1.8. Architecture today

Since the 1980s, as the complexity of buildings began to increase (in terms of structural systems, services, energy and technologies), the field of architecture became multi-disciplinary with specializations for each project type, technological expertise or project delivery methods. In addition, there has been an increased separation of the 'design' architect from the 'project' architect who ensures that the project meets the required standards and deals with matters of liability. The preparatory processes for the design of any large building have become increasingly complicated, and require preliminary studies of such matters as durability, sustainability, quality, money, and compliance with local laws. A large structure can no longer be the design of one person but must be the work of many. Modernism and Postmodernism have been criticized by some members of the architectural profession who feel that successful architecture is not a personal philosophical or aesthetic pursuit by individualists; rather it has to consider everyday needs of people and use technology to create livable environments, with the design process being informed by studies of behavioral,

Environmental sustainabilityбАhas become a mainstream issue, with profound affect on the architecturalи profession. Many developers, those who

support the financing of buildings, have become educated to encourage the facilitation of environmentallyС sustainable design, rather than solutions based primarily on immediate cost. Major examples of this can be found in greener roof designs, biodegradable materials, and more attention to a structure's energy usage. This major shift in architecture has also changed architecture schools to focus more on the environment. Sustainability in architecture was pioneered by Frank Lloyd Wright, in the 1960s by Buckminster Fuller and in

the 1970s by architects such as Ian McHarg and Sim Van der Ryn in the US and Brenda and Robert Vale in the UK and New Zealand. There has been acceleration in the number of buildings which seek to meet green building sustainable design principles. Sustainable practices that were at the core of vernacular architecture increasingly provide inspiration for environmentally and socially sustainable contemporary techniques (рic. 9). The U.S. Green Building Council's LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) rating system has been instrumental in this (рic. 10). An example of an architecturally innovative green building is the Dynamic Tower which will be powered by wind turbines and solar panels (рic. 11) Designed by Italian

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architect David Fisher, the Dynamic Tower will be made up of 80 prefabricated apartments rotating around a central column. Ole Scheeren’s ‘vertical village’ was named World Building of the Year 2015 (pic. 12) [9].

Pic. 9. Some of Denver's multi-story buildings

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Pic. 12. Modern architecture

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Задание 1. Определите значения словоформ в минимальном контексте:

matters of liability, preliminary studies, sustainability, pursuit, livable environments, biodegradable materials, a structure's energy usage.

Задание 2. Классифицируйте понятие acceleration по форме.

Задание 3. Продолжите предложения:

-The field of architecture became multi-disciplinary …

-Major examples of this can be found in greener …

-This major shift in architecture has also …

-An example of an architecturally innovative green…

Environmental sustainability has become a mainstream issue, with profound affect on the architectural profession.

In examining the problem the author points out that… It’s necessary to note that…

The author emphasizes the fact that…

Задание 7. Какие из представленных ниже предложений можно описать, используя следующую модель аннотирования:

The author mentions, that…

- Since the 1980s, as the complexity of buildings began to increase (in terms of structural systems, services, energy and technologies), the field of architecture became multi-disciplinary with specializations for each project type, technological expertise or project delivery methods.

- Environmental sustainability has become a mainstream issue, with profound affect on the architectural profession.

- Many developers those who support the financing of Buildings

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have become educated to encourage the facilitation of environmentally sustainable design, rather than solutions based primarily on immediate cost.

Задание 8. Составьте простые распространенные и сложные предложения, используя данные ниже слова, словосочетания и фразы:

It should be noted, that…

It’s necessary (important, interesting) to note (to report) that… The basic information of the text concerns…

Задание 9. Составьте план текста, используя слова, указывающие на причинно-следственные связи или на порядок изложения информации:

at first, first of all, to begin with, firstly – прежде всего, во-первых

Задание 10. Выпишите из текста и составьте самостоятельно модели, которые могут быть использованы при аннотировании любого текста по архитектуре.

Задание 11. Опишите, какие объекты архитектуры вы видите на рис. 12–16. Используйте следующие модели:

The first picture illustrates …

We can see a…in the second picture.

The buildings, we can see on the …picture, are...

The characteristic features of the object are… The figure illustrates the…

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Pic. 14. Modern architecture

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Pic.16. Modern architecture of Kazakhstan

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