the number of responses in this group of the total number of reactions as a percentage:

Table number 2

Quantitative indicators of the distribution of the reactions of students in St. Petersburg the stimulus Smolensk region

Materials table shows that the vast majority of these respondents reactions are valid in general and informative to describe the topology of the ACB of the toponym Smolensk region. These results indicate that a significant part of the Smolensk regional (including onomastics) background knowledge belongs nationwide level, as part of the aggregate of the language person of the capital (St. Petersburg) students beginning of the XXI century.

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Among the universally valid in a meaningful relation to reactions (778 of 909; 85.7%), we distinguish the following types: 1) informative, 2) formal, 3) estimating, 4) incorrect 5) “empty”. Letʼs consider consistently these types of reactions:

1) INFORMATIVE REACTION 639 / 2278:

the vast majority of reactions are reactions of informative type, i.e. reflect the significant components of the ACB of toponym Smolensk region.

When you select a group of informative semantic association it was observed that the reaction components combine two semes or more (for example, a Russian city, a city in Russia, the ancient city, etc.) and their thematic attaching was defined at the semantic belonging of the first component of combinations.

Using the quantitative analysis of informative responses we have detected the following features of the associative material:

1)respondents gave the reaction-word form, which we considered as a single reaction, pointing the second form in the parenthesis, such as a river 17 (including rivers 3); field 16 (including fields 9);

2)the cognate word and the phenomenon of syntactic derivation is also counted as a single reaction, for example:

history 67 (including a historic 1); silence 2 (including quiet 1);

3) proper names, calling one realia, but expressed by different leksical means we considered as different reaction (presenting them as microgroups) as an optional component of the composite onym enriches its content and indicates the presence of relevant knowledge in subjects, for example:

the Kremlin 12; fortress 12; Smolensk fortress 2; Smolensk fortress wall, walls 1.

Informative reaction can be represented as 25 semantic groups. In brackets for each group we show the number of its forming reactions / number of uses; semantic groups are represented according to the descending number of repeats of the responses (for the most important groups of reactions we will give the necessary comments in the text):

I. Reactions describing Smolensk region as a province 89 / 401:

1.Reactions that describe the nature of the Smolensk 35 / 169:

forest 44 (including forests 13);

nature 26;

river 17 (including rivers 3);

field 16 (including fields 9);

tree 14 (including trees 9);

fir 6 (including firs 4);

greens 4;

linden, sky, lake 3 (including lakes 2);

birch (including birches 1),

leaf (including leaves 1)

birds, pine (including pines 1),

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pine forest, clean air 2;

demon-extreme field, the vast natural expanses, the branches, the air is clean, the smell of wood, green trees, dense forest, many trees, a lot of forest, the immensity of nature, abundant forests, lonely pine, chamomile, grove, pine forest with bruises and the smell of resin, grass, broadleaf forests 1.

The reactions are natural objects that emphasize "provincial characterized" Smolensk land and represent an association stereotype province (village) and nature. This sub-group form the reaction is an object of flora, as well as spatial designation.

1.1.Dnepr 3; Upper Dnepr 1.

2.The reactions characterizing Smolensk region as a province 7 / 138:

village 69 (including villages 2); village 23 (translated into Russian – село; including villages 2); province 21 (including provincialism 2); village 15 (translated into Russian – по-

сёлок); backwoods 6; wilderness 3; countryside 1.

In this group, combined different names peasant settlements, as well as the reaction directly / indirectly indicating the ratio of the capital's residents to the provincial areas.

3. The reactions reflect the relationship with the province of traditional Russian culture 19 /

47:

pancakes 10; beam, samovar 5; balalaika 4; cottage, stove 3; boots, Pancake, kerchief (including kerchiefs 1), sundress 2; kokoshnik, bast, nationality, Russian shirt, whistle, old traditions, traditions, customs, a cap with ear-flaps 1.

This class of reactions is an object / phenomenon of antiquity, whose memory is stored primarily in the small provincial villages.

4.Other reactions indicating the provincial Smolensk land 28 / 47:

peasants 8;

wooden house (including wooden houses 1),

cow (including cows 1, ladybugs 1),

agriculture, work on the ground 3;

wooden buildings, a well, a blacksmith, a horse 2 (including horses 1);

rustic buildings, rural peasant, wooden fence, ride on a tractor, a country house, a bear, a mill, a garden, fertility, plow, cart, wheat, working on the ground, rYe, cattle, dog in the hut, haystack, cart, tractor 1.

The most common group of reactions that characterizes the Smolensk region provincial territory reflects its opposition of the capital on the at-sign in the minds of respondents from high schools of the northern capital.

II. The reactions that characterize the relationship of Smolensk region and Smolensk as the administrative center 22 / 361:

1.Reactions to the city token 15 / 192:

1.1.City 137 (including the town of 2, cities 1); as the city

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I do not have anything against it 1.

1.2.Hero City 34 (including hero 1); a city associated with the war 2; cities participating in the war, guard 1.

1.3.City in Russia 4; Russian city 2; a city in the Russian Federation 1.

1.4. The city at the bottom, a town near Moscow 1.

1.5.The city on the hill / hills, the city of seven hills 1.

1.6.Other characteristics of the city: the industrial city 2; small town 1.

2.Reactions to the lexical item Smolensk 7 / 169:

Smolensk 163; a city Smolensk, a city-hero Smolensk, Smolensk is associated with; Smolensk – a large, quiet town; Smolensk – a city-hero; what belongs to Smolensk 1.

The prevalence of this group is an indication of not only administrative and geographical relations, but also a close connection of the center and of all the region, which are identified in the perception of the respondents. In this unity of center and periphery is a unique character of the small provincial areas in comparison with the dissociation of the capital, and large areas, forming its region. The close relationship of Smolensk and the entire territory of the Smolensk region in respondents' perceptions explained that part of the response to stimuli data overlaps. For example: the reaction the city, the city-hero, Russian city – it is the reaction to a stimulus,

Smolensk, and the region, land – at Smolensk region.

III. Reactions-characteristics of Smolensk and Smolensk region 97 / 243:

1.Smolensk as a historical land 54 / 169:

1.1Reactions to the history seme 10 / 79:

history 67 (including a historic 1); the past (history) 3; historical period 2; historical events, historical site, historicized-parameter concept, the history of the country, a certain period of history, remnants of the past (history), something historical (oprichnina) 1.

1.2. Reactions to the semes ancient / age / old 20/50:

old town 11 (including old cities 1); antiquity 8; old 7; the ancient city 4; something old 3; ancient Russian architecture, old 2; ancient and modern times, the ancient city, the old Russian language, ancient times, ancient cities, ancient streets, ancient, old Russia, the old town, old age, an old city with customs and traditions of the old Russian town, something older than 1.

1.3. Reactions that describe the objects / events history, antiquity 19 / 35:

prince 7 (including princes 3); the way “from the Vikings to the Greeks” (+ shopping path1); boyars (including boyary 1), merchants, king 3; squad, Rurik 2; “Alyosha Popovich”, sir, council, cossacks, serfdom, serfdom dues, princely reforms, strife, imperial time, king Alexei Mikhailovich, shortcuts to rule 1.

1.4. Reactions lexical item century 5 / 5:

century 17, 18-19 century, 19th century, 20th century, middle ages 1.

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Among the characteristics of reactions predominate reaction describing the Smolensk region as a historic land, which is natural in view of the ancient history of the land of Smolensk: Smolensk city originated on the ancient trade route "from the Vikings to the Greeks" as the city union of Slavic tribes Krivichy. The first mention of Smolensk dated chronicles in 863 Year. Already at this time, as a chronicler wrote, "the city is great and a lot of people" [1**, page 423].

2. The reactions characterizing the perception of the stimulus size 10 / 22:

small 7; a small town 4; not big town 3; large town 2; big city, small and warm town; small, warm town; not big, a small town with wooden houses, a small region 1.

In this subgroup reactions naturally dominated by the characteristics of the stimulus as the small size of the space that once again explained the opposition of small-scale areas of provincial metropolitan areas.

3. Color-association characteristics 14 / 14:

white-gold color, white, blue, Yellow, green, brown, brown, red and gray, red, light brown, greyness, grey streets, the dark, dim 1.

4. Geographical characteristics 6 / 14:

hills 5 (including hill 1); marsh (including marshes 1), barrows, plain, temperate climate 2; hilly area 1.

It is believed that the Smolensk stands on seven hills. However, five hills described by researchers. In particular, Smolensk historian, ethnographer and geographer I.I. Orlovsky calls Pokrovsky Cathedral, the Ascension, the Resurrection, and Kazan hills.

5. Other features 13 / 24:

politics (LDPR) 6; space 5 (including spaces 1); peace, quiet 2; the story of two hitchhikers, conservative, sparsely populated, a common phenomenon – conservatism, warm earth, warm, urbanization, something ductile, something tart 1.

The vast majority of reactions of this group is characterized by the Smolensk region as a historic land, which is natural in view of the ancient history of the land of Smolensk: Smolensk city originated on the ancient trade route “from the Vikings to the Greeks” as the city union of Slavic tribes Krivichy. The first mention of Smolensk dated chronicles in 863 year. Already at this time, as a chronicler wrote, “the city is great and has a lot of people” [1 **, page 423].

IV. Reactions that describe the military history of the Smolensk region 60 / 186:

1. Reactions reflecting the rich military history of the Smolensk land (without specifying war and military operations) 33 / 133:

1.1. War 47 (including wars 1); battle of Smolensk 17; battle 15 (including battles 3); uprising 7; battle 5 (translated into Russian – бой); rebellion, battle 4 (translated into Russian

– сражение); Smolensk battle 3; military campaigns 2; the struggle against foreign invaders, war, military action, some battle-shield for Russia, Smolensk defense during the war, the defense of Smolensk, the militia, the siege 1.

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1.2.Soldiers 5; army, heroes, army, the Red Army, the brave generals, partisans 1.

1.3.Guns 2; bullet, ax, tanks 1.

1.4.It was conquered once, captured, the occupation, the victory in the war 1.

2.War, which took place on the territory of Smolensk region 27 / 53:

2.1.Patriotic War of 1812 13 / 31:

war 1812 7; Napoleon 6; fire 4 (including fires 1); 1812 3; fire in Smolensk in 1812 2; 1812, Napoleon went from there to Moscow, the invasion of Napoleon's retreat in 1812, the location of Russian troops near Smolensk in wars (for example, the Patriotic War of 1812), French 1.

2.1.1. Borodino 2; “Hussar Ballad” 1.

2.2.The Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945 11 / 19: The Great Patriotic War 8; 1941, fighting near Smolensk 1942-43, war 1941-1945, battle of Smolensk in 1941; territory on which were important battles during the Second World War; the tragedy of 1941, participated in the Second World War 1.

2.2.1.World War 2; battle during the World War II, there was a battle during World War

II 1.

2.3.Russian-Polish War 3 / 3: Russian-Polish war, Smolensk War, Smolensk War (16321634) 1.

The prevalence of this group is a natural reaction, because the history of the Smolensk region, indeed, may be called the history of wars. The fate of Smolensk reflected in its people's ranks: the city-guard, city-shield, city-key. It is significant that respondents' reactions reflect all the major milestones of the Smolensk land Military History: Russian-Polish War, War of 1812, the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945.

It is interesting to note that in the national background knowledge representationrepresented, particularly in the Russian National Corpus, the number of contexts related to the military history of the Smolensk region [10] and Smolensk [11] dominates coli honors all other contexts, it emphasizes the special role of the Smolensk land in the military history of the Russian state.

V. The reactions reflect the Smolensk lands belonging to the Russian state in different historical periods 26 / 143:

1.Homeland 6; patriotism 2; country 1.

2.Membership of Russian land in different historical periods 8 / 114:

2.1. Russia 69; RF 4; somewhere in Russia, the return of Smolensk lands of Russia, as part of Russia 1.

2.2.Rusʼ 23; Ancient Rusʼ 14; Rusʼ! 1.

3.Reactions with token Russian 15 / 20: Russian town, Russian soul 3; Russian 2; Russian woman in a scarf, Russian village, Russian woman, Russian history, Russian culture, Rus-

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sian nature, Russian life, Russian historic city, Russian old city, the Russian language, Russian folk, typical Russian province 1.

The prevalence of this group of responses indicates that in the minds of respondents Smolensk land is, first of all, the Russian land, despite the fact that in different periods of Smolensk lands were the part of different states and principalities. With 882 – in the Kievan Rusʼ (Smolensk principality was formed only in 1054), with 1404 on 1514 – the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, since 1611, the po1654 – in the Polish-Lithuanian [2 ** s.397-398]. The fact that today's youth of Smolensk region is associated with the Russian component, can be interpreted in different ways: as a lack of knowledge of the history of the Smolensk region by the capital the students and a simple statement of the modern administrative-territorial or its accessories as a purposeful focus on Russian membership of Smolensk lands. In this case, it is difficult to make a definite conclusion, but it should be noted that the reaction describing the relationship of the Smolensk land and other countries, highlighted by us in a separate group (XVI group).

VI. The reactions that characterize the etymology of the place name Smolensk 4 / 125:

resin 121; birch resin 2; resin (a material), pitch ships 1.

This group is formed by reaction of the resin (including in the various word combinations) and resins – they characterize the etymology of the name of Smolensk land, which is reflected in the internal form of the place name Smolensk, noticed that the subjects. The respondents' answers in common with the version of M. Vasmer, the largest etymological dictionary which noted that the word gum “promoted very old Russian river name Smolnya where the city Smolensk, very old Russian Smolensk <...> so named because there tarred ships” [3 **, page 690].

VII. Reactions name of territorial units of Smolensk region 20 / 110:

area 39; Smolensk region 19; plot Smolensk 9; region 7; seat 6; area (translated into Russian – местность), region 4; district, area (translated into Russian – территория) 3; province, domain name, settlement, Smolensk land, Smolensk principality 2; patrimony, locality near the Smolensk Region, Smolensk on-domain, Smolensk lands of Russia, side 1.

This thematic group formed indicate different areas – from those that existed in Russia until the XVIII century estates to modern administrative-territorial units (region and district); Description Smolensk territorial units presented in our article [see more info 12].

VIII. Reaction names of landmarks of Smolensk region 33 / 109:

1.Churches and monasteries 15 / 60: church 18 (including churches 10); temple 7 (including temples 5); dome 3 (including domes 2); bells (including the bell tower 1), Orthodox churches 2; Russian Orthodox Church, Smolensk cathedrals, churches and cathedrals, the church community 1.

1.1.Cathedral 12; Smolensk Cathedral 6; Cathedral of the Assumption 3; Cathedral on the hill 1.

1.1.1.Icon of the Virgin of Smolensk, Smolensk Icon of the Mother of God 1.

2.Monuments, museums, parks, theaters 18 / 49: sites 5; Eternal Flame 4; The historical museums 2; historical monument; beautiful, but not well-groomed monuments; beautiful waterfront, local attractions, museums, cultural sites, parks, Drama theater, Teremok 1.

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2.1. The Kremlin 12, fortress 12; Smolensk Fortress 2; Fortress wall, Smolensk Fortress wall, walls 1.

The main reactions of this group are the reactions of Cathedral of the Assumption and Fortress wall. It is interesting that on the results of experiments with respondents of Smolensk region this two onyms entered the top three most frequency reactions (in brackets for each name listed FI): Dnepr (953), Cathedral of the Assumption (725), Fortress wall (695) [see more 9]. Places named data onyms, action-enforcement, are a kind of “calling card” of Smolensk:

In 1101 Vladimir Monomakh in Smolensk built large stone cathedral in honor of the Assumption of Our Lady, June 3, 1611 after 20 months of the heroic defense of the city in the war against the Poles Smolensk was taken. During the storming of the city were in the thickness of the Cathedral Mountain were bombed powder magazines and destroYed large part of the temple. In 1674-1675 the building was finally dismantled. August 2 in 1677 the cathedral was laid back and finally built in 1772. On this day Cathedral is the second largest in the world by the grandeur and beauty of the inner of the space [see more 1 **, page. 410-412].

The construction of the Smolensk fortress wall as the main defensive system was due to the historical situation of the end of the XIV century, when the joint Polish-Lithuanian state and Moscow, with varying success fought intense struggle for the possession of Smolensk. The Smolensk Kremlin Russian state history (this is traditionally called a wall by representatives of metropolitan regions, by analogy with the Moscow Kremlin) served a defensive function in the various wars, including: Russian-Polish War, War of 1812, the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945. Boris Godunov called the wall “necklace All Russia Orthodox to the envy of the enemies and the pride of the Moscow state” [see more 1 **, pages. 434-437].

IX. Reaction called / characterize the inhabitants of the Smolensk region 38 / 100:

1.People 31 (including human 1); people (translated into Russian – народ) 11; inhabitants

9; people 4; grandmother, a resident of Smolensk; people who live in Smolensk; old men (including old women 1), mankind of Smolensk 2; the kind of person, city people, city lands and people, group of people, the people of Smolensk and its area, residents of Smolensk and its region, the inhabitants of Smolensk, the local, the name of a group of people, residents name ( they use this word), the people of Smolensk / Smolensk region, some of people meeting in Smolensk, old soldier, Smolensk ethnos 1.

2.Characteristics of Smolensk people 10 / 12:

the common people, hard worker 2 (including hard workers 1); funny people, easy people, the severity of inhabitants, hard-working people, the inhabitants of perseverance, courage people, honest people, the generosity of residents 1.

3. Life and lifestyle 5 / 7: lifestyle, way of life of the people 2; the life of the people, customs and way of life, the life is special 1.

It is interesting to note that the reaction of the people and other subjects were given, they are quite frequency, thus was not named any Smolensk etnohoronym (Smolyanin, Smolyanka). To characterize the inhabitants of Smolensk region respondents were only given a positive assessment here.

X. The reactions that characterize the geographical position of Smolensk region 36 / 78:

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