Схема 17. Цементировочные работы

Модуль 7. ИСКУССТВЕННЫЕ СТРОИТЕЛЬНЫЕ ИЗДЕЛИЯ

Задание 1. Изучите таблицу, выпишите транскрипцию терминов из словаря. Используйте полученную информацию при выполнении следующего задания.

Задание 2. Сопоставьте информацию, представленную в толковании и в переводе. Дополните ее, где необходимо.

durable; they were made by joining and inlaying solid pieces of linoleum. Cheaper patterned linoleums came in different grades or gauges, and were printed with thinner layers which were more prone to wear and tear. Good quality linoleum is sufficiently flexible to be used in buildings in which more rigid material (such as ceramic tile) would crack

Задание 3. Переведите текст. На основе сведений, полученных о понятии, составьте учебный текст на английском языке.

Linoleum

Linoleum as a floor covering has been largely replaced with polyvinyl chloride (yet still colloquially known as "linoleum"), which has similar properties of flexibility and durability, but which has greater brightness and translucency and which is relatively less flammable. The fire-retardant properties of PVC are due to chlorinecontaining combustion products, some of which are highly toxic. Dioxins are released by burning PVC. While the polymer itself is generally considered safe, additives such as plasticizers and unintentional impurities such as free monomers are considered a hazard by some: see the health and safety section of the main PVC article for more information and references.

Because it is made of organic materials and is purportedly non-allergenic in nature, high quality linoleum is still in use in many places (especially in non-allergenic homes, hospitals and health care facilities). Linoleum tiles can be made to various designs and inlaid with various colors to form patterns reflecting the shape and use of a room.

Linoleum is used in break dancing as an alternative to cardboard as it provides a large, slick and durable surface.

Задание 4. Изучите таблицу, выпишите транскрипцию терминов из словаря. Используйте полученную информацию при выполнении следующего задания.

Задание 5. Дайте толкования понятиям, используя информацию перевода и текста, представленного после таблицы. Используйте следующие выражения:

при высоких температурах – under the high temperatures обожженные до спекания – firing to agglomeration

гончарные плитки – figuline рифленая поверхность – wavy surface

покрытая глазурью поверхность – glazed surface

насечка – stabbing

для лучшего сцепления с раствором – for better mortar adherence

Definition Translation

Керамика – материалы и изделия из минерального сырья (глины), полученные путем обжига при высоких температурах

Керамическая плитка для полов – обожженные до спекания плитки из глины с добавлением красителей

Керамическая плитка облицовочная – обожженные до спекания плитки, применяемые для облицовки стен. Различают фарфоровые, фаянсовые и гончарные плитки. Лицевая сторона имеет рифленую покрытую глазурью поверхность, внутренняя – насечку для лучшего сцепления с раствором или мастикой

Types of ceramic materials

The properties of ceramics make fracturing an important inspection method.

A ceramic material is an inorganic, non-metallic, often crystalline oxide, nitride or carbide material. Some elements, such as carbon or silicon, may be considered ceramics. Ceramic materials are brittle, hard, strong in compression, weak in shearing and tension. They withstand chemical erosion that occurs in other materials subjected to acidic or caustic environments. Ceramics generally can withstand very high temperatures, such as temperatures that range from 1,000 °C to 1,600 °C. A glass is often not understood as a ceramic because of its amorphous (noncrystalline) character. However, glassmaking involves several steps of the ceramic process and its mechanical properties are similar to ceramic materials.

Traditional ceramic raw materials include clay minerals such as kaolinite, whereas more recent materials include aluminium oxide, more commonly known as alumina. The modern ceramic materials, which are classified as advanced ceramics, include silicon carbide and tungsten carbide. Both are valued for their abrasion resistance, and hence find use in applications such as the wear plates of crushing equipment in mining operations. Advanced ceramics are also used in the medicine, electrical and electronics industries.

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Задание 6. Изучите таблицу, выпишите транскрипцию терминов из словаря. Используйте полученную информацию при выполнении следующего задания.

Задание 7. Дайте толкования понятиям, используя информацию перевода и текста, представленного после таблицы. Используйте следующие выражения:

безобжиговый стеновой материал – nonfired wall material

автоклавная обработка – high-pressure steam curing, high-pressure steam treatment

одинарный и модульный кирпич – unary and modular brick

Brick

Bricks or compressed earth blocks are used for building more frequently in industrialized society since the building blocks can be manufactured off site in a centralized location at brickworks and transported to multiple building locations. These blocks can also be monetized more easily and sold.

Structural bricks are almost always made using clay, often clay soil is the only ingredient used, but other ingredients can include sand, lime, concrete, stone and other binders. The formed or compressed block is then air dried, fired, or kiln dried. Kiln fired clay bricks are considered a ceramic material. Clay bricks can be solid or have hollow cavities to aid in drying and make them lighter and easier to transport.

The individual bricks are placed upon each other in rows using mortar, grout, and clay slips. Successive rows being used to build up walls, arches, and other structures.

Brick walls can be built substantially thinner than cob/adobe while keeping the same vertical strength. They require more energy to create but are easier to transport and store, and are lighter than stone blocks. Romans were fond of building with brick. Building with brick gained much popularity in the mid-18th century and 19th centuries. This was probably due to the fact that it was much more flame retardant than wood in the ever crowding cities, and fairly cheap to produce. Another type of block replaced clay bricks in the late 20th century. It was the Cinder block. Bricks are made mostly with concrete.

Задание 8. Из данных ниже слов постройте опорные схемы, в которых представленные понятия связаны по типу «работа – рабочий – инструмент

– материал (виды материала) – результат работы» либо в той логике, которую увидите вы. Недостающие компоненты схем дополните, используя словарь.

кирпич высокого обжига – hard-baked brick кирпич стандартных размеров – standard brick кирпич с желобком – frog brick

ячеистый кирпич – cellular brick кирпичная стена – brick wall

кирпичная кладка – brickwork, brick masonry, brick setting саман (адоба) – adobe brick, air-dried brick, cob

кирпич повышенной прочности – engineering brick

кирпич-сырец – airbrick, green brick

кирпич нормального обжига – medium-burned brick кирпич двойной ширины double standard brick класть кирпичи – lay bricks

облицовочный кирпич – front brick необожжённый / саманный кирпич – adobe

кирпич воздушной сушки airbrick, air-dried brick

обожжённый кирпич – baked brick

кирпич – brick

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Задание 9. Прочитайте и переведите данные ниже предложения. На основе всех сведений, полученных об обозначенном понятии, составьте учебный текст на английском языке.

What are the buildings made of stone and brick?

Bricklayer is a tradesman who builds and repairs brickwork, lays and joints salt glazed stoneware drains, sets, chimney pots, manhole frames and fireplaces. He renders brickwork, including the insides of manholes. A sewer and tunnel bricklayer is a specialized bricklayer.

A brick is best described as a "building unit". It may be made of clay by molding and baking in kilns, of concrete, of mortar or of a composition of sawdust and other materials. In shape it is a rectangular solid and its weight is from 6.5 to 9 Lb.

There exists variety of bricks for different purposes: ordinary, hollow or porous, lightweight, multicolor bricks for decorative purposes, etc. Bricks are usually laid in place with the help of mortar.

The shape and convenient size of brick enables a man to grip it with an easy confidence and, because of this, brick building has been popular for many hundreds of years. The hand of the average man is large enough to take a brick and he is able to handle more than 500 bricks in an eight-hour working day.

It is necessary, therefore, for the "would be" bricklayer to practice handling a brick until he can control it with complete mastery and until he is able to place it into any desired position.

The brick may be securely handled by placing the hand over the surface of the upper part of a brick and by placing the thumb centrally down the face of the brick with the first joints of the fingers on the opposite face. It is better to protect the thumb and the fingers with leather pads, which also prevent the skin from rough bricks.

Later people found out that bricks made of mud and dried in the hot sunshine became almost as hard as stones. In ancient Egypt especially, people learned to use these sun-dried mud bricks.

Задание 10. Изучите таблицу, выпишите транскрипцию терминов из словаря. Используйте полученную информацию при выполнении следующего задания.

Задание 11. Дайте недостающие толкования понятиям, опираясь на представленный после таблицы текст. Используйте следующие выражения:

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тонкое базальтовое волокно – thin basalt fiber

расплавление вулканической породы – smelting-down of volcanic rock раздув расплава – melt distending

связующие компоненты – bonding components водоотталкивающие вещества – moisture-repellant agents

Задание 12. Сопоставьте информацию толкования и перевода. Дополните ее, где необходимо. Используйте следующие слова и выражения:

путем пропитки – by imbibition

кровельный картон – felt paper, insulating paper, roofing paper, felt тугоплавкий битум – refractory bitumen

посыпка – dressing compound, blinding

подкладочный – lining

Задание 13. Прочитайте и переведите текст, организуйте основную информацию в опорную схему. Используя полученную схему, перескажите текст.

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