Модуль 9. КАМЕННЫЕ СТРОИТЕЛЬНЫЕ МАТЕРИАЛЫ

Задание 1. Сопоставьте толкование понятия с переводом. Дополните информацию, где необходимо. Используйте следующие выражения:

взрывание залежей – firing deposits сплошные породы – in-situ rock

плотный известняк – massive limestone, compact limestone, dense limestone подпорная стенка – back wall, relieving wall

ограда – fence

Задание 2. Прочитайте и переведите текст. Схематично представьте его содержание. На основе определения и основной информации текста составьте учебный текст на английском языке и перескажите его.

Rubble

"Rubble-work" is a name applied to several types of masonry. One kind, where the stones are loosely thrown together in a wall between boards and grouted with mortar almost like concrete, is called in Italian "muraglia di getto" and in French "bocage". In Pakistan, walls made of rubble and concrete, cast in a formwork, are called 'situ', which probably derives from Sanskrit (similar to the Latin 'in situ' meaning 'made on the spot').

Work executed with more or less large stones put together without any attempt at courses is called rubble walling. Where similar work is laid in courses, it is known as coursed rubble. Dry-stone walling is somewhat similar work done without the use of mortar. It is bound together by the fit of the stones and the regular placement of stones which extend through the thickness of the wall. A rubble wall built with mortar will be stronger if assembled in this way.

Rubble walls are found all over the island Malta. Similar walls are also frequently found in Sicily and the Arab countries. The various shapes and sizes of the stones used to build these walls look like stones that were found in the area lying on the ground or in the soil. It is most probable that the practice of building these walls around the field was inspired by the Arabs during their rule in Malta, as in Sicily who were also ruled by the Arabs around the same period. The Maltese farmer found that the technique of these walls was very useful especially during an era where resources were limited. Rubble walls are used to serve as borders between the property of one

69

farm from the other. A great advantage that rubble walls offered is that when heavy rain fall their structure would allow excessive water to pass through and therefore, excess water will not ruin the products. Soil erosion is minimised as the wall structure allows the water to pass through but it traps the soil and prevents it from being carried away from the field. One can see many rubble walls on the side of the hills and in valleys where the land slopes down and consequently the soil is in greater danger of being carried away.

Задание 3. Дайте перевод толкования понятия.

Задание 4. Прочитайте текст. Организуйте полученную вами информацию в опорную схему.

Cobblestones

Cobblestones are stones that were frequently used in the pavement of early streets. "Cobblestone" is derived from the very old English word "cob", which had a wide range of meanings, one of which was "rounded lump" with overtones of large size. "Cobble", which appeared in the 15th century, simply added the diminutive suffix "le" to "cob", and meant a small stone rounded by the flow of water; essentially, a large pebble. It was these smooth "cobbles", gathered from stream beds, that paved the first "cobblestone" streets.

Note that cobble is a generic geological term for any stone having dimensions between 2.5–10 inches. A cobbled area is known as a "causey", "cassay" or "cassie" in Scots (probably from causeway).

Cobblestones are typically either set in sand or similar material, or are bound together with mortar. Paving with cobblestones allows a road to be heavily used all year long. It prevents the build-up of ruts often found in dirt roads. It has the additional advantage of not getting muddy in wet weather or dusty in dry weather. The fact that carriage wheels, horse hooves and even modern automobiles make a lot of noise when rolling over cobblestone paving might be thought a disadvantage, but it has the advantage of warning pedestrians of their approach. In England, the custom was to strew the cobbles outside the house of a sick or dying person with straw to dampen the sound.

Cobblestones set in sand have the environmental advantage of being permeable paving, and of moving rather than cracking with movements in the ground.

In the Finger Lakes Region of New York State, the retreat of the glaciers during the last ice age left numerous small, rounded cobblestones available for building. PreCivil War architecture in the region made heavy use of cobblestones for walls. Today, the fewer than 600 remaining cobblestone buildings are prized as historic

70

locations, most of them private homes. They are clustered south of Lake Ontario, between Buffalo and Syracuse. There is also a cluster of cobblestone buildings in the Town of Paris, Ontario. In addition to homes, cobblestones were used to build barns, stagecoach taverns, smokehouses, stores, churches, schools, factories, and cemetery markers. The history of building with cobblestones and 17 driving tours to see the remaining structures are found in "Cobblestone Quest - Road Tours of New York's Historic Buildings".

Задание 5. Прочитайте и переведите данные ниже предложения. На основе всех сведений, полученных об обозначенном понятии, составьте учебный текст на английском языке.

Paving of the streets with cobblestones began.

The cobble stones of some of the city's streets were replaced by asphalt and wooden blocks, metal bridges replaced wooden ones, and street lighting was improved.

Задание 6. Изучите таблицу, выпишите транскрипцию терминов из словаря. Используйте полученную информацию при выполнении следующего задания.

Задание 7. Сопоставьте толкования понятий с переводом, дополните, где необходимо, информацию.

71

Задание 8. Прочитайте и переведите данные ниже предложения. На основе всех сведений, полученных об обозначенном понятии, составьте учебный текст на английском языке и опорную схему «Типы гравия».

Gravel is an important commercial product, with a number of applications. Concrete is an artificial stone, made by thoroughly mixing such natural ingredients

or aggregates as cement, sand and gravel or broken stone together with sufficient water to produce a mixture of the proper consistency.

As aggregates such natural materials as sand, pebbles, broken stone, broken brick, gravel, slag, cinder, pumice and others can be used.

Cement is often mixed with sand or gravel, in which case we get concrete. Gravel with stones sized roughly between 5 and 15 millimeter.

Multiple types of gravel have been recognized, including: Bank gravel: gravel intermixed with sand or clay.

Bench gravel: a bed of gravel located on the side of a valley above the present stream bottom, indicating the former location of the stream bed when it was at a higher level.

Creek rock: this is generally rounded, semi-polished stones, potentially of a wide range of types, that are dredged or scooped from river beds and creek beds. It is also often used as concrete aggregate and less often as a paving surface.

Crushed rock: rock that is mechanically broken into small pieces then sorted by filtering through different size mesh.

Crushed stone: this is generally limestone or dolomite that has been crushed and graded by screens to certain size classes. It is widely used in concrete and as a surfacing for roads and driveways, sometimes with tar applied over it. Crushed stone may also be made from granite and other rocks. A special type of limestone crushed stone is dense grade aggregate, or DGA, also known as crusher run, or colloquially as "crush and run". This is a mixed grade of mostly small crushed stone in a matrix of crushed limestone powder.

Fine gravel: gravel consisting of particles with a diameter of 2 to 4 mm.

Lag gravel: a surface accumulation of coarse gravel produced by the removal of finer particles.

Pay gravel: also known as "pay dirt"; a nickname for gravel with a high concentration of gold and other precious metals. The metals are recovered through gold panning.

Pea gravel: gravel that consists of small, rounded stones used in concrete surfaces. Also used for walkways, driveways and as a substrate in home aquariums.

Piedmont gravel: a coarse gravel carried down from high places by mountain streams and deposited on relatively flat ground, where the water runs more slowly.

Plateau gravel: a layer of gravel on a plateau or other region above the height at which stream-terrace gravel is usually found.

River run gravel: naturally deposited gravel found in and next to rivers and streams.

72

Задание 9. Изучите таблицу, выпишите транскрипцию терминов из словаря. Используйте полученную информацию при выполнении следующего задания.

Задание 10. Сопоставьте толкование понятия с переводом. Дополните недостающую информацию. Используйте следующие выражения:

полевой шпат – felspar

декоративный облицовочный материал – decorative facing material кислотоупорная облицовка – acidproof facing

Задание 11. Прочитайте и переведите данные ниже предложения и тексты. На основе сведений, полученных об обозначенном понятии, составьте учебный текст на английском языке.

Granite

Sometimes natural stones such as marble, granite, basalt, limestone and sandstone are used for the construction of dams and foundations. Marble, granite and sandstone are widely used for decorative purposes as well, especially with the public buildings.

In some areas granite is used for gravestones and memorials. Granite is a hard stone and requires skill to carve by hand. Until the early 18th century, in the Western world, granite could only be carved by hand tools with generally poor results.

A key breakthrough was the invention of steam-powered cutting and dressing tools by Alexander MacDonald of Aberdeen, inspired by seeing ancient Egyptian granite carvings. In 1832 the first polished tombstone of Aberdeen granite to be erected in an English cemetery was installed at Kensal Green cemetery. It caused a sensation in the London monumental trade and for some years all polished granite ordered came from MacDonalds. Working with the sculptor William Leslie, and later Sidney Field, granite memorials became a major status symbol in Victorian Britain. The royal sarcophagus at Frogmore was probably the pinnacle of its work, and at 30 tons one of the largest. It was not until the 1880s that rival machinery and works could compete with the MacDonald works.

Modern methods of carving include using computer-controlled rotary bits and sandblasting over a rubber stencil. Leaving the letters, numbers and emblems exposed on the stone, the blaster can create virtually any kind of artwork or epitaph.

Granite has been extensively used as a dimension stone and as flooring tiles in public and commercial buildings and monuments. Aberdeen in Scotland, which is constructed principally from local granite, is known as "The Granite City". Because of its abundance, granite was commonly used to build foundations for homes in New England. The Granite Railway, America's first railroad, was built to haul granite from the quarries in Quincy, Massachusetts, to the Neponset River in the 1820s. With increasing amounts of acid rain in parts of the world, granite has begun to supplant marble as a monument material, since it is much more durable. Polished granite is also a popular choice for kitchen countertops due to its high durability and aesthetic qualities. In building and for countertops, the term "granite" is often applied to all igneous rocks with large crystals, and not specifically to those with a granitic composition.

Задание 12. На основе информации, данной в переводе, и текста, представленного после таблицы, дайте развернутое толкование понятия. Используйте следующие выражения:

удовлетворяющие требованиям – fulfil requirements

прочность на сжатие – compressive resistance, compressive strength

74

морозостойкость – freeze-thaw durability, cold resisting property, freeze resistance

теплопроводность – capacity of heat transmission, thermal conductance, heat transfer

водостойкость – water-resisting property, water resistance водопоглощение – water adsorption

воздухостойкость – airproofness

фактура лицевой поверхности – face finish механическая обработка – machine work

Definition Translation

Каменные материалы – естественные и искусственные камни, удовлетворяющие определённым требованиям по прочности на сжатие, морозостойкости, теплопроводности, водостойкости, водопоглощению, воздухостойкости, форме, размерам и фактуре лицевой поверхности. К естественным каменным материалам относят строительные материалы, получаемые в результате механической обработки горных пород (гранит, базальт, вулканический туф, известняки).

К искусственным каменным материалам относят кирпич, крупные блоки и панели из бетона

Stone or rock

Rock structures have existed for as long as history can recall. It is the longest lasting building material available, and is usually readily available. There are many types of rock throughout the world, all with differing attributes that make them better or worse for particular uses. Rock is a very dense material so it gives a lot of protection too; its main drawback as a material is its weight and awkwardness. Its energy density is also considered a big drawback, as stone is hard to keep warm without using large amounts of heating resources.

Dry-stone walls have been built for as long as humans have put one stone on top of another. Eventually, different forms of mortar were used to hold the stones together, cement being the most commonplace now.

The granite-strewn uplands of Dartmoor National Park, United Kingdom, for example, provided ample resources for early settlers. Circular huts were constructed from loose granite rocks throughout the Neolithic and early Bronze Age, and the remains of an estimated 5,000 can still be seen today. Granite continued to be used throughout the Medieval period and into modern times. Slate is another stone type, commonly used as roofing material in the United Kingdom and other parts of the world where it is found.

Stone buildings can be seen in most major cities; some civilizations built entirely with stone such as the Egyptian and Aztec pyramids and the remains of the Inca civilization.

75

Задание 14. Прочитайте и переведите данные ниже предложения. На основе всех сведений, полученных об обозначенном понятии, составьте учебный текст на английском языке.

In North America, archaeological recovery has bitumen was sometimes used to adhere stone projectile points to wooden shafts.

What purpose is the natural stone used for?

Slate is a fine-grained, foliated, homogeneous metamorphic rock derived from an original shale-type sedimentary rock composed of clay or volcanic ash through lowgrade regional metamorphism.

What are the buildings made of stone and brick?

The natural stone (rubble masonry) is used for footing and foundations for external walls carrying the load. The buildings made of stone or brick are durable, fire-proof and have poor heat conductivity.

Bricklayer is a tradesman who builds and repairs brickwork, lays and joints salt glazed stoneware drains, sets, chimney pots, manhole frames and fireplaces.

Mason is a stone worker or stone setter. In Scotland and the USA a bricklayer is usually also a mason. A fixer or a fixer mason or a builder mason is a mason who sets prepared stones in walls, whether the stone be only facing or to the full wall thickness.

Sometimes natural stones such as marble, granite, basalt, limestone and sandstone are used for the construction of dams and foundations. Marble, granite and sandstone are widely used for decorative purposes as well, especially with the public buildings.

Natural stone is used for foundations and for the construction of dams.

The main varieties of building stone are basalt, granite, marble, sandstone and limestone.

When cement is mixed with water, it forms mortar, which hardens, binding various objects, such as bricks or stones, very firmly.

Задание 15. Дополните толкование понятия керамзит, используя информацию перевода и текста, представленного после таблицы. Используйте следующие выражения:

вспучивание гранул легкоплавких глинистых пород – blowouting of low-melt clay rock pearls

выпускается в виде щебня – produced in crushed aggregate диаметром 5-40 мм – 5-40 mm width

теплоизоляционная засыпка – heat insulating layer

LECA

Light expanded clay aggregate, is a lightweight ceramic shell with honeycomb core produced by firing natural clay to temperatures of 1100 - 1200 °C in a rotating kiln. The pellets are rounded in shape and fall from the kiln in a grade of approximately 0 - 32 mm with an average dry bulk density of approximately 350 kg/m³. The material is sieved into a number of different grades to suit the application.

With the advantage of light weight, high permeability, high durability and excellent sound and thermal insulating properties, expanded clay is a good 'all round' aggregate for use in an a variety of applications. It is also an environmentally friendly product composed mostly of naturally occurring clay, is not susceptible to chemical attack, rot or frost and has a long life span. The lightweight nature of the expanded clay pellet make it an ideal solution when constructing over weak soil deposits or reducing the load behind old and susceptible structure. The air pockets within the pellet provide excellent thermal resistance when used as underfloor insulation within solid floor construction. The expanded clay pellets are also used extensively for the manufacture of Lightweight blocks and frequently used in water filtration systems due to their high surface area.

Common uses are blocks, slabs, geotechnical fillings, lightweight concrete, water treatment, hydroponics and hydroculture.

Задание 16. Прочитайте и переведите текст. Перескажите главную информацию.

Flagstone

Flagstone is any kind of stone which splits into shallow slabs. Flagstone (flag) is a generic flat stone, usually used for paving slabs or walkways, patios, fences and roofing. It may be used for memorials, headstones, facades and other constructions. The name derives from Middle English flagge meaning turf, perhaps from Old Norse flaga meaning slab or chip.

Flagstone is a sedimentary rock that is split into layers along bedding planes. Flagstone is usually a form of a sandstone composed of feldspar and quartz and is arenaceous in grain size (0.16 mm – 2 mm in diameter). The material that binds flagstone is usually composed of silica, calcite, or iron oxide. The rock color usually comes from these cementing materials. Typical flagstone colors are red, blue, and buff, though exotic colors exist.

Flagstone is quarried in places with bedded sedimentary rocks with fissile bedding planes. Examples include Arizona flagstone and Pennsylvania Bluestone.

Around the thirteenth century, the ceilings, walls and floors in European architecture became more ornate. Anglo-Saxons in particular used flagstones as flooring materials in the interior rooms of castles and other structures. Lindisfarne Castle in England and Muchalls Castle (14th century) in Scotland are among many examples of buildings with surviving flagstone floors.

78

Модуль 10. СТРОИТЕЛЬНЫЕ МАТЕРИАЛЫ И ИЗДЕЛИЯ ИЗ МЕТАЛЛА

Задание 1. Изучите таблицу, выпишите транскрипцию терминов из словаря. Используйте полученную информацию при выполнении следующего задания.

Задание 2. Установите соответствия информации толкования и перевода. Дополните информацию там, где необходимо. Используйте следующие выражения:

сплав железа – iron alloy

с большим количеством углерода – with a large amount of carbon перерабатывается в сталь – reworks in steel

углерод находится в виде карбида железа или цементита – carbon is in the form of ferric carbide or cementite

путем отжига отливок белого чугуна – by firing of white cast iron casts пластинчатый или волокнистый графит – flake or fibrous graphite

Задание 4. Переведите толкование понятия.

A metal is a solid material (an element, compound, or alloy) that is typically hard, shiny, and feature good electrical and thermal conductivity. Metals are generally malleable – that is, they can be hammered or pressed permanently out of shape without breaking or cracking – as well as fusible (able to be fused or melted) and ductile (able to be drawn out into a thin wire). Currently, 91 out of the 118 total elements on the periodic table are classified as metals

Задание 5. Переведите текст, организуйте информацию, данную в нем, в опорную схему. Перескажите текст, используя полученную схему.

Metal

Metal is used as structural framework for larger buildings such as skyscrapers, or as an external surface covering. There are many types of metals used for building. Metal figures quite prominently in prefabricated structures such as the Quonset hut, and can be seen used in most cosmopolitan cities. It requires a great deal of human labor to produce metal, especially in the large amounts needed for the building industries. Corrosion is metal's prime enemy when it comes to longevity.

Steel is a metal alloy whose major component is iron, and is the usual choice for metal structural building materials. It is strong, flexible, and if refined well and/or treated lasts a long time.

The lower density and better corrosion resistance of aluminium alloys and tin sometimes overcome their greater cost.

Copper is a valued building material because of its advantageous properties (see: Copper in architecture). These include corrosion resistance, durability, low thermal movement, light weight, radio frequency shielding, lightning protection, sustainability, recyclability, and a wide range of finishes. Copper is incorporated into roofing, flashing, gutters, downspouts, domes, spires, vaults, wall cladding, building expansion joints, and indoor design elements.

Other metals used include chrome, gold, silver, and titanium. Titanium can be used for structural purposes, but it is much more expensive than steel. Chrome, gold, and silver are used as decoration, because these materials are expensive and lack structural qualities such as tensile strength or hardness.

Задание 6. Прочитайте и переведите данные ниже предложения. На основе сведений, полученных о понятии, и схем, представленных ниже, составьте учебный текст о понятии металл.

Concrete has roughly the same coefficient of thermal expansion as iron.

All these works are the result of an attempt to put an end to imitations of past styles; in its place is offered a florid type of architecture, which exploits craft skills,

82