§ 5. RELIGIOUS CONSTRUCTIONS

A nymphaeum or nymphaion in ancient Greece and Rome was a monument consecrated to the nymphs, especially those of springs. These monuments were originally natural grottoes, which tradition assigned as habitations to the local nymphs. They were sometimes so arranged as to furnish a supply of water, as at Pamphylian Side. A nymphaeum dedicated to a local water nymph, Coventina, was built along Hadrian's Wall, in the northernmost reach of the Roman Empire. Subsequently, artificial grottoes took the place of natural ones.

A temple (pic. 48) is a structure reserved for religious or spiritual activities, such as prayer and sacrifice, or analogous rites. A temple

constituted a sacred precinct as defined by a priest, or augur. It has the same root as the word "template," a plan in preparation of the building that was marked out on the ground by the augur. Temples also became associated with the dwelling places of a god or gods.

Pic. 48. Temple of Hephaestus, a Doric Greek temple in Athens

with the original entrance facing east, 449 BC (western face depicted)

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A pantheon in Ancient Rome is "the temple of all gods", constructed about 125 AD a tomb of outstanding people. Usually pantheons were settled down in the buildings having (or originally having) cult assignment (Westminster abbey, the Pantheon in Paris) Pantheon is a circular temple in Rome dedicated to all the gods, built by Agrippa in 27 BC, rebuilt by Hadrian 120-24 AD, and used since 609 AD as a Christian church.

The Parthenon (Pic.66) is a temple on the Athenian Acropolis, Greece, dedicated to the maiden goddess Athena, whom the people of Athens considered their patron deity. Its construction began in 447 BC when the Athenian Empire was at the height of its power. It was completed in 438 BC, although decoration of the building continued until 432 BC. It is the most important surviving building of Classical Greece, generally considered the culmination of the development of the Doric order. Its decorative sculptures are considered some of the high points of Greek art.

The Parthenon is regarded as an enduringИsymbol of Ancient Greece,

Athenian democracy, western civilization and one of the world's greatest cultural monuments. The Greek Ministry Дof Culture is currently carrying out

a program of selective restoration and reconstruction to ensure the stability of the partially ruined structure.

aligned to the Hyades. Like most GreekАtemples; the Parthenon was used as a treasury. For a time, иit also served as the treasury of the Delian League,

The Parthenon itself replaced an older temple of Athena, which

historians call the Pre-Parthenon or Older Parthenon that was destroyed in the Persian invasion of 480бBC. The temple is archaeo-astronomically

which later became the Athenian Empire. In the 5th century AD, the С

Parthenon was converted into a Christian church dedicated to the Virgin Mary.

Pic. 49. Greek Parthenon in Athen

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A mosque (pic. 50) is a place of worship for followers of Islam, a Muslim cult construction.

There are stringent restrictions on the uses of the area formally demarcated as the mosque (which is often a small portion of the larger complex), and, in the Islamic Sharia law, after an area is formally designated as a mosque, it remains so until the Last Day. Many mosques have elaborate domes, minarets, and prayer halls, in varying styles of architecture. Mosques originated on the Arabian Peninsula, but are now found in all inhabited continents. The mosque serves as a place where Muslims can come together for prayer as well as a center for information, education, and dispute settlement. The imam leads the congregation in prayer.

Pic. 50. Quba Mosque in Medina is reportedly the oldest mosque in the world which appeared in the days of Muhammad

A minaret (pic. 51) is a distinctive architectural feature of mosques, generally a tall spire with an onion-shaped or conical crown, usually either free standing or taller than associated support structure. The basic form of a minaret includes a base, shaft, and gallery. Styles vary regionally and by period. Minarets provide a visual focal point and are used for the call to prayer. Minaret is a tower (round, square or multi-faced in section) for an appeal of Muslims on a prayer; it is put near a mosque [10].

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Задание 1. Определите значения словоформ в минимальном контек-

сте: synagogue, a temple, a nymphaeum, a pantheon, a mosque, a minaret.

Задание 2.СДайте определение понятию religious constructions. Используйте следующие модели:

The concept of …can be determined as…

The notion under review covers such points as...

The notion “…” covers such points as… The notion “…” contains such ones as…

Задание 3. Определите, какие модели аннотирования применимы к следующей информации:

A temple constituted a sacred precinct as defined by a priest, or augur. It has the same root as the word "template," a plan in preparation of the building that was marked out on the ground by the augur. Temples also became associated with the dwelling places of a god or gods.

In examining the problem the author points out that… It’s necessary to note that…

The author emphasizes the fact that…

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Задание 4. Продолжите предложения:

A temple is… A mosque is …

A pantheon in Ancient Rome is … The Parthenon is …

Задание 5. Составьте простые распространенные и сложные предложения, используя данные ниже слова, словосочетания и фразы:

It should be noted …

It’s necessary (important, interesting) to note (to report) that… The basic information of the text concerns…

Задание 6. Заполните пустые графы таблицы.

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Задание 7. Опишите, какие объекты архитектуры вы видите на pис. 52 – 54. Используйте следующие модели:

The first picture illustrates …

We can see a…in the second picture.

The buildings, we can see on the …picture, are...

The characteristic features of the object are… The figure illustrates the…

Задание 8. Сделайте вывод об информации текста, используя

From my point of view…

As far as I understood…

I’d like to quote…

I wanted to show my attitude to…

To my opinion…

As for me…

To my mind…

I think…

One of the most interesting questions is that…

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Pic. 53. Taj Mahal, in Agra, India is the world's most famous and most зhotographed mausoleum

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Приложение

Examples of notable monuments and buildings

The Statue of Liberty, the symbol of the United States' freedom.

El Ángel national monument built to commemorate the independence of Mexico.

National Monument, Jakarta, commemorates Indonesian struggle for independence.

The Juche Tower, a symbol of communist North Korea's "self reliance" political stance.

The TajMahal, a mausoleum in India Kościuszko Mound, Poland commemorates TadeuszKościuszko.

Tomb of Manuel L. Quezon in Quezon Memorial Circlein Philippines. The Cristo-Redentor, a modern religious monumentИin Brazil.

The Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela where Saint James is buried. Д

The ColosseumFlavianamphitheatre in Rome, a popular monument of Roman Empire.

The Bell Telephone Memorial, commemorates the invention of the telephone, Brantford, Ontario.

The Hiroshima Cenotaph and Atomic Bomb Dome to remember the victims

of August 6, 1945 atomic bombing.

Belvedere, Vienna, Austria, a palace complex Belvedere (Palace Chapel). Hotel Belvédère du Rayon Vert, Art Deco building at Cerbère, France. Belvedere auf dem Pfingstberg, a palace in Potsdam, Germany. Belvedere auf dem Klausberg, a building in Potsdam, Germany.

Schloss Belvedere, Weimar, Germany, a small palaceCortile del Belvedere or Belvedere Courtyard, Vatican Palace, Rome.

Belvedere Tower in the Buda Hills, Budapest, Hungary.

Belvedere Estate, Calcutta, which houses the National Library of India. Belvedere House and Gardens, Ireland.

Fort Belvedere (disambiguation).

Belvedere (Wellington), New Zealand, a concrete apartment building. Belvedere Hotel, Baltimore, Maryland, the United States.

Belvedere (Howard estate), Baltimore, Maryland, a historic Georgian/Federal mansion owned by Col. John Eager Howard and family, razed in 1874.

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Belvedere (West Virginia), United States, a mansion in the National Registerof Historic Places.

Estadio Belvedere, a multi-use stadium in Montevideo, Uruguay. Belvedere, Cottesloe, a heritage site in Cottesloe, Western Australia. Belvédère tower, an observation tower near Mulhouse, Alsace, France. Belvedere water tower, Aachen, Germany.

Belvedere Incinerator, Bexley, England.

Belvedere Power Station, a former power station in Belvedere, England.

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