The heart

Phonetic exercise: heart [ha:t], pear [pεə], muscular [‘mskjulə], pump [pmp], organ [‘:gən], blood [bld], vessels [‘veslz], repeated [ri’pi:tid], rhythmic [‘riðmik], contractions [kən’træk∫nz], thorax [‘θ:rks], surrounded [s’raundid], breastbone [‘brestboun], cardiac [‘kdiæk], involuntary muscles [in’vləntəri ‘mΛslz], pericardium [,peri’kdiəm], endocardium [,endə’kdiəm], myocardium [,maiə’kdiəm], chamber [‘t∫eimbə], chambers [‘t∫eimbəz], upper atria [‘Λpə ‘eitriə], lower ventricles [‘ləuə ‘ventriklz], mitral valve [‘maitrəl ‘vælv], tricuspid valve [trai’kΛspid ‘vælv], semilunar valve [,semi’lu:nə ‘vælv], aorta [ei’:tə], pulmonary artery [‘pΛlmənəri ‘a:təri], females [‘fi:meilz], males [meilz], beats per minute [‘bi:ts ‘p:‘minit], bradycardia [,brædi’kdiə], tachycardia [,tæki’ka:diə], circulation [,s:kju’lei∫n], oxygenated blood [‘ksid3ineitid ‘bld], deoxygenated blood [di:’ksid3ineitid ‘bld], endocarditis [,endoka:’daitis], pericarditis [,perika:’daitis], myocarditis [,maiəka:’daitis], myocardial infarction [,maiə’ka:diəl in’fa:k∫n]; congestive heart failure [kən’d3estiv ‘ha:t ‘feiljə], angina pectoris [æn’d3ainə ‘pektəris], atrial fibrillation [‘eitriəl ,faibri’lei∫n]

Make a report on the heart according to the plan below:

Definition: a pear shaped, muscular organ.

Function: to pump blood through the blood vessels by repeated, rhythmic contractions.

Location: to the left of the middle of the thorax; surrounded by the lungs, protected by the thorax: the breastbone and ribs.

Structure: cardiac muscle: striped and involuntary;

the pericardium, the endocardium, the myocardium;

four chambers: the two upper atria and the two lower ventricles;

four valves: the mitral valve, the tricuspid valve, the semi-lunar valve of the aorta, and the semi-lunar valve of the pulmonary artery.

Size and/or weight or volume: about three fourths the size of a clenched fist;

250 g in females and 350 g in males; the abnormal heart: up to 1,000 g

Physiology: the normal heart beat: 70 bpm in males and 75 bpm in females;

bradycardia: if less than 60 bpm; tachycardia: if greater than 100 bpm.

120 times (beats) per minute in childhood;

Two types of circulation: the systemic circulation and the pulmonary circulation.

Deoxygenated blood: from the right atrium to the right ventricle, from the right ventricle to the lungs.

Oxygenated blood: from the lungs to the left atrium, from the left atrium to the left ventricle, from the left ventricle to all tissues.

The most common diseases: endocarditis, pericarditis, myocarditis, myocardial infarction (MI), congestive heart failure (CHF), angina pectoris, atrial fibrillation, congenital heart defects, acquired heart defects, valvular heart disease, etc.

Myocardial infarction

Phonetic exercise: heart [ht], attack [ə’tæk], pericarditis [,perik’daitis], myocarditis [,maiək’daitis], myocardial infarction [,maiə’kdiəl in’fk∫n]; congestive heart failure [kən’d3estiv ‘ht ‘feiljə], angina pectoris [æn’d3ainə ‘pektəris], atrial fibrillation [‘eitriəl ,faibri’lei∫n], interruption [,intə’rΛp∫n], supply [sə‘plai], cholesterol [kə‘lestrl], pressure [‘pre∫ə], ischaemic [is’ki:mik], ischemia [is’ki:miə], obesity [əu’bi:səti], evaluation [i,vælju’ei∫n], cessation [ses’ei∫n], saturated [‘sæt∫əreitid], statin [‘stætin], characterized [‘kærəktəraizd], epidemiology [‘epi,di:mi’ləd3i]

Make a report on myocardial infarction according to the plan below:

Definition: a heart attack, the interruption of blood supply to part of the heart, causing heart cells to die.

Epidemiology: 12.6 percent of worldwide deaths from ischemic heart disease.

Risk factors: diabetes, tobacco smoking, high cholesterol, high blood pressure, family history of ischaemic heart disease (IHD), obesity, age, stresses, alcohol, etc. Males are more at risk than females.

Symptoms: sudden chest pain, pain typically radiating to the left arm or left side of the neck, shortness of breath, nausea, vomiting, palpitations, sweating, and anxiety; silent infarction: 10-25%.

Evaluation: History: a personal medical history, a family history, a medication history, an occupational history, etc.

Physical examination: observation, palpation, percussion, and auscultation

Instrumental evaluation: electrocardiography, coronary angiography

Treatment: oxygen, aspirin, and nitroglycerin, bypass surgery.

Prevention: strict blood pressure management, lifestyle changes: smoking cessation, regular exercise, a sensible diet for patients with heart disease, polyunsaturated fats instead of saturated fats and limitation of alcohol intake, antiplatelet drug therapy such as aspirin and/or clopidogrel, beta blocker therapy, statin therapy, ACE inhibitors, omega-3 fatty acids.