§3. CHRISTIAN CHURCH ARHITECTURE

A cross-in-square or crossed-dome plan (рic. 23) was the dominant architectural form of middleand late-period Byzantine churches, featuring a square centre with an internal structure shaped like a cross, topped by a dome. The first cross-in-square churches were probably built in the late 8th century, and the form has remained in use throughout the Orthodox world until the present day. In the West, Donato Bramante's first design (1506) for St. Peter's Basilica (рic. 21) was a centrally-planned cross-in-square under a dome and four subsidiary domes.

In German it is such a church is a Kreuzkuppelkirche, or ‘cross-dome church’. In French, it is a ‘church with an inscribed cross’. A chetverik (рic. 23) in the Russian and Ukrainian both stone and wooden architecture is

a quadrangular construction in the plan or a component of compositions of tent and tier temples, the basic architectural form of the Russian church before the 18th century including a combination with an octahedral part (vosmeric on chetveric).

octagonal construction in the plan or partДof a construction.И It is widespread mainly in church architecture. Vosmeriks were usually put on the quadrangular basis; less often they finish crosswise volume in the plan.

A vosmerik (рic. 24) in the Russian stone and wooden architecture is an

plan (a temple, a mausoleum,бa Аpavilion, a hall), usually topped with a spherical vault.The rotunda has historical and architectural value because it was widespread in medieval Central Europe. A great number of parochial churches were built in this form in the 9th to 11th centuries in the Central

A rotunda (рic. 25) is a centric construction, round construction in the

Europe. This typeСof circularиshaped parochial building can be found in great number in Hungary, Bohemia, Poland, Croatia, Austria, Bavaria, Dalmatia, Germany, and the Czech Republic. It was thought of as a structure descending from the Roman Pantheon. However, it can be found mainly not on former Roman territories, but in Central Europe. Generally its size was 6– 9 meters inner diameter and the apses were directed toward the east. Sometimes 3 or 4 upsides were glued to the central circle and this type has relatives even in the Caucasus.

A basilica (рic. 26, 27) is a drawn-out, rectangular building in the plan, separated inside by longitudinal rows of columns or poles on some (preferentially odd quantity) parts (naves) having independent overlapping. The average nave is always a higher side so the upper part of its walls which has been cut through by windows, appears over roofs of side naves. The first Christian basilicas had wooden open construction overlapping which was replaced later by the stone vaulted one. The term basilica, when applied to a church, may be used in two ways. In architectural parlance, it signifies a

46

building that has similarities to the basilica structures of Ancient Rome, being of longitudinal rather than central plan, having a central nave with an aisle on either side separated by a colonnade, and an apse at one end.

In the ecclesiastical sense, a basilica is a church that has been designated as such by the pope, and has accordingly received certain privileges. A building that is designated as a basilica might be a cathedral, an abbey, a shrine or a parish church. The four so-called "Major Basilicas" are four churches of Rome of 4th century foundation, St. Peter's Basilica, the Basilica of St. John Lateran, the Basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore and the Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls.

There are more than 1,500 churches in the world which are designated as “Minor Basilicas”. The reason for such a designation is often that the church is a pilgrimage site and contains the relics of a saint, or an object of religious veneration, such as a fragment of the True Cross. These churches are often large and of considerable architectural significance. They include the Basilica of St. Francis, Assisi (рic. 27); the Church of the Nativity, Bethlehem; the Basilica of Our Lady of Fatima, Portugal; the Basilica of Our Lady of Sheehan, Shanghai, the Basilica of the Immaculate Conception in

Pic. 23. Moscow, Bogoslovsky Lane Chirch (a chetverik)

47

Pic. 24. A vosmerik on chetverik, Ubory Church (1694–1697)

48

Pic. 26. Remains of the Basilica of Maxentius and Constantine in Rome

49

Задание 3. Дайте определение понятию a cross-in-square or crosseddome plan. Используйте следующие модели:

The concept of …can be determined as…

The notion under review covers such points as...

The notion “…” covers such points as…

50

Задание 4. Продолжите предложения:

A vosmerik in the Russian both stone and wooden architecture is … These churches are often …

In architectural parlance … The average nave is …

A rotunda is a …

In the ecclesiastical sense…

Задание 5. Определите, какие модели аннотирования применимы к следующей информации:

Historical civilizations are often identified with their architectural achievements.

In examining the problem the author points out that…

My report suggests some information on...

I would like to begin (to open my report) with a detailed examination

of…

The aim of the report is to provide you with some material (data) on… The purpose of my report is to give you some information on… Passing on to…, I’d like to say that…

One of the most interesting questions is… Let me call your attention to the fact that…

Let me attract your attention to the main idea… My report is devoted to the problem of…

It touches upon…

The subject of my report is… In summing up I’d like to tell… In conclusion I can say…

To my opinion…

51

I think…

The text…provides much information on… The text……gives figures illustrating … The text……carries a photograph of …

I find the data on… useful (informative, interesting, up-to-date, and disputable), because…

The idea of... appears (seems) to have practical interest. In conclusion I can say…

The concluding part of my report contains notes on...

We can make a conclusion that…

52