Гольцева О.Ю. Международное право в официальных документах. Под ред. И.А. Горшеневой

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where its name appears first. This procedure is not normally followed in the signature of multilateral acts, because it is now customary to sign only one original of such documents.

The other plenipotentiaries then sign in the order previously agreed upon. This manner of presentation must be exactly respected in the instruments of ratification, in the official reports of the exchange of instruments of ratification and at the time of the official publication of the texts. It should be noted that, according to the language employed for the drafting of a convention, the alphabetic order of the states can vary appreciably.

Exercise 20. Match these terms with their definitions.

1) Protocol 2) Credentials 3) Visa 4) Alternat 5) Diplomatic Note 6) Agrément

a)In international politics, it is the etiquette of diplomacy and affairs of state. It guides how an activity should be performed, especially in the field of diplomacy. In diplomatic services and governmental fields of endeavor they are often unwritten guidelines. Protocols specify the proper and generally-accepted behavior in matters of state and diplomacy, such as showing appropriate respect to a head of state, ranking diplomats in chronological order of their accreditation at court, and so on.

b)When an agreement is signed between two states, or among several states, each signatory keeps an official copy for itself. This principle provides that a state’s own name will be listed ahead of the other signatory, or signatories, in its own official copy. It is a practice devised centuries ago to handle sensitivities over precedence.

c)The name for letters given to an ambassador by his chief of state, and addressed to the chief of state of his host country. They are delivered to the latter by ambassadors in a formal ceremony, which generally takes place shortly after his arrival at a new post. Until this ceremony has taken place he is not formally recognized by the host country, and he cannot officially act as an ambassador.

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d)Diplomatic courtesy requires that before a state appoints a new chief of diplomatic mission to represent it in another state, it must be first ascertained whether the proposed appointee is acceptable to the receiving state. The acquiescence of the receiving state is signified by its granting its agreement to the appointment.

e)Written authority to enter a country for either temporary or permanent residence, depending on its wording.

f)A formal written means of communication among embassies.

Exercise 21. Study different ways of translating the

Russian word политика. policy

1) линия поведения, установка, курс, стратегия, политика

Syn: course , custom , method , practice , strategy.

2) полис, страховой полис

to cancel a policy – аннулировать страховой полис;

to issue/write up a policy – выдавать/выписывать страховой полис;

to reinstate a policy – восстанавливать страховой полис; to take out a policy – получать страховой полис. politics

1) политика (методы ведения политики; искусство управлять; политическая жизнь)

local politics – местная политическая жизнь; national politics – национальная политика; power politics – политика с позиции силы.

2)политическая деятельность.

3)политические убеждения.

4)стиль поведения, принципы поведения, отношения

вопределенной сфере (office politics – служебные отношения).

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Exercise 22. Match the words and their translation.

3.to adhere to, follow, pur- c) вырабатывать политику sue a policy

4.to carry out, implement a d) проводить политику policy

14.long-range, long-term n) следовать политике policy

15.short-range, short-term o) внутренняя политика policy

Exercise 23. Translate into English.

1.военная политика 6. твердая, жесткая политика

2.денежная политика 7. здравая, мудрая политика

3.официальная политика 8. политика открытых дверей

4.национальная политика 9. прозападный политический

5.жесткий политический курс

курс, твердая политика

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Exercise 24. Translate into Russian.

Exercise 25. Translate the following examples.

1.Without education, there can be no politics. (Arthur Miller)

2.Practical politics consists in ignoring facts. (Henry Adams)

3.The war inevitably set its marks … upon our minds, our industries, our commerce, our politics and our social action. (W.Wilson)

4.Indeed, it was at Westminster that I received a very large part of my education in politics, dialectic, rhetoric, and one or two other things. (“Iron Curtain” Speech,

W.S.Churchill)

5.In a May 23, 1964, speech, Johnson publicly launched the bridge-building policy that was designed to improve relations with the Communist Bloc states.

6.You came into our consciousness for many Americans in 1947 when you were the author of the so-called containment policy with regard to the Soviet Union.

7.When Cold War politicians discuss the nuclear deterrent policy, they always mention North Korea.

8.Special educational programmes have been executed in the framework of socialization policy.

9.Mayor Giuliani’s zero-tolerance policy has brought New York City's crime rate down.

10.It was a policy of retribution.

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OVER TO YOU

Chose one of the quotations below. What do you think of the idea expressed in it? What do you know about the people who said these words you liked? Write a small essay to cover the topic.

1)“Thus the policy and the will of one country are subjected to the policy and will of another”. George Washington (1789-1797).

2)“Businessmen are entitled therefore to a clear statement of the policy of the Government on the subject”. Harry S. Truman (1945-1953).

3)“Questions of economic and trade policy can always be negotiated”. John F. Kennedy (1961-1963).

Exercise 26. Give a written translation of the passage below.

Exceptions to the Vienna Convention

A number of countries limit the diplomatic immunity of persons who are citizens of the receiving country. As nations keep faith to their treaties with differing zeal, other rules may also apply, though in most cases this summary is a reasonably accurate approximation. It is important to note that the Convention does not cover the personnel of international organizations, whose privileges are decided upon on a case-by- case basis, usually in the treaties founding such organizations. The United Nations system (including its agencies, which comprise the most recognizable international bodies such as the World Bank and many others) has a relatively standardized form of limited immunities for staff traveling on U.N. laissez-passer; diplomatic immunity is often granted to the highest-ranking officials of these agencies. Consular officials (that do not have concurrent diplomatic accreditation) formally have a more limited form of immunity, generally limited to their official duties. Diplomatic technical and administrative staff also has more limited immunity under the Vienna Convention; for this reason, some countries may accredit technical and administrative staff as attachés.

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Other categories of government officials that may travel frequently to other countries may not have diplomatic passports or diplomatic immunity, such as members of the military, high-ranking government officials, ministers, and others. Many countries provide non-diplomatic official passports to such personnel, and there may be different classes of such travel documents such as official passports, service passports, and others. De facto recognition of some form of immunity may be conveyed by states accepting officials traveling on such documents, or there may exist bilateral agreements to govern such cases (as in, for example, the case of military personnel conducting or observing exercises on the territory of the receiving country).

Formally, diplomatic immunity may be limited to officials accredited to a host country, or traveling to or from their host country. In practice, many countries may effectively recognize diplomatic immunity for those traveling on diplomatic passports, with admittance to the country constituting acceptance of the diplomatic status.

Exercise 27. Do you know the term persona non grata? Under what circumstances is the diplomat no longer welcome? Read the text below to find the answers to these questions.

Abuse

In reality, most diplomats are representatives of nations with a tradition of professional civil service, and are expected to obey regulations governing their behaviour and they suffer strict internal consequences (disciplinary action) if they flout local laws. In many nations a professional diplomat's career may be compromised if he or she (or even members of his or her family) disobeys the local authorities or causes serious embarrassment, and such cases are, at any rate, a violation of the spirit of the Vienna Conventions.

The Vienna Convention is explicit that "without prejudice to their privileges and immunities, it is the duty of all persons enjoying such privileges and immunities to respect the

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laws and regulations of the receiving State." Nevertheless, in some occasions, diplomatic immunity leads to some unfortunate results; protected diplomats have violated laws (including those which would be violations at home as well) of the host country and that country has been essentially limited to informing the diplomat's nation that the diplomat is no longer welcome (persona non grata). Diplomatic agents are not, however, exempt from the jurisdiction of their home state, and hence prosecution may be undertaken by the sending state; for minor violations of the law, the sending state may impose administrative procedures specific to the foreign service or diplomatic mission.

Violation of the law by diplomats has included espionage, smuggling, child custody law violations, and even murder.

Espionage

Minor espionage activity, or gathering information of host countries is conducted in almost every embassy. A typical position for an intelligence officer is as second press attaché, visa attaché or other position with no clear responsibilities. In the United States, it is a policy of the Foreign Service not to confirm or deny the existence of intelligence personnel in U.S. embassies.

Vehicular

A particular problem is the immunity of diplomatic vehicles to ordinary traffic regulations such as prohibitions on double parking. Occasionally, such problems may take a most serious turn, when disregard for traffic rules leads to bodily harm or death. This also includes parking violations

Exercise 28. Study these cases. Why do you think some of the diplomats were declared "persona non grata"? Give the similar examples you remember.

1. In 2009, a Canadian junior envoy was arrested after it was reported that he spat at a traffic policeman on duty in the middle of a traffic jam in the Banana district on the outskirts of Dar es Salaam-Tanzania and later to a journalist. Canada's High Commissioner Robert Orr was summoned

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Part III. THE WORLD WE LIVE IN

LESSON 11

GLOBAL CHALLENGES

Starting up

Comment on the following quotation. Do you agree with the ideas expressed?

"No matter how complex global challenges may seem, we must remember that it is we ourselves who have given rise to them. It is therefore impossible that they are beyond our power as human beings to resolve. Returning to our humanity, reforming and opening up the inner capacities of our lives, can enable reform and empowerment on a global scale".

Daisaku Ikeda (1928), a Buddhist philosopher

Discuss the following questions.

1.Do you agree that we live in the global world? Why?

2.What are the signs of globalization?

3.What are the factors facilitating globalization?

4.What are the advantages and disadvantages of living in a global world?

5.What problems does globalization bring with it?

6.Does “globalization” mean “progress”?

7.What are the modern world challenges?

Exercise 1. Study the information below.

Professor N. J. Wheeler says that the world feels passionately about a large number of global challenges. In the graph below there are the results of an international poll conducted by him. Right at the top is extreme poverty, but eight other problems were rated "very serious" by more than half the people (average of 23 countries (%)). Study the graph and comment on it.

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What challenges, in your opinion, were not included? Exercise 2. Read the following text.

Globalization and jurisdiction issues of the international criminal court in combating crime

Today international cooperation of states and international organizations in combating international crimes becomes one of the most significant lines in international relations. The pre- sent-day state of relations between the countries of the world and international organizations is described by problems caused by mounting globalization processes. The problems that globalization brings may be divided into three groups:

1)international terrorism, transboundary organized crimes;

2)poverty, hunger, illiteracy;

3)ecological danger, man-caused catastrophes.

International crimes and crimes of international nature, and namely international terrorism, make one of the most serious dangers for the mankind today. A humanitarian action become more and more often the means for combating international terrorism, i.e. military intervention that is carried out in the territory of an individual state without consent of its top administration.

Globalization promotes such significant trends of the development of international law as expansion of the sphere of actions and intensification of regulation. The law embraces