Lesson 2

Refresh the words in Ex. I (Lesson 1) and get ready to have a dictation.

СI. Do you remember video #1? The following sentences are from that

video but they are wrong. Correct them and compare the answers with

your partner.

1) Engineers make life more complex, dangerous and dirtier.

2) Engineers destroy the technologies we use every day.

3) Engineers use procrastination to come up with amazing solutions. 4) Engineers share ideas with their relatives to solve problems.

5) Engineers keep their secret until they have a great design.

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V. Look at the pictures (pic. 2 – 4). Make up 3 questions (What? How? Why?) and let your partner answer them.

Д

Pic. 2 ИPic. 3

Pic. 4

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VI. You are going to read a student’s story about her future occupation. Read and say:

1) what her future profession deals with;

2) how computers are used nowadays;

3) why Ann doesn’t worry about finding a job.

С1иst of September.

MY FUTURE PROFESSION

Hi, there! Here is Ann Sokolova again. I am afraid this will be my last meeting with you because I need to pack my suitcase. I am leaving for Sochi tonight. I have passed all the exams successfully and I’m free till the

As I have already told you, I was always good in mathematics and physics. My parents bought me a computer when I was in the 10th form. Since then I knew that I would become a specialist in computer technologies – a computer engineer.

spheres of professionalбlife. No business now is possible without computers. This is especially true about automated manufacturing of products and robotics. Computer control of automated production opens new horizons for the cheap and quality production of goods. Information is now generat-

Computer industry is developing so fast, that it comprises almost all

ed, transmitted, received,Аand stored electronically through computer networks on a scale unprecedented in history, and there is every indication that the explosive rate of growth in this field will continue.

Computer engineering is a general field. It deals with both electric and electronic industries.

Electronic engineering deals with the research, design, integration, and application of circuits and devices used in the information transmission

the design of telephone systems. In designing communicationИsystems, engineers rely on various branches of advanced mathematics, such as Fourier analysis, linear systems theory, linear algebra, differential equations, and probability theory.

Engineers work on control systems which are used extensively in automated manufacturing and in robotics.

Major developments in the field of communications and control have been the replacement of analogue systems with digital systems; fibre optics

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is now used instead of copper cables. Digital systems offer far greater immunity to electrical noise. Fibre optics is likewise immune to interference; they also have great carrying capacity, and are extremely light and inexpensive to manufacture.

Computer engineering is now the most rapidly growing field. The Сelectronics of computers is the design and manufacture of memory systems, of central processing units, and of peripheral devices. The most prospective industry now is the Very Large-Scale Integration (VLSI) and new computer architectures. The field of computer science is closely related to computer engineering; however, the task of making computers more “intelligent” (artificial intelligence), through creation of sophisticated programs or development of higher level machine languages or other means, is gen-

erally regarded as the dream of computer science.

VIII. Find the best continuation to the following ideas.

1. Computer industry includes …

2. Computer networks allow …

3. Computer engineering deals with …

4.In designing communication systems engineers need …

5.Computer engineering and … are interrelated.

6.One of the advantages of a digital system is …

7.The growing trends in computer engineering are …

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IX. Tell the group about computer engineering using the words:

1. industry / develop / fast

2. control / production / open / horizons

3. information / through / networks

4. engineering / deal / industries С5. engineers / concern / communications

6. engineers / rely on / branches

7. communications / control / carry out / digital

8. prospective / be / integration / architectures

9. science / be related / engineering

10.иtrend / be / microminiaturization

X. Complete the chart below using the information from the text. Dis-

cuss it with your partner and make any necessary corrections. б А Д

A.Memorize the words from Ex. I and be readyИto do a dictation.

B.What associations are formed when you hear “computer engineering”? Complete the diagram without any help and be ready to discuss it in your group.

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a change in the muscular movements of the operator, often results in greatly increased production. This type of engineering work is called time-study engineering.

tics is now used instead of 32)___ cables. Digital systems offer far greater 33)___ to electrical noise.

Computer engineering is now the most rapidly growing 34)___. The electronics of computers is the design and manufacture of 35)___ systems, of central 36)___ units, and of peripheral devices. The most prospective industry now is the Very Large-Scale 37)___ (VLSI) and new computer 38)___. The field of computer 39)___ is closely related to computer 40)___; however, the task of making computers more 41)“___”, through

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creation of 42)___ programs or development of higher level machine 43)___ or other means, is generally 44)___ as the dream of computer science.

How many mistakes have you done? What are they?

СLessonи3

What were the most difficult tasks for you? Why? Make a list of problems that prevent you from studying English for specific purposes. Analyze them and think of possible solutions.

Refresh the words in Ex. I (Lesson 2) and get ready to have a dictation.

I. Listen and repeat. Using the dictionary, write in the [trxn'skripSn] of the words into the table below. The first word is already done for

II. Find the words above in the text “Automation and its history” and translate the word combinations with these words. The first word combination is already done for you:

tool –

the first tools made of stone – первые инструменты, сделанные из камня

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III. Work in pairs. Think of 2 or 3 questions using the words from Ex. I. Answer the questions of your partner. Study the prompts in italics showing how to ask special questions in the passive voice.

Pic. 7

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V. Read the title of the text below and guess what the text will be about? Share your ideas with your groupmates.

VI. You are to read the text and define whose ideas were closer to the text content.

СAUTOMATION AND ITS HISTORY

The first tools made of stone represented prehistoric man’s attempts toиdirect his own physical strength under the control of human intelligence. Thousands of years were required for the development of simple mechan-

ical devices and machines such as the wheel, the lever, and the pulley, by which the power of human muscle could be magnified. The next extension

windmills, andбsimple steam-driven devices. More than 2,000 years ago the Chinese developed trip-hammers powered by flowing water and waterwheels. The early АGreeks experimented with simple reaction motors powered by steam. The mechanical clock, representing a rather complex assembly with its own built-in power source (a weight), was developed about 1335 in Europe. Windmills, with mechanisms for automatically

was the development of powered machines that did not require human strength to operate. Examples of these machines include waterwheels,

turning the sails, were developed during the Middle Ages in Europe and the Middle East. The steam engine represented a major advance in the development of powered machines and marked the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. During the two centuries since the introduction of the Watt steam engine, powered engines and machines have been devised that

Another important development in the history of automation was the Jacquard loom, which demonstrated the concept of a programmable machine. About 1801 the French inventor Joseph-Marie Jacquard devised an automatic loom capable of producing complex patterns in textiles by controlling the motions of many shuttles of different coloured threads. The selection of the different patterns was determined by a program contained in steel cards in which holes were punched. These cards were the ancestors of the paper cards and tapes that control modern automatic machines. The concept of programming a machine was further developed later in the 19th century when Charles Babbage, an English mathematician, proposed a

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complex, mechanical “analytical engine” that could perform arithmetic and data processing. Although Babbage was never able to complete it, this device was the precursor of the modern digital computer.

VII. Do you remember the steps of automation development? Fill in the gaps with the prompts from the chart below. The first one is al-

VIII. Rearrange the sentences from Ex. VII in the right order according to the dates of development. Then look through the text and check your answers. The first one is already done for you.

1st step of development – C.

2nd step of development – ?

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XI. Make up special questions (Active or Passive Voice) to the words in bold in the text. Answer the questions of your partner.

Example:

When were the first tools made? – They were made in prehistoric epoch.

A. Memorize the words from Ex. I and be ready to do a dictation.

B1. Rewrite the ordinal numbers in letters from Ex. VIII. Then make eight sentences using the ordinal numbers in letters and the infor-

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mation from the text. Review grammar material if you need.

Example:

The first step of automation is represented by prehistoric man’s attempts to make tools of stone.

B2. Make a plan to the text “Automation and its history” and be ready to discuss this topic in your group. You may use Ex-s VII, VIII, X to help you to prepare a short report.

Сcthefirsttoolsmadeofstoneweremadebyprehistoricmengsimpl

C. Make the right boundaries and you will know the answers to the Ex-s VII and VIII.

and machines such as the 7)___, the 8)___, andИthe 9) , by which the power of human 10)___ could be magnified. The next extension was the development of 11)___ machines that did not require human strength to operate. Examples of these machines include 12)___, 13)___, and simple

14)___ devices. More than 2,000 years ago the Chinese developed 15)____

powered by flowing 16)___ and 17)___. The early Greeks experimented with simple reaction motors powered by 18)___. The mechanical 19)___,

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representing a rather complex 20)___ with its own built-in power 21)___

(a weight), was developed about 1335 in Europe. Windmills, with mechanisms for automatically 22)___ the sails, were developed during the Middle Ages in Europe and the Middle East. The steam 23)___ represented a major advance in the development of powered machines and marked the beginning of the 24)___ Revolution. During the two centuries since the introduction of the 25)___ steam engine, powered engines and machines have been devised that obtain their energy from steam, electricity, and 26) , mechanical, and 27)___ sources.

Another important 28)___ in the history of automation was the Jac-

get ready to have a dicta-

I. Listen and repeat. Using the dictionary, write in the [træn'skripSn]

of the words into the table below. The first word is already done for you.

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II. Scan theбtext “Automation. Part I” to find the words from Ex. I and translate the word combinationsАwith these words. The first word combination is already done for you:

previously – tasks previously done by people – задачи, ранее выполняе-

мые людьми

III. Work in pairs. Think and answerДthe question: What can be defined as Automation? Give some examples using the information from the text “Automation. Part I” and the words from Ex. I. Study the prompts in italics that can help you make your own sentences.

The sequences of operationsИare controlled auto-

matically.

The term automation is also used to describe nonmanufacturing systems.

* Choose the best definition for the word Automation in your group.

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AUTOMATION. PART I

Automation is the system of manufacture performing certain tasks, previously done by people, by machines only. The sequences of operations are con- Сtrolled automatically. The most familiar example of a highly automated system

is an assembly plant for automobiles or other complex products.

In general usage, automation can be defined as a technology concerned with performing a process by means of programmed commands combined with automatic feedback control (control system) to ensure proper executionиof the instructions.

As a technology, automation can be applied to almost any human endeavor, from manufacturing to clerical and administrative tasks.

The fundamental constituents of any automated process are (1) a power source, (2) aбfeedback control mechanism, and (3) a programmable command structure (pic. 8).

ElementsАof an automated system Д

The term automation is also used to describeИnonmanufacturing systems in which automatic devices can operate independently of human control. Such devices as automatic pilots, automatic telephone equipment and automated control systems are used to perform various operations much faster and better than could be done by people.

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IV. Look through the text “Automation. Part I” and find the sentences corresponding to the following structure: to be (is/are/was/were) + Ved/V3. Write down and translate them into Russian paying attention to the Passive Voice.

VI. 1) Watch video #2 (12:29) about various types of industrial robotics. 2) Count how many of them have you noticed; say in what industry each of them could be used. 3) Choose one robot suitable for your professional field and describe what it could be used for and what its working steps are (5 sentences as minimum). 4) Share the reports with your groupmates. 5) Choose the best one.

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VII*. Imagine you are an editor of a technical journal. You are to edit the text for the issue. Read the Google translation and correct the inaccuracies. Compare your translations with your groupmates and choose the best editor!

VIII. Work in pairs. Are the statements true or false?

1. Automation can be defined as a complex system which uses automatic feedback.

2. A process of performing certain tasks by means of programmed commands is called computerization.

3. To ensure proper execution of the instructions engineers should use a back-coupling.

4. Automatic devices cannot work without human control.

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5.Nonmanufacturing systems can be also named automation.

6.Automatic pilots, automatic telephone equipment and automated control systems perform different operations much more effective than engineers do.

IX. Find the best continuation to the following ideas.

X. Work in pairs. Make up special questions (Active or Passive Voice)

Example:

What can be defined as automated system? – Automated system can be defined as a process of performing programmed commands.

HOME TASK 4

A.Memorize the words from Ex. I and be ready to do a dictation.

B.Technical texts, articles, reports, abstracts abound in passive

structures. Review grammar tips in Ex. III (p. 26), IV (p. 27) or other grammar sources and study the table below.Д

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Now change the Voice of the verb in each sentence omitting the pronoun/noun denoting the subject. Translate the sentences.

Example:

б 10. Programmers characterizeАJava as a high-level, consequently object-

oriented programming language.

C. Answer the questions to make a short presentation in PowerPoint (10 slides) about the automation. Present it to your group. Take part in the discussion.

1.How can you define the term automation?

2.What is an automated system?

3.How many elements are there in an automated system? Name them.

4.What devices are used to perform various operations much faster and better than could be done by people?

5.What are the most familiar examples of a highly automated system?

6.Was automation possible without computers?ДИ

To make a good presentation study the following information.

I. The PowerPoint presentation should be not less than 10 slides. The first slide is the title (the name of your project, your education institution, your name and surname, your group and specialty). The last slide should include the references.

II. Ordinarily presentations have three main parts:

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III. Assessment criteria should be developed and discussed beforehand. Remember that different aspects should be taken into account (such as

Сcorrectness, richness of content, design, etc.). IV. Useful words for your presentation:

to clarify, to focus on, to highlight, to illustrate, to indicate, to lead to, to mention, to move on to, to note, to notice, to pass on, to rise, to solve, to summarize, to update.

V. Making a presentation you should use phrases given below and follow the plan.

This brings me to the end of my first point. / That’s all I wanted to say about …

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10. Summarizing a point:

Let me briefly summarize the main issues. / I’d like to summarize what I’ve said so far.

11. Moving to the next point:

This brings us to the next question. / Let’s now move on … / Let’s now Сtake a look at …

12. Going back:

As I said … / As I mentioned earlier … / Let me come back to what I said before …

13. Adding ideas:

In addition to this, … / Moreover, there are other interesting facts we should take a look at.

17)___.

As a technology, automation can be 18)___ to almost any human 19)___, from manufacturing to 20)___ and administrative tasks.

The fundamental 21)___ of any automated 22)___ are a 23)___ source, a feedback 24)___ mechanism, and a 25)___ command structure.

The 26)___ automation is also used to describe 27)___ systems in which automatic 28)___ can operate 29)___ of human control. Such devic-

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