In ancient Greek religion, places were under the care of female divinities, parallel to guardian angels. The poets detailed their doings and generations in allegoric language salted with entertaining stories, which subsequently playwrights transformed into classical Greek drama and became "Greek mythology." For example, Hesiod mentions the daughters of Tethys and Ocean, among whom are a "holy company", "who with the Lord Apollo and the Rivers have youths in their keeping." Many of these are geographic: Doris, Rhodea, Europa, Asia.

1.3. Islamic architecture

Islamic architecture began in the 7th century CE, incorporating architectural forms from the ancient Middle East and Byzantium, but also

developing features to suit the religious and social needs of the society. Examples can be found throughout the Middle East,ИNorth Africa, Spain and

the Indian Sub-continent. The widespread application of the pointed arch was to influence European architecture ofДthe medieval period [4]. Islamic

architecture encompasses a wide range of both secular and religious styles

from the foundation of Islam to the present day. What today is known as

by Chinese and Indian architectureАas Islam spread to Southeast Asia. The principal Islamic architecturalи types are: the Mosque, the Tomb,

Islamic architecture owes its origin to similar structures already existing

in Roman, Byzantine and Persian lands which the Muslims conquered in the 7th and 8th centuries.бFurther east, it was also influenced

the Palace and the Fort. From these four types, the vocabulary of Islamic architecture is Сderived and used for other buildings such as baths, fountains and domestic architecture.

Pic. 4. Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem

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The Dome of the Rock (рic. 4) is a shrine located on the Temple Mount in the Old City of Jerusalem. It was initially completed in 691 CE built on the site of the Roman temple of Jupiter Capitolinus, which had in turn been built on the site of Herod's Temple, destroyed during the Roman Siege of Jerusalem in 70 CE. The original dome collapsed in 1016 and was rebuilt in 1021. The Dome of the Rock is in its core one of the oldest extant works of Islamic architecture. Its architecture and mosaics were patterned after nearby Byzantine churches and palaces, although its outside appearance has been significantly changed in the Ottoman period and again in the modern period, notably with the addition of the gold-plated roof, in 1959–1961 and again in 1993. It has been called "Jerusalem's most recognizable landmark," and it is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

1.4. The medieval builder

In the history of Europe, the Middle AgesИor medieval period lasted from the 5th to the 15th century. It began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire and merged into the RenaissanceДand the Age of Discovery. The Middle Ages is the middle period of the three traditional divisions of Western history: classical antiquity,Аthe medieval period, and the modern period. The medieval period is itself subdivided into the Early, High, and Late Middle Ages.In Europeбduring the medieval period, guilds were formed by craftsmen to organize their trades and written contracts have survived, particularly inиrelation to ecclesiastical buildings. The role of architect was usually one with that of master mason, or Magister lathomorum as theyСare sometimes described in contemporary documents.

The major architectural undertakings were the buildings of abbeys and cathedrals. From about 900 CE onwards, the movements of both clerics and tradesmen carried architectural knowledge across Europe, resulting in the pan-European styles Romanesque and Gothic [2]. Religious architecture

The Latin cross plan, common in medieval ecclesiastical architecture, takes the Roman basilica as its primary model with subsequent developments. It consists of a nave, transepts, and the altar stands at the east end. Also, cathedrals influenced or commissioned by Justinian employed the Byzantine style of domes and a Greek cross (resembling a plus sign), with the altar located in the sanctuary on the east side of the church.

Surviving examples of medieval secular architecture mainly served for defence. Castles and fortified walls provide the most notable remaining nonreligious examples of medieval architecture. Windows gained a cross-shape for more than decorative purposes. They provided a perfect fit for

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a crossbowman to safely shoot at invaders from inside. Crenulated walls (battlements) provided shelters for archers on the roofs to hide behind when not shooting invaders.

While much of the surviving medieval architecture is either religious or military, examples of civic and even domestic architecture can be found

Architecture, Pre-Romanesque including Merovingian, Carolingian, Ottoman, and Austrian ones.

While these terms are problematic, they nonetheless serve adequately as

entries into the era. Considerations that enter into histories of each period

11th and 12th centuries, was the first pan-EuropeanИstyle since Roman Imperial Architecture and examples are found in every part of the continent.

include Trachtenberg's "historicising" and "modernising" elements, Italian

versus northern, Spanish, and Byzantine elements, and especially the

religious and political manoeuvrings between kings, popes, and various

ecclesiastic officials. Romanesque, prevalent in medieval Europe during the

and 12th century building projects, particularly in the Île de France area, but were first combined to form what we would now recognise as a distinctively Gothic style at the 12th century abbey church of Saint-Denis in Saint-Denis, near Paris. Verticality is emphasized in Gothic architecture, which features almost skeletal stone structures with great expanses of glass, pared-down wall surfaces supported by external flying buttresses, pointed arches using the or give shape, ribbed stone vaults, clustered columns, pinnacles and sharply pointed spires. Windows contain stained glass, showing stories from the Bible and from lives of saints. Such advances in design allowed cathedrals to rise taller than ever, and it became something of an interregional contest to build a church as high as possible.

Задание 1. Переведите слова и словосочетания, учитывая их контекстуальное окружение: a craft, a process of trial and error, a surplus in production, the divine, pointed arch, a pantheistic religion, to enhance, ambience.

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Задание 3. Дайте определение понятию architecture. Используйте следующие модели:

The concept of …can be determined as…

The notion under review covers such points as...

The notion “…” covers such points as… The notion “…” contains such ones as…

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Задание 4. Продолжите предложения:

1.It is widely assumed that architectural …

2.Asian architecture …

3.Islamic architecture …

4.In Europe during the medieval period …

5.The major architectural undertakings were…

Задание 5. Разделите текст на смысловые части и озаглавьте каждую.

Задание 6. Составьте простые распространенные и сложные предложения, используя данные ниже слова, словосочетания и фразы:

на причинно-следственные связи или на порядок изложения информации:

on the whole – в целом

in other words – иными словами on the one hand – с одной стороны

on the other hand – с другой стороны thus – таким образом

therefore – поэтому consequently – следовательно hence – отсюда, следовательно

Задание 8. Сделайте вывод об информации текста, используя следующие модели:

The text…provides much information on… The text……gives figures illustrating … The text……carries a photograph of …

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