Модуль 4. СТРОИТЕЛЬНЫЕ МАТЕРИАЛЫ ПО ВИДУ СЫРЬЯ

Malachite is a copper carbonate hydroxide mineral. This opaque, green banded mineral crystallizes in the monoclinic crystal system, and most often forms botryoidal, fibrous, or stalagmitic masses, in fractures and spaces, deep underground, where the water table and hydrothermal fluids provide the means for chemical precipitation. Individual crystals are rare but do occur as slender to acicular prisms. Pseudomorphs after more tabular or blocky azurite crystals also occur. Typical malachite is laminated and whether or not microbes intervene in its formation is unknown.

Marble is a fine-grained metamorphic rock that is strong and weather-resistant; more often used in indoor than outdoor paving and walls because of its cost and its slickness when wet.

Задание 3. Обобщите материал схем 1, 2, 7, 9. Составьте учебный текст на английском языке о классификации строительных материалов по разным основаниям.

Задание 4. Изучите таблицу, выпишите транскрипцию терминов из словаря. Используйте полученную информацию при выполнении следующего задания.

Задание 5. Заполните пустые графы таблицы. Используйте следующие выражения:

путем смешения – by alligation (mixture)

в определенной пропорции – in the degree (rapport, ratio) просеянный гипс – siftage (sifted) plaster stone

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квасцы – alum

при застывании – when congealing (setting, solidifying)

Задание 6. Из данных ниже слов постройте опорные схемы, в которых представленные понятия связаны по типу «работа – рабочий – инструмент

– материал (виды материала) – результат работы» либо в той логике, которую увидите вы. Недостающие компоненты схем дополните, используя словарь.

Штукатурка

plaster, bonding plaster, facing plaster штукатур – fixer, plasterer, stuccoer

штукатурить – parget, plaster, render, (снаружи) stucco штукатурная известь – building lime, finish lime штукатурная кисть – mason's whitewashing brush

штукатурная лопатка – trowel

штукатурная работа – plasterwork, stuccowork

штукатурные работы – plastering

штукатурный гипс – boiled plaster of Paris, plaster of Paris, gypsum wall plaster

штукатурный мастерок-терка – margin trowel

штукатурный раствор (для обрызга и грунта) – staff, wet plaster mix

сухая штукатурка – board lath, rock lath, plaster board, wall board

звукопоглощающая штукатурка – acoustical plaster наружная штукатурка – stucco

штукатурно-затирочная машина – plaster-floating and trowelling machine

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Задание 7. Прочитайте и переведите данные ниже предложения. На основе всех сведений, полученных об обозначенном понятии, составьте учебный текст на английском языке.

Lime is a calcium oxide. It is used in great quantities for mortar and plaster.

Until this time the requirement for lime was largely agricultural and it was produced by farmers or by small builders who used it for making mortar and plaster.

Модуль 5. ПРИРОДНЫЕ СТРОИТЕЛЬНЫЕ МАТЕРИАЛЫ

Задание 1. Изучите таблицу, выпишите транскрипцию терминов из словаря. Используйте полученную информацию при выполнении следующего задания.

Задание 2. Сопоставьте толкование понятия и перевод. Дополните информацию, где необходимо. Используйте следующие выражения:

гипсовое вяжущее – gypsum matrix осадочная горная порода – sedimentary rock

отделочный стройматериал – decoration materials

поделочный камень – semi-precious stone

Задание 3. Прочитайте и переведите текст. Организуйте представленную в нем информацию в опорную схему. Перескажите текст, опираясь на полученную вами схему.

Anhydrite

Anhydrite is most frequently found in evaporite deposits with gypsum; it was, for instance, first discovered, in 1794, in a salt mine near Hall in Tirol. In this occurrence, depth is critical since nearer the surface anhydrite has been altered to gypsum by absorption of circulating ground water.

From an aqueous solution calcium sulfate is deposited as crystals of gypsum, but when the solution contains an excess of sodium or potassium chloride, anhydrite is deposited if temperature is above 40 °C. This is one of the several methods by which the mineral has been prepared artificially, and is identical with its mode of origin in nature, the mineral is common in salt basins.

Massive amounts of anhydrite occur when salt domes form a caprock. Anhydrite is 1–3% of the salt in salt domes and is generally left as a cap at the top of the salt when the halite is removed by pore waters. The typical cap rock is a salt, topped by a layer of anhydrite, topped by patches of gypsum, topped by a layer of calcite. Interaction with oil can reduce SO4 creating calcite, water, and hydrogen sulfide (H2S).

The name anhydrite was given by A. G. Werner in 1804, because of the absence of water of crystallization, as contrasted with the presence of water in gypsum. Some obsolete names for the species are muriacite and karstenite; the former, an earlier name, being given under the impression that the substance was a chloride (muriate). A peculiar variety occurring as contorted concretionary masses is known as tripestone, and a scaly granular variety, from Volpino, near Bergamo, in Lombardy, as vulpinite; the latter is cut and polished for ornamental purposes.

Задание 4. Изучите таблицу, выпишите транскрипцию терминов из словаря. Используйте полученную информацию при выполнении следующего задания.

Задание 5. Сопоставьте толкование понятия асбест с переводом. Дополните толкование понятия пеноасбест. Используйте следующие слова и выражения:

класс силикатов – silicate grade

легко расщепляющиеся – lightly decomposed прочные волокна – tough fibres

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асбоцементный лист – asbestos-cement sheet

трубы – tubes

особолегкий минеральный материал – extra-light mineral material распушенный асбест – flaked asbestos

техническая пена – engineering foam химический реагент – chemical reactant

Задание 6. Прочитайте и переведите текст. Схематично представьте его содержание.

Asbestos

Asbestos is one of the strangest of all the naturally occurring fibers. It is a rock, which has been subjected to unusual treatment during its formation.

Asbestos is the only mineral substance used as a textile fiber in the form it is obtained from natural sources. There are many varieties of asbestos rocks but only chrysotile is widely used for textile products. Chrysotile is mined in many countries of the world. The soft, long, white fibers of this mineral can be spun into yarn by the usual processes. Pure asbestos being very difficult to spin, a proportion of cotton fiber is usually added to help to bind the asbestos fibers together. The strangest characteristic of asbestos fibers is their resistance to heat and burning. This property determines the ways in which they are used.

Early uses for asbestos included such articles as handkerchiefs and table coverings. The Chinese used asbestos to make false sleeves, which could be cleaned by putting them in the fire. All the dirt was burned off, leaving the asbestos clean. We know commercial development of the fiber to have started in the 19th century. Asbestos was used in flameproof clothing of many kinds, for laboratory, industrial and military purposes.

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Fabrics made of asbestos have good strength. Today the main applications are those in which non-inflammability is essential such as conveyor belting for hot materials, industrial packings, fireproof clothing, etc. Asbestos is sometimes used with glass fiber in making decorative fabrics for curtains used in hospitals, theatres and other buildings where the public assembles. Some grades of asbestos are used for electrical windings and insulation.

Задание 7. Прочитайте и переведите данные ниже предложения. На основе всех сведений, полученных об обозначенном понятии, составьте учебный текст на английском языке.

Carpenter is a man who erects wood frames, fits joints, fixes wood floors, stairs and window frames, asbestos sheeting and other wall-board.

Asbestos mining began more than 4,000 years ago, but did not start large-scale until the end of the 19th century.

Asbestos has been known and used as a textile since the earliest times.

The first written evidence of asbestos was recorded by Pliny in the first century A. D.

It is told that one of the Emperors of Rome delighted guests by throwing a tablecloth made of asbestos into fire and then removing it unchanged from the flame. A few centuries later Marco Polo told his friends in Italy about a substance he observed in Siberia. He told that it could be woven into attractive textiles, which did not burn even in direct flame.

Задание 8. Сопоставьте толкование понятия с переводом. Дополните информацию, где необходимо. Используйте следующие выражения:

тектоническое происхождение – tectonic origin сцементированные обломки – concrete bound fragments хорошо поддается обработке – well kind

мраморные отходы – marble wastage полимерная основа – polymeric basis настилка полов – flooring общественные здания – public buildings

Задание 9. Изучите таблицу, выпишите транскрипцию терминов из словаря. Используйте полученную информацию при выполнении следующего задания.

Задание 10. Сопоставьте толкование с переводом, дополните, где необходимо, недостающую информацию. Дайте толкования понятиям пеногипс и газогипс. Используйте следующие выражения:

сульфат кальция – calcium sulphate

осадочная горная порода – sedimentary rock

эстрихгипс – flooring plaster

для получения серной кислоты – in order to product sulphuric acid твердеет в воздушно-сухих условиях – consolidates in air-dry conditions утепление – heat insulation, warmth-keeping, winterization

продукт обжига – firing product

порошок тонкого помола – fine grinding powder

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Задание 11. Прочитайте текст. На основе всей полученной информации о понятии гипс составьте учебный текст на английском языке.

Gypcrete

Gypcrete is a mixture of gypsum plaster and fibreglass rovings. Although plaster and fibres fiborous plaster have been used for many years, especially for ceilings, it was not until the early 1990s that serious studies of the strength and qualities of a walling system Rapidwall, using a mixture of gypsum plaster and 300mm plus fibreglass rovings, were investigated. It was discovered, through testing at the University of Adelaide, that these walls had significant, load bearing, shear and lateral resistance together with earthquake-resistance, fire-resistance, and thermal properties. With an abundance of gypsum (naturally occurring and by-product

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chemical FGD and phospho gypsums) available worldwide, gypcrete-based building products, which are fully recyclable, offer significant environmental benefits.

Задание 12. Изучите таблицу, выпишите транскрипцию терминов из словаря. Используйте полученную информацию при выполнении следующего задания.

Задание 13. Сопоставьте толкование понятия с переводом. Дайте толкование понятию глиняный раствор. Используйте следующие выражения:

глинистые минералы – clay materials

пластичность – ductility, plasticity

замешивание – mixing вязкое тесто – viscosity

при высыхании сохраняет приданную форму – drying keeps attached form

огнеупор – refractory material

как адсорбенты as adsorbents

при кладке печей, каминов, очагов и дымовых труб – stove, fireplace, furnace and chimney bond

Задание 14. Прочитайте и переведите текст. Оформите полученную информацию в виде опорной схемы.

Clay

Clay based buildings usually come in two distinct types. One being solid monolithic structural walls such as Rammed earth, sod, and cob. The other being walls built by stacking building blocks or bricks by forming the clay mixture into individual units which are then dried or fired, examples include compressed earth blocks and masonry brickwork.

Other uses of clay in building is combined with straws to create light clay insulation and plasters.

The amount of and type of each material in the mixture used leads to different styles of buildings. The deciding factor is usually connected with the quality of the soil being used. Larger amounts of clay are usually employed in the cob/adobe style, while low clay soil is usually associated with sod building. The other main ingredients include more or less sand/gravel and straw/grasses. Rammed earth is both an old and newer take on creating walls, once made by compacting clay soils between planks by hand; nowadays forms and mechanical pneumatic compressors are used.

Soil, and especially clay, provides good thermal mass; it is very good at keeping temperatures at a constant level. Homes built with earth tend to be naturally cool in the summer heat and warm in cold weather. Clay holds heat or cold, releasing it over a period of time like stone. Earthen walls change temperature slowly, so artificially raising or lowering the temperature can use more resources than in say a wood built house, but the heat/coolness stays longer.

Задание 15. Прочитайте и переведите данные ниже предложения. На основе всех сведений, полученных об обозначенном понятии, составьте учебный текст на английском языке.

Clay is one of the oldest building materials on Earth, among other ancient, naturally-occurring geologic materials such as stone and organic materials like wood.

The production of ceramic goods is based on the property of clay when mixed with water to form putty, from which various articles can easily be moulded.

Historical and modern uses.

Clay layers in a construction site. Dry clay is normally much more stable than sand with regard to excavations.

Clays exhibit plasticity when mixed with water in certain proportions. When dry, clay becomes firm and when fired in a kiln, permanent physical and chemical changes occur. These reactions, among other changes, cause the clay to be converted into a ceramic material. Because of these properties, clay is used for making pottery items, both utilitarian and decorative, and construction products, such as bricks, wall and floor tiles. Different types of clay, when used with different minerals and firing conditions, are used to produce earthenware, stoneware, and porcelain. Prehistoric humans discovered the useful properties of clay. Some of the earliest pottery shards recovered are from central Honshu, Japan. They are associated with the Jomon culture and the deposits from which they were recovered have been radiocarbon

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dated to around 14000 BC. Depending on the content of the soil, clay can appear in various colors, from a dull gray to a deep orange-red.

Clay tablets were used as the first known writing medium, inscribed with cuneiform script through the use of a blunt reed called a stylus. Purpose-made clay balls were also used as sling ammunition.

Clays sintered in fire were the first form of ceramic. Bricks, cooking pots, art objects, dishware, and even musical instruments such as the ocarina can all be shaped from clay before being fired. Clay is also used in many industrial processes, such as paper making, cement production, and chemical filtering. Clay is also often used in the manufacture of pipes for smoking tobacco. Until the late 20th century bentonite clay was widely used as a mold binder in the manufacture of sand castings.

Clay, being relatively impermeable to water, is also used where natural seals are needed, such as in the cores of dams, or as a barrier in landfills against toxic seepage (lining the landfill, preferably in combination with geotextiles).

Задание 16. Изучите таблицу, выпишите транскрипцию терминов из словаря. Используйте полученную информацию при выполнении следующего задания.

Задание 17. На основе информации, данной в переводе, и текста, представленного после таблицы, дайте развернутое толкование понятия. Используйте следующие выражения:

продукт обжига известняков – limestone firing product

по условиям твердения – according to conditions of hardening по внешнему виду – according to external appearance известковое тесто – lime paste, lime putty

обожжённые мергелистые известняки – firing marly limestones

глинистые примеси – argillaceous admixtures

Definition Translation

Известь – продукт обжига известняков, мела и других горных пород. Строительная известь по условиям твердения подразделяется на воздушную и гидравлическую. Воздушная известь по внешнему виду делится на негашёную комовую, негашёную молотую (гидратная пушонка) и известковое тесто. Гидравлическая известь – это обожжённые мергелистые известняки, содержащие 6-25% глинистых примесей

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Lime

Lime is a calcium oxide. It is used in great quantities for mortar and plaster. Lime (quicklime) is a white solid that reacts violently with water to form calcium hydroxide. It is made by heating limestone in a special kind of furnace called a "kiln". Lime must be stored in a dry place, otherwise it will absorb moisture.

Limes may be divided into three distinct classes:

1.Rich limes that contain not more than 6 percent of impurities, slake very rapidly, and are entirely dependent on external agents for setting power. These are widely used for interior plasterer's works.

2.Poor limes that contain from 15 percent to 30 percent of useless impurities and possess the general properties of rich limes, only to a lesser degree.

3.Hydraulic limes that contain certain proportions of impurities, which when calcinated, combine with the lime and endow it with the valuable property of setting under water or without external agents.

Lime is a basic building material extensively used all over the world, but it was not until the later years of the 19th century that a greater appreciation of the fuel-burning problems involved became apparent. Until this time the requirement for lime was largely agricultural and it was produced by farmers or by small builders who used it for making mortar and plaster.

Задание 18. Прочитайте и переведите данные ниже предложения. На основе всех сведений, полученных об обозначенном понятии, составьте учебный текст на английском языке.

Limestone is extracted from quarries or mines.

As industrial requirements increased "running" kilns were developed.

These were lined with firebrick and charged at regular intervals with stone and fuel.

Around the world there are many different types of kilns and variations in limeburning practice.

Until this time the requirement for the lime was largely agricultural…

It is known that the manufacture of lime is one of the oldest industries used by man. Lime is a basic building material used all over the world as today so in the ancient world.

One of the Romans, Marcus Cato, gave an idea of a kiln for lime, production: it's shape and dimensions. They are rough cylindrical or rectangular structures, built of stone in a hillside with an arched opening at the front to enable the fire to be made and the lime to be withdrawn.

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