Renal diseases
Symptoms
Kidney functions
•Excretion of nitrogen metabolism rests (urea, uric acid, creatinin)
•Excretion of organic substances (glucose, amino acides)
•Regulation of water-electrolyte balance (Na, K, Mg, Cl, HCO3, PO4)
•Regulation of acid-base balance (absorption of HCO3, excretion of H+)
•Production of hormones and bioactive substances (renin, prostaglandins, kinins, erythropoietin, active forms of D3, urokinase)
Nephron - functional unit of the kidney
Found in cortex and medulla
Urine is created in the enthrones and drains into the collecting ducts
Investigation methods of kidneys and urinary tract
•Complains
•Anamnesis morbi (illness history)
•Anamnesis vitae (life history)
•Physical examination
•Laboratory investigations
•Visualizing techniques
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Complains |
Nonspecific (feebleness, head ache, dyspnea, fever, nausea, diarrhea, itching, |
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arthritis, bruises and hemorrhages) |
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Edema (face, eyelids) |
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Changes of diuresis |
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-oliguria (<500 ml/24 h) |
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-anuria (<100 ml/24 h) |
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-ischuria (acute urinary tract obstruction) |
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-polyuria (>2 l/24 h) |
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Pain |
-nycturia (predominance of night diuresis) |
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-loin region (acute pyelonephritis, acute glomerulonephritis, kidney |
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infarction, |
kidney colic, paranephritis, nephroptosis) |
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-suprapubic (urinary bladder) |
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-perineum (prostatic gland) |
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Abnormalities of urination (disuria): painful, frequent (pollakiuria), |
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difficult (stranguria), incontinence |
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Changed urine: red (macrohematuria), «meat slops», foggy, sand and stones |
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