§ 4. MEMORIAL CONSTRUCTIONS
4.1. Megalithic constructions
Megalithic constructions are cult constructions of the III-II thousand BC from the huge raw or semi-processed boulders. They served as mostly sepulchral monuments and sanctuaries (Megalith, Menhir, Dolmen and Cromlech).
A megalith (pic. 28) is a large stone that has been used to construct a structure or monument, either alone or together with other stones. The word "megalithic" describes structures made of such large stones, utilizing an interlocking system without the use of mortar or cement, as well as representing periods of prehistory characterized by such constructions. For later periods the term monolith, with an overlapping meaning, is more likely
29). Menhirs may be found singly as monoliths,Иor as part of a group of similar stones. Their size can vary considerably, but their shape is generally uneven and squared, often tapering towards the top. Menhirs are widely
to be used.
distributed across Europe, Africa and ДAsia, but are most numerous in Western Europe; in particular in Ireland, Great Britain and Brittany. There
A menhir (French "a long stone") is a large upright standing stone (pic.
are about 50,000 megaliths in these areas, while there are 1,200 menhirs in |
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northwest France alone. Standing stones are usually difficult to date, but pottery found underneath some in Atlantic Europe connects them with the Beaker people. TheyСwere constructed during many different periods across pre-history, erected as a part of a larger megalithic culture that flourished in Europe and beyond.
A dolmen (pic. 30), also known as a portal tomb, portal grave or quoit, is a type of single-chamber megalithic tomb, usually consisting of two or more upright stones supporting a large flat horizontal capstone (table), although there are also more complex variants. Most date from the early Neolithic period (4000 to 3000 BC). Dolmens were typically covered with earth or smaller stones to form a barrow. In many instances, that covering has weathered away, leaving only the stone "skeleton" of the burial mound intact.
It remains unclear when, why, and by whom the earliest dolmens were made. The oldest known dolmens are in Western Europe, where they were set in place around 7000 years ago. Archaeologists still do not know who erected these dolmens, which makes it difficult to know why they did it. They are generally all regarded as tombs or burial chambers, despite the
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absence of clear evidence for this. Human remains, sometimes accompanied
by artefacts, have been found in or |
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the dolmens which could |
be scientifically dated. However, it |
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impossible to prove that |
these archaeological remains date from the time when the stones were originally set in place.
A cromlech (pic. 31) is a Brythonic word used to describe prehistoric megalithic structures, where crom means "bent" or "curved" and lech means "slab" or "flagstone ". The term is now virtually obsolete in archeology, but remains in use as a colloquial term for two different types of megalithic monument. In English it usually refers to dolmens, the remains of prehistoric stone chamber tombs. However, it is widely used in French and Spanish to describe stone circle. Confusingly, some English-speaking archaeologists,
such as Aubrey Burl, use this second meaning for cromlech in English too. In addition, the term is occasionally used to describe more complex examples of megalithic architecture, such as the Amenders Cromlex in Portugal [10].
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Pic. 28. A trilithon at Stonehenge Monoliths erected for religious or commemorative purposes – such as the Stonehenge
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Pic. 29. A large menhir located between Millstreet and Ballinagree, Ireland |
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Pic. 30. Dolmen-Ural, Russia
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Pic. 31. Chambered cairn (cromlech) at Dyffryn Ardudwy, Wales |
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Задание 1. Определите значения словоформ в минимальном |
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контексте: interlocking system, overlapping meaning, flourished, barrow, |
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evidence, artefacts, flagstone. |
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Задание 2. Дайте определение понятию Megalithic constructions. |
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Используйте следующ е модели: |
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The concept of …can be determined as…
The notion under review covers such points as...
The notion “…” covers such points as…
Задание 3. Продолжите предложения:
1.Megalithic constructions are …
2.A megalith is a ….
3.A menhir is a ….
4.A cromlech is a ….
5.A dolmen, also known as …
Задание 4. Составьте простые распространенные и сложные предложения, используя данные ниже слова, словосочетания и фразы:
Let me describe…
The characteristic feature of…is…
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Overall view …
It is necessary to mention…
Задание 5. Cоставьте отрывок устной аннотации по следующим моделям:
My report suggests some information on...
It touches upon…
The subject of my report is…
I would like to begin (to open my report) with a detailed examination
of..
The aim of the report is to provide you with some material (data) on… The purpose of my report is to give you some information on… Passing on to…, I’d like to say that…
One of the most interesting questions is… |
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Let me attract your attention to the main idea… |
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In summing up I’d like to tell… |
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In conclusion I can say… |
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To my opinion… |
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I think… |
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Задание 6. Сделайте вывод об информации текста, используя |
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следующие модели: |
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The text…provides much information on… |
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The text……gives figures illustratingА… |
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The text……carries a photograph of … |
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I find the data on… useful (informative, interesting, up-to-date, and disputable), because…
The idea of... appears (seems) to have practical interest. In conclusion I can say…
The concluding part of my report contains notes on...
We can make a conclusion that… My conclusions (results) based on…..
Задание 7. Опишите, какие объекты архитектуры вы видите нa pис. 28 – 31. Используйте следующие модели:
The first picture illustrates …
We can see a…in the second picture.
The buildings, we can see on the …picture, are...
The characteristic features of the object are… The figure illustrates the…
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