I find the data on… useful (informative, interesting, up-to-date, and disputable), because…

The idea of... appears (seems) to have practical interest. In conclusion I can say…

The concluding part of my report contains notes on...

We can make a conclusion that… My conclusions (results) based on…..

1.5. Renaissance and the architecture

In Renaissance Europe, from about 1400 onwards, there was a revival of Classical learning accompanied by the development of Renaissance Humanism which placed greater emphasis on the role of the individual in society than had been the case during the medieval period. Buildings were ascribed to specific architects – Brunelleschi, ИAlberti, Michelangelo, and Palladio – and the cult of the individual had begun. There was still no dividing line between artist, architect andДengineer, or any of the related vocations, and the appellation was often one of regional preference.

burgeoning of science and engineering which affected the proportions and

A revival of the Classical styleАin architecture was accompanied by a

structure of buildings [2].бThe Renaissance often refers to the Italian

Renaissance that began in the 14th century, but recent research has revealed the existence of similarиmovements around Europe before the 15th century; consequently, the term "Early Modern" has gained popularity in describing this cultural movement. This period of cultural rebirth is often credited with the restoration ofСscholarship in the Classical Antiquities and the absorption of new scientific and philosophical knowledge that fed the arts.

The development from Medieval architecture concerned the way geometry mediated between the intangibility of light and the tangibility of the material as a way of relating divine creation to mortal existence. This relationship was changed in some measure by the invention of perspective which brought a sense of infinity into the realm of human comprehension through the new representations of the horizon, evidenced in the expanses of space opened up in Renaissance painting, and helped shape new humanist thought.

Perspective represented a new understanding of space as a universal, a priori fact, understood and controllable through human reason. Renaissance buildings therefore show a different sense of conceptual clarity, where spaces were designed to be understood in their entirety from a specific fixed viewpoint. The power of Perspective to universally represent reality was not

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limited to describing experiences, but also allowed it to anticipate experience itself by projecting the image back into reality.

The Renaissance spread to France in the late 15th century, when Charles VIII returned in 1496 with several Italian artists from his conquest of Naples. Renaissance chateaux were built in the Loire Valley, the earliest example being the Château d'Amboise, and the style became dominant under Francis I . The Château is a combination of Gothic structure and Italianate ornament, a style which progressed under architects such as Sebastiano Serlio, who was engaged after 1540 in work at the Château de Fontainebleau.

Architects such as Philibert Delorme, Androuet du Cerceau, Giacomo Vignola, and Pierre Lescot, were inspired by the new ideas. The southwest interior facade of the Cour Carree of the Louvre in Paris was designed by Lescot and covered with exterior carvings by Jean Goujon. Architecture continued to thrive in the reigns of Henry II and HenryИIII.

In England the first great exponent of Renaissance architecture was Inigo Jones (1573–1652), who had studiedДarchitecture in Italy where the influence of Palladio was very strong. Jones returned to England full of enthusiasm for the new movement and immediately began to design such buildings as the Queen's House at АGreenwich in 1616 and the Banqueting House at Whitehall three years later. These works with their clean lines and symmetry were revolutionaryбin a country still enamoured with mullion windows, crenulations and turrets [2].

1.6. EarlyиModern and the Industrial Age

With the emergingСknowledge in scientific fields and the rise of new materials and technology, architecture and engineering began to separate, and the architect began to concentrate on aesthetics and the humanist aspects, often at the expense of technical aspects of building design. There was also the rise of the "gentleman architect" who usually dealt with wealthy clients and concentrated predominantly on visual qualities derived usually from historical prototypes, typified by the many country houses of Great Britain that were created in the Neo Gothic or Scottish Baronial styles. Formal architectural training in the 19th century, for example at Ecole des Beaux Arts in France, gave much emphasis to the production of beautiful drawings and little to context and feasibility. Effective architects generally received their training in the offices of other architects, graduating to the role from draughts men or clerks.

Meanwhile, the Industrial Revolution laid open the door for mass production and consumption. Aesthetics became a criterion for the middle

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class as ornamented products, once within the province of expensive craftsmanship, became cheaper under machine production.

Vernacular architecture became increasingly ornamental. House builders could use current architectural design in their work by combining features found in pattern books and architectural journals [10].

expensive, it hasСbeen described as the only one that is "unquestionably a masterpiece of the first rank." This opinion is far from unanimous however: the 20th-century French architect Le Corbusier once described it as "a lying art" and contended that the "Garnier movement is a décor of the grave".

The Palais Garnier (рic. 5) has been called "probably the most famous opera house in the world, a symbol of Paris like Notre Dame Cathedral,

the Louvre, or the Sacred Coeur Basilica. Besides being the most

The Hôtel de Ville ( City Hall) in Paris, France, (рic. 6) is the building housing the city's local administration. It serves multiple functions, housing the local administration, the Mayor of Paris (since 1977), and also serves as a venue for large receptions.

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Задание 1. Переведите слова и словосочетания: medieval period, a burgeoning of science, the scope of the generalist.

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Задание 2. Дайте определение понятию gentleman architect. Используйте следующие модели:

The concept of …can be determined as…

The notion under review covers such points as...

The notion “…” covers such points as… The notion “…” contains such ones as…

Задание 3. Продолжите предложения:

1.A revival of the Classical style in architecture …

2.Buildings were ascribed to specific architects …

3.Effective architects generally received their training …

4.Meanwhile, the Industrial Revolution laid open …

5.Vernacular architecture became…

Задание 4. Заполните пустые графы таблицы:

Задание 6. Сделайте вывод об информации текста, используя следующие модели:

The text…provides much information on… The text……gives figures illustrating… The text……carries a photograph of…

I find the data on… useful (informative, interesting, up-to-date, disputable), because…

The idea of... appears (seems) to have practical interest. In conclusion I can say…

The concluding part of my report contains notes on...

We can make a conclusion that… My conclusions (results) based on…..

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