The skeleton

Phonetic exercise: skeleton [‘skelitn], skull [skʌl], cranium [‘kreiniəm], frontal [‘frʌntl], occipital [ɔk’sipitl], temporal [‘tempərəl], parietal [pə’raiitl], ethmoid [‘eθmɔid], lacrimal [‘lækriməl], zygomatic [,zaigə’mætik], mandible [‘mændibl], maxilla [mæk’silə], palatine [‘pælətain], vomer [‘voumə], vertebra [‘və:tibrə], vertebrae [‘və:tibri:], false [fɔ:ls], limbs [limz], extremities [iks’tremitiz], upper [‘ʌpə], lower [‘louə], forearm [‘fɔ:ra:m], wrist [rist], femur [‘fi:mə], tibia [‘tibiə], fibula [‘fibjulə], phalange [‘fælændʒ]

Make a report on the skeleton according to the plan below:

Definition: a rigid framework that provides structure as well as protection in humans.

Function: to provide structure as well as protection in humans

Structure: around 206 bones.

The skull or the cranium: 22 bones: 1 frontal bone, or os frontale in Latin, 1 occipital bone, or os occipitale in Latin, 2 temporal bones or ossa temporalia in Latin, 2 parietal bones, or ossa parietalia in Latin, 1 ethmoid bone, or os ethmoidale in Latin, 2 nasal bones, or ossa nasalia in Latin, 2 lacrimal bones, or ossa lacrimalia in Latin, 2 zygomatic bones, or ossa zygomatica, 1 mandible, or low jaw bone, 2 maxilla bones, or upper jaw bones, 1 vomer, 2 palatine bones, etc.

Function: to protect the brain.

Vertebral column: 33 vertebrae, the sacrum, intervertebral discs, and the coccyx; 7 cervical vertebrae, or vertebrae cervicales in Latin, 12 thorasic vertebrae, or vertebrae thoracicae, 5 lumbar vertebrae, or vertebrae lumbales, 5 sacral vertebrae in small babies, or vertebrae sacrales, 3 to 5 separate or fused vertebrae (the coccygeal vertebrae) below the sacrum.

Function: to house and protect the spinal cord in its spinal canal.

Thorax, rib cage: the sternum, or the breastbone, 12 thoracic vertebrae, 12 pairs of ribs: 7 pairs of true ribs, or costae verae in Latin, 3 pairs of false ribs, or costae spuriae in Latin, 2 pairs of floating ribs, or costae fluitantes in Latin.

Function: to protect the heart, the bronchi, the lungs, and the esophagus

2 upper limbs, or upper extremities: each upper limb: 1 shoulder, 1arm (the region between the shoulder and the elbow), 1 elbow, 1 forearm, 1 wrist, 1 hand.

Bones of the upper limb: 1 clavicle, or collarbone, 1 scapula, or shoulder blade, 1 humerus, 1 radius, 1 ulna, 8 carpal bones, 5 metacarpals, 14 phalanges.

Fingers: a thumb, an index finger, a middle finger, a ring finger, and a little finger.

2 lower limbs: each lower limb: 1 femur (thighbone), 1 tibia (shinbone), and 1 fibula.

Each foot: 7 tarsal bones, 5 metatasal bones, 14 phalanges.

Pelvis: the greater pelvis (inferior part of the abdominal cavity) and the lesser or true pelvis which provides the skeletal framework for the pelvic cavity.

The main parts of the pelvis: the ilium, the ischium, and the pubis.

Functions: to bear the weight of the upper body when sitting and standing; to contain and protect the pelvic and abdominopelvic inferior parts of the urinary tracts and internal reproductive organs.

The most common diseases: bone tumors, osteosarcoma, osteoarthritis, osteomyelitis, osteoporosis, osteodystrophy, etc.

JOINTS

Definition: the location at which two or more bones make contact.

Functions: first(ly), to allow movement, second(ly), to provide mechanical support.

Classification: articulations of hand, elbow joints, wrist joints, axillary articulations, sternoclavicular joints, vertebral articulations, temporomandibular joints, sacroiliac joints, hip joints, knee joints, articulations of foot

Common diseases: osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, septic arthritis, gouty arthritis, etc.