1.7. Modernism and reaction

Around the turn of the 20th century, a general dissatisfaction with the emphasis on revivalist architecture and elaborate decoration gave rise to many new lines of thought that served as precursors to Modern Architecture. Notable among these is the Deutscher Werkbund, formed in 1907 to produce better quality machine made objects. The rise of the profession of industrial design is usually placed here. Following this lead, the Bauhaus school, founded in Weimar, Germany in 1919, redefined the architectural bounds prior set throughout history, viewing the creation of a building as the ultimate synthesis – the apex – of art, craft, and technology.

When Modern architecture was first practiced, it was an avant-garde movement with moral, philosophical, and aesthetic underpinnings.

Immediately after World War I, pioneering modernist architects sought to develop a completely new style appropriate forИa new post-war social and

economic order, focused on meeting the needs of the middle and working classes. They rejected the architectural practiceДof the academic refinement

of historical styles which served the rapidly declining aristocratic order. The

approach of the Modernist architects was to reduce buildings to pure forms,

Architects such as Frank Lloyd АWright developed Organic architecture in which the form was definedиby its environment and purpose, with an aim to promote harmony between human habitation and the natural world with prime examples beingСRobbie House and Falling Water.

removing historical references and ornament in favor of functionalist details.

Buildings displayed their functional and structural elements, exposing steel beams and concrete surfaces insteadбof hiding them behind decorative forms.

Architects such as Mies van der Rohe, Philip Johnson and Marcel Breuer worked to create beauty based on the inherent qualities of building materials and modern construction techniques, trading traditional historic forms for simplified geometric forms, celebrating the new means and methods made pos sible by the Industrial Revolution, including steel-frame construction, which gave birth to high-rise superstructures. By mid-century, Modernism had morphed into the International Style, an aesthetic epitomized in many ways.

Many architects resisted Modernism, finding it devoid of the decorative richness of ornamented styles and as the founders of that movement lost influence in the late 1970s, Postmodernism developed as a reaction against its austerity. Postmodernism viewed Modernism as being too extreme and even harsh in regards to design. Instead, Postmodernists combined Modernism with older styles from before the 1900s to form a middle ground. Robert Venturi's contention that a "decorated shed" (an ordinary building

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which is functionally designed inside and embellished on the outside) was better than a "duck" (an ungainly building in which the whole form and its function are tied together) gives an idea of these approaches [8].

Задание 1. Определите значения словоформ в минимальном контексте: revivalist architecture, precursors, ultimate, synthesis, meeting the needs, functionalist details, a "decorated shed".

Задание 2. Переведите:

следующие модели:

The concept of …can be determined as…

The notion under review covers such points as...

The notion “…” covers such points as… The notion “…” contains such ones as…

Задание 4. Классифицируйте понятие postmodernism по форме:

The concept of …can be determined as…

The notion under review covers such points as...

The notion “…” covers such points as… The notion “…” contains such ones as…

Задание 5. Составьте простые распространенные и сложные предложения, используя данные ниже слова, словосочетания и фразы:

It should be noted …

It’s necessary (important, interesting) to note (to report) that… The basic information of the text concerns…

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Задание 6. Разделите текст на смысловые части и озаглавьте каждую.

Задание 7. Определите, какие модели аннотирования применимы к следующей информации:

Historical civilizations are often identified with their architectural achievements.

In examining the problem the author points out that… It’s necessary to note that…

The author emphasizes the fact that…

Задание 8. Какие из представленных ниже предложений можно описать, используя следующую модель аннотирования:

The text……carries a photograph of …

We can make a conclusion that…

My conclusions (results) based on…..

Задание 10. оставьте план текста, используя слова, указывающие на причинно-следственные связи или на порядок изложения информации:

at first, first of all, to begin with, firstly – прежде всего, во-первых nevertheless – тем не менее

secondly – затем further – далее

also – кроме того, также finally – наконец

on the whole – в целом

in other words – иными словами on the one hand – с одной стороны

on the other hand – с другой стороны

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thus – таким образом therefore – поэтому consequently – следовательно hence – отсюда, следовательно

Задание 11. Опишите, какие объекты архитектуры вы видите на рис. 7 и 8. Используйте следующие модели:

The first picture illustrates …

We can see a…in the second picture.

The buildings, we can see on the …picture, are...

The characteristic features of the object are… The figure illustrates the…

Pic. 8. Modernized large-panel buildings in Rostock, Germany

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